南大洋太平洋扇区风生大洋环境变异与动力机理研究
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摘要
南大洋内的海陆分布具有海洋占主导、各大洋间相互连通的特征，使得这一海域大洋间的物质与能量交换对全球气候变化的响应与影响显得尤为显著和深远。绕极西风带风场作为南大洋最重要的外驱动场：副极地的纬向风应力直接驱动了全球最强的南极绕极流系统（Antarctic Circumpolar Current，ACC）并维持着南大洋的经向翻转环流结构（meridional overturning circulation，MOC），从而影响着全球主要水团的生成和性质变化；副热带的风应力旋度场分布使得南半球的三个副热带环流系统在其南边缘连通形成了副热带超级流涡结构（SouthernHemisphere subtropical supergyre）。后者作为近几年新发现的大洋环流结构特征，其与南侧的ACC系统之间存在密切的联系，本文围绕南太平洋扇区风场变化作用下这两个大洋环流系统间的相互作用、长期变化与气候效应这一关键科学问题进行了深入系统的研究，通过敏感性实验揭示了海洋对风场变化响应中的机制过程。本文主要的创新成果如下：
1.受与南半球环状模（Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode，SAM）相关的南半球西风带纬向风应力极向增强变化影响，增强的Ekman北向输送导致了南半球副热带超级流涡内部除厄加勒斯环流系统外水团主要呈现变冷变淡趋势，且在南太平洋中部海域超级流涡表现出显著的南向偏移变化。超级流涡内部联通性也随着这一南移变化而增强，随之通过南部路径的大洋间水团、能量交换增多，从而将影响局地甚至全球气候变化。
2.利用高分辨率模式结果研究确认了西向的塔斯曼流（Tasman Outflow，TO）水体主要来自东澳大利亚流延伸体与ACC回流，并揭示了TO在塔斯马尼亚岛西部海域中层深度的分叉路径，同时发现TO流量输送存在多时间尺度的变化特征，中尺度与准季节变化量级相近，年际变化信号较弱。海盆尺度的风应力旋度场与东澳大利亚流的强季节变化决定了其流量的准季节变化；源自东澳大利亚流的中尺度涡旋向南向西移动，调节着塔斯曼流输送中尺度变化。
3.世界大洋环流实验计划（WOCE）I9S断面的全水深CTD观测分析显示其北端受南澳大利亚环流系统控制，以西向输送为主，对应于印太大洋间的塔斯曼通道。基于水团性质指标与斜压输送极值位置两种方法分辨的ACC主要锋面结构相互匹配。高分辨率的CTD观测与卫星高度计数据相结合追踪到两个反气旋式中尺度涡旋现象引起了亚南极锋（Subantarctic Front，SAF）位置与输送流量的显著变化，并且随着其移动引起了跨锋面的水团输送。多年的高度计数据分析发现中尺度涡旋变化主要集中在南极极地锋带（Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone，APFZ），其伴随着ACC主要锋面的合并、分叉，改变着对应锋面的位置与强度。
4.分析ERA-40风场数据显示在南太平洋扇区具有典型SAM正位相变化特征，即西风带纬向风应力极向增强，中纬度风应力旋度增强、零线位置南移。为了研究南太平洋海洋环流在这种风场变化下的响应机制，我们利用MIT GeneralCirculation Model（MITgcm）大洋环流模式分别进行了粗网格（1o1o）和涡旋（18o18o）两种分辨率的数值模拟试验。粗网格模拟结果显示风场变化下首先是海洋Ekman动力响应过程。随着纬向风应力的极向增强，南移增强的Ekman北向速率与Ekman抽吸速率使得DeaconCell尤其是其南上升分支显著南移增强，随之使得ACC海域等密面经向梯度南侧增大、北侧减小，造成ACC输送南侧增强、北侧减弱。ACC南侧等密面经向梯度的增强也使得副极地罗斯流涡增强与膨胀，同时南太平洋正风应力旋度场的变化引起了副热带流涡的增强与极向膨胀，而两流涡之间的ACC系统由于受挤压流幅变窄、总输送减小，但是ACC锋面位置并没有随西风带急流的极向增强发生显著偏移现象。增强南移的Ekman输送将更多副极地较轻海水向北运移然后潜沉，南太平洋副热带的中层水团受其影响呈现以新西兰东部海域为中心变冷变淡；ACC海域在副热带流涡南移和深层MOC南向输送增强综合作用下增温；南极底层水（Antarctic Bottom Water，AABW）生成减少、变暖。而涡旋分辨率下的模拟结果反映了在较长时间尺度上风场极向增强下的极向涡致输运的响应变化补偿并减弱了海洋Ekman动力响应调整过程，使得海洋对风场变化的响应表现与粗网格分辨率数值试验结果相比没有那么显著，并且其热输送作用显著贡献于南大洋变暖。
以上研究为揭示南大洋环流与水团在气候变化中的重要作用奠定了基础。
The Southern Ocean, where the sea takes lager proportion in the land-seadistribution and contacts the southernmost waters of the Southern Hemisphere, plays amuch significant and profound role on the responses and feedback of the exchanges ofthe mass and energy to global climate changes. As the most important driving factor,the Southern Hemisphere subpolar westerlies drives directly the ACC system a ndmaintains the Southern Ocean MOC, thus influencing indirectly the formation andproperties of water masses; the property of the wind stress curl in the midlatitudesassociated with the westerly winds permits an inter-oceanic connection of the threesubtropical gyres and the formation of the Southern Hemisphere subtropical supergyre.As a new found character of the ocean general circulation, the supergyre has closeconnection with the southern ACC system. In this paper, we provide somecomprehensive and systematic researches on their interaction, multidecadel changesand the climate impact under the influence of the wind changes in the Pacific sectionof the Southern Ocean, and reveal the key mechanisms and processes of the oceanicresponses to this wind changes through sensitivity experiments. Some main newreseareh results are listed as follows:
1. Driving by the poleward-intensifying basin-scale westerly winds associated withthe SAM changes, the water masses in the Southern Hemisphere subtropicalsupergyre interiors become cooler/fresher, with the significant exceptions of theAgulhas Current system and Agulhas leakage. The results also exhibit a strongsouthward shift in the central-south Pacific, suggesting a pronounced strengthening ofthe inter-basin connection of the supergyre.
2. The simulated Tasman Outflow (TO) off eastern Tasmania originates in theremainder of the East Australian Current (EAC) and joins the ACC recirculation toturn west. After flowing past southern Tasmania, the TO splits a weak northwardbranch flowing along the western slope off Tasmania constitutes partly the FlindersCurrent (FC) while others merge ultimately into a much stronger westward flowacross the South Australian Basin. The simulated transport variability of TO is largestin the decadal band, slightly smaller in the mesoscale and quasi-annual bands, andsmallest in the interannual band. In particular, the modeling results fairly support thatthe energetic offshore eddies associated with the EAC migrate poleward andwestward around the Tasmania and play a key role in modulating the current path and the mesoscale variability. And it also reveals that the quasi-annual changes intransport are highly correlated with changes in wind stress curl over the South Pacificand the EAC.
3. The full-depth CTD observations reveal the net westward transport at the northend of WOCE I9S section, determined by the south Australian circulation system,corresponds to the above Tasman leakage. Relying on a consistent set of water masscriteria and baroclinic transport maxima, the ACC fronts are identified. Mesoscaleeddy features are identifiable in the high-resolution CTD sections and tracked inconcurrent maps of altimetric sea level anomalies (SLA). Because of the existenceand propagation of the remarkable mesoscale eddy features within the SAF, theeastward transport of the SAF presents at two latitude bands separating by1oand thecross-front transport occurs. Both the CTD surveys and the altimetric data suggestthat the mesoscale variability is concentrated around the APFZ and causes the ACCfronts to merge, diverge, and to fluctuate in intensity and position along their paths.
4. The above researches suggest the dominated role of the wind-driving on thesupergyre and ACC system. The European Centre for Medium-Range WeatherForecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40) westerly winds represent a significantmultidecadal poleward-intensifying changes in the Pacific section, which is associatedwith the typical positive phase of the SAM. Using the MITgcm s imulations at thecoarse and eddy-resolving resolutions, we discuss the mechanisms of the oceanicresponses to this wind changes in detail. The results indicate that the first response isthe oceanic Ekman dynamical processes. The strengthening and the poleward shift ofthe northward Ekman velocity as well as the Ekman pumping rate led to acorresponding strengthening trend in the southern branch of the Deacon Cell. Thisstrengthening, in turn, intensified the meridional density gradient and the tilting of theisopycnal surfaces, so the southern ACC transport and the subpolar gyre strengthened.The intensified wind stress curl over the midlatitude ocean leads an enhanced andexpanded subtropical gyre, making the Tasman leakage be more crucial in thePacific/Indian connection. The changes of the gyres then lead a considerablenarrowing of the ACC that tends to reduce the ACC transport. However, there is nosignificant correlation between the ACC position change and the poleward-shiftingwesterly wind jet. The modeling reveals that the enhanced and poleward shift of the Ekman transport carries more lighter water from the subpolar region and results in theSAMW and AAIW presenting a robust cooling/freshening in the central-south Pacific,east of New Zealand. The combined influences of the poleward-intensifyingsubtropical gyre and strengthening southward transport of the subtropical deep MOCmake the ACC region significantly warm. The SAM-like wind changes alsocontribute to warming and reducing the formation rate of AABW. In the longer term,the eddy permitting simulations demonstrate that changes in poleward eddy fluxespartially compensate for the enhanced equatorward Ekman transport and makes thewind-driven changes is only moderate and not as strong as the coarse-resolutions. Theenhanced eddy state is more effcient at transporting poleward heat, leading to awarming of the Southern Ocean.
Above research results lay the foundation for the further exploration of the keyrole of the Southern Ocean on the global climate change.
1.受与南半球环状模（Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode，SAM）相关的南半球西风带纬向风应力极向增强变化影响，增强的Ekman北向输送导致了南半球副热带超级流涡内部除厄加勒斯环流系统外水团主要呈现变冷变淡趋势，且在南太平洋中部海域超级流涡表现出显著的南向偏移变化。超级流涡内部联通性也随着这一南移变化而增强，随之通过南部路径的大洋间水团、能量交换增多，从而将影响局地甚至全球气候变化。
2.利用高分辨率模式结果研究确认了西向的塔斯曼流（Tasman Outflow，TO）水体主要来自东澳大利亚流延伸体与ACC回流，并揭示了TO在塔斯马尼亚岛西部海域中层深度的分叉路径，同时发现TO流量输送存在多时间尺度的变化特征，中尺度与准季节变化量级相近，年际变化信号较弱。海盆尺度的风应力旋度场与东澳大利亚流的强季节变化决定了其流量的准季节变化；源自东澳大利亚流的中尺度涡旋向南向西移动，调节着塔斯曼流输送中尺度变化。
3.世界大洋环流实验计划（WOCE）I9S断面的全水深CTD观测分析显示其北端受南澳大利亚环流系统控制，以西向输送为主，对应于印太大洋间的塔斯曼通道。基于水团性质指标与斜压输送极值位置两种方法分辨的ACC主要锋面结构相互匹配。高分辨率的CTD观测与卫星高度计数据相结合追踪到两个反气旋式中尺度涡旋现象引起了亚南极锋（Subantarctic Front，SAF）位置与输送流量的显著变化，并且随着其移动引起了跨锋面的水团输送。多年的高度计数据分析发现中尺度涡旋变化主要集中在南极极地锋带（Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone，APFZ），其伴随着ACC主要锋面的合并、分叉，改变着对应锋面的位置与强度。
4.分析ERA-40风场数据显示在南太平洋扇区具有典型SAM正位相变化特征，即西风带纬向风应力极向增强，中纬度风应力旋度增强、零线位置南移。为了研究南太平洋海洋环流在这种风场变化下的响应机制，我们利用MIT GeneralCirculation Model（MITgcm）大洋环流模式分别进行了粗网格（1o1o）和涡旋（18o18o）两种分辨率的数值模拟试验。粗网格模拟结果显示风场变化下首先是海洋Ekman动力响应过程。随着纬向风应力的极向增强，南移增强的Ekman北向速率与Ekman抽吸速率使得DeaconCell尤其是其南上升分支显著南移增强，随之使得ACC海域等密面经向梯度南侧增大、北侧减小，造成ACC输送南侧增强、北侧减弱。ACC南侧等密面经向梯度的增强也使得副极地罗斯流涡增强与膨胀，同时南太平洋正风应力旋度场的变化引起了副热带流涡的增强与极向膨胀，而两流涡之间的ACC系统由于受挤压流幅变窄、总输送减小，但是ACC锋面位置并没有随西风带急流的极向增强发生显著偏移现象。增强南移的Ekman输送将更多副极地较轻海水向北运移然后潜沉，南太平洋副热带的中层水团受其影响呈现以新西兰东部海域为中心变冷变淡；ACC海域在副热带流涡南移和深层MOC南向输送增强综合作用下增温；南极底层水（Antarctic Bottom Water，AABW）生成减少、变暖。而涡旋分辨率下的模拟结果反映了在较长时间尺度上风场极向增强下的极向涡致输运的响应变化补偿并减弱了海洋Ekman动力响应调整过程，使得海洋对风场变化的响应表现与粗网格分辨率数值试验结果相比没有那么显著，并且其热输送作用显著贡献于南大洋变暖。
以上研究为揭示南大洋环流与水团在气候变化中的重要作用奠定了基础。
The Southern Ocean, where the sea takes lager proportion in the land-seadistribution and contacts the southernmost waters of the Southern Hemisphere, plays amuch significant and profound role on the responses and feedback of the exchanges ofthe mass and energy to global climate changes. As the most important driving factor,the Southern Hemisphere subpolar westerlies drives directly the ACC system a ndmaintains the Southern Ocean MOC, thus influencing indirectly the formation andproperties of water masses; the property of the wind stress curl in the midlatitudesassociated with the westerly winds permits an inter-oceanic connection of the threesubtropical gyres and the formation of the Southern Hemisphere subtropical supergyre.As a new found character of the ocean general circulation, the supergyre has closeconnection with the southern ACC system. In this paper, we provide somecomprehensive and systematic researches on their interaction, multidecadel changesand the climate impact under the influence of the wind changes in the Pacific sectionof the Southern Ocean, and reveal the key mechanisms and processes of the oceanicresponses to this wind changes through sensitivity experiments. Some main newreseareh results are listed as follows:
1. Driving by the poleward-intensifying basin-scale westerly winds associated withthe SAM changes, the water masses in the Southern Hemisphere subtropicalsupergyre interiors become cooler/fresher, with the significant exceptions of theAgulhas Current system and Agulhas leakage. The results also exhibit a strongsouthward shift in the central-south Pacific, suggesting a pronounced strengthening ofthe inter-basin connection of the supergyre.
2. The simulated Tasman Outflow (TO) off eastern Tasmania originates in theremainder of the East Australian Current (EAC) and joins the ACC recirculation toturn west. After flowing past southern Tasmania, the TO splits a weak northwardbranch flowing along the western slope off Tasmania constitutes partly the FlindersCurrent (FC) while others merge ultimately into a much stronger westward flowacross the South Australian Basin. The simulated transport variability of TO is largestin the decadal band, slightly smaller in the mesoscale and quasi-annual bands, andsmallest in the interannual band. In particular, the modeling results fairly support thatthe energetic offshore eddies associated with the EAC migrate poleward andwestward around the Tasmania and play a key role in modulating the current path and the mesoscale variability. And it also reveals that the quasi-annual changes intransport are highly correlated with changes in wind stress curl over the South Pacificand the EAC.
3. The full-depth CTD observations reveal the net westward transport at the northend of WOCE I9S section, determined by the south Australian circulation system,corresponds to the above Tasman leakage. Relying on a consistent set of water masscriteria and baroclinic transport maxima, the ACC fronts are identified. Mesoscaleeddy features are identifiable in the high-resolution CTD sections and tracked inconcurrent maps of altimetric sea level anomalies (SLA). Because of the existenceand propagation of the remarkable mesoscale eddy features within the SAF, theeastward transport of the SAF presents at two latitude bands separating by1oand thecross-front transport occurs. Both the CTD surveys and the altimetric data suggestthat the mesoscale variability is concentrated around the APFZ and causes the ACCfronts to merge, diverge, and to fluctuate in intensity and position along their paths.
4. The above researches suggest the dominated role of the wind-driving on thesupergyre and ACC system. The European Centre for Medium-Range WeatherForecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40) westerly winds represent a significantmultidecadal poleward-intensifying changes in the Pacific section, which is associatedwith the typical positive phase of the SAM. Using the MITgcm s imulations at thecoarse and eddy-resolving resolutions, we discuss the mechanisms of the oceanicresponses to this wind changes in detail. The results indicate that the first response isthe oceanic Ekman dynamical processes. The strengthening and the poleward shift ofthe northward Ekman velocity as well as the Ekman pumping rate led to acorresponding strengthening trend in the southern branch of the Deacon Cell. Thisstrengthening, in turn, intensified the meridional density gradient and the tilting of theisopycnal surfaces, so the southern ACC transport and the subpolar gyre strengthened.The intensified wind stress curl over the midlatitude ocean leads an enhanced andexpanded subtropical gyre, making the Tasman leakage be more crucial in thePacific/Indian connection. The changes of the gyres then lead a considerablenarrowing of the ACC that tends to reduce the ACC transport. However, there is nosignificant correlation between the ACC position change and the poleward-shiftingwesterly wind jet. The modeling reveals that the enhanced and poleward shift of the Ekman transport carries more lighter water from the subpolar region and results in theSAMW and AAIW presenting a robust cooling/freshening in the central-south Pacific,east of New Zealand. The combined influences of the poleward-intensifyingsubtropical gyre and strengthening southward transport of the subtropical deep MOCmake the ACC region significantly warm. The SAM-like wind changes alsocontribute to warming and reducing the formation rate of AABW. In the longer term,the eddy permitting simulations demonstrate that changes in poleward eddy fluxespartially compensate for the enhanced equatorward Ekman transport and makes thewind-driven changes is only moderate and not as strong as the coarse-resolutions. Theenhanced eddy state is more effcient at transporting poleward heat, leading to awarming of the Southern Ocean.
Above research results lay the foundation for the further exploration of the keyrole of the Southern Ocean on the global climate change.
引文
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