河套灌区套种作物与经济作物节水型优化灌溉制度研究
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摘要
“十一五”期间,面对发展节水农业、提高水分利用效率、调整农业种植结构、增加节水型作物种植比例和提高农民收入的农业发展要求,以及水资源严重短缺的实际情况,使得调整农业种植结构这一问题引起了人们的更多关注。本文以内蒙古河套灌区为研究背景,对灌区普遍实施的套种作物小麦套葵花、小麦套玉米与经济作物番茄进行了系统的非充分灌溉试验研究,探讨小麦套葵花、小麦套玉米和番茄合理高效的灌溉制度,对河套灌区农业节水决策具有指导意义。通过分析与研究,得出以下主要结论:
(1)小麦套种向日葵生育期内作物腾发量为508.29mm(2008年)、513.86mm(2009年),各生育阶段需水规律为分蘖～拔节>拔节～抽穗>抽穗～成熟>苗期～分蘖,适宜的作物-水模型为Jensen模型,各个生育阶段敏感指标的变化规律为:λ2>λ3>λ4>λ1,,需水关键期为小麦拔节与葵花快速生长的共生期,日耗水强度高达6.3mm/d,生育期内灌3次水,适宜的灌水定额为60m3/亩,作物水分生产率为1.41kg/m3,保证这一阶段灌溉水量充足,对作物增产作用重大。
(2)小麦套玉米生育期内作物实际腾发量在2008年与2009年分别为686.66mm与677.06mm,各生育阶段需水规律为:拔节～抽穗>分蘖～拔节>喇叭口～灌浆>抽雄～灌浆>苗期～分蘖,适宜的作物-水模型为Jensen模型,各个生育阶段敏感指标的变化规律为λ3>λ2>λ5>λ4>λ1,需水关键期为小麦拔节～抽穗与玉米抽穗的生长期,日耗水强度最高达到6.8mm/d。生育期内灌5次水,适宜的灌水定额为60m3/亩,作物水分生产率为1.63kg/m3。8～9月份是玉米籽粒形成的关键时期,需要足够的水分保证养分的输送。
(3)番茄生育期内实际腾发量在2008年与2009年分别为413.38mm与422.98mm,水分生产率变化范围为25.00～29.36kg/m3,蕃茄对水分的利用是高效的。对地面灌溉技术畦灌和沟灌相比,沟灌番茄采用较小的灌水定额(22.5m3/亩),在快速生长期和盛花期灌两次水,可以取得比较理想的产量(7780kg/亩)和较高的水分生产效率(29.36kg/m3)。番茄适宜的作物-水模型为Blank模型,各个生育阶段敏感指标的变化规律即开花着果～结果盛期>苗期～开花着果>结果盛期～结果末期。
(4)由灌溉制度优化结果得到小麦套葵花、小麦套玉米推荐的生育期灌水量分别为250mm、450mm,沟灌番茄在生育期内灌两次水,推荐的灌水量以60～70mm为宜,畦灌番茄在快速生长期灌1次水,推荐的灌水量以60mm为宜。
During the Eleventh Five-years Plan, all these situations which facing to vigorously develop water-saving agriculture ,subustantially increaing in water use efficiency ,making great efforts to adjust agriculture planting structure,increasing the water-saving crops proportion, agriculture development requirement of improving farmers income and the actual situation of severe water shortage, make the workers aroused much more attention.This paper researched the non-sufficient irrigation schduule of wheat intercroping sunflower、wheat intercroping corn and tomato and preliminarily study the reasonable and efficient irrigation schedul based on the Zhifeng esperimental field in Hetao Irrigatin District of Inner Mongolia.By systemic theory analysis and research,some main conclusions were obtained as followings:
(1)The actual evapotranspiration respectively was 508.29mm、513.86mm during the reproductive period in the years of 2008 and 2009.The water requirement discipline istiller～jointing>jointing～heading>heading～mature> seedling～tiller during the producttivity period of wheat intercroping sunflower. The appropriate crop～water model is Jensen model of wheat intercroping sunflower.The diversification discipline of sensitiv index to water at each growth stages of wheat intercroping sunflower isλ2>λ3>λ4>λ1. The irrigation frequency is 3 times during the growing set of wheat intercroping sunflower The appropriate scale irrigation is 60m3/mu and the water use efficiency respectively is 1.41kg/m3.The key water requirement period which the water requirement can reach up to 6.3mm/d in one day is symbiotic period of wheat intercroping sunflower.Weather the water reauirement can be satisfied will play an importment role in increasing crop yield .
(2)The actual evapotranspiration respectively was 686.66mm、677.06mm during the reproductive period in the years of 2008 and 2009.The water requirement discipline is jointing～heading> tiller～jointing>trumpet～grouting> tasseling～grouting>seedling～tiller during the productivity period of wheat intercroping corn. The appropriate crop～water model is Jensen model of wheat intercroping corn and the diversification discipline of sensitiv index to water at each growth stages isλ3>λ2>λ5>λ4>λ1.The key water requirement period which the water requirement can reach up to 4.8mm/d is jointing–heading.The irrigation frequency is 5 times during the growing set of wheat intercroping corn.The appropriate scale irrigation is 60m3/mu and the water use efficiency respectively is1.63kg/m3 of wheat intercroping corn.Enough water resources can be used to make sure the nutrient transport during the critical formation period of maize grain in 8～9month.
(3)The actual evapotranspiration respectively was 413.38mm、422.98mm during the reproductive period in the years of 2008 and 2009.Considering from unilateral water productivity of grain, The tomato's water use efficiency which changed form 25.00kg/m3 to 29.36kg/m3 is efficient.From the comparative analysis of border irrigation and furrow irrigation shows that:the furrow irrigation tomato which was irrigated in rapid growth stage and flowering stage can achieve ideal output(7780kg/mu) and high water production efficiency(29.36kg/m3)under the conditions that tomato use a smaller scale irrigation(22.5m3/mu)during the growing season. The ppropriate crop-water model is Blank model of tomato and the diversification discipline of sensitiv index to water at each growth stages is flowering and fruitage - flourishing fruitage period>seedling stage- flowering and fruitage>flourishing fruitage period -final phase of fruitage. (4)Form the optimization results obtained by the irrigation system showed that:the irrigation volume of growing stage separately is 250mm and 450mm of wheat intercroping sunflower and wheat intercroping corn. The appropriate irrigation volume of furrow irrigation tomato which should be irrigated two times is 60～70mm while the appropriate irrigation volume of borde irrigation tomato which should be irrigated only one time is 60mm during tomato growing stage.
(1)小麦套种向日葵生育期内作物腾发量为508.29mm(2008年)、513.86mm(2009年),各生育阶段需水规律为分蘖～拔节>拔节～抽穗>抽穗～成熟>苗期～分蘖,适宜的作物-水模型为Jensen模型,各个生育阶段敏感指标的变化规律为:λ2>λ3>λ4>λ1,,需水关键期为小麦拔节与葵花快速生长的共生期,日耗水强度高达6.3mm/d,生育期内灌3次水,适宜的灌水定额为60m3/亩,作物水分生产率为1.41kg/m3,保证这一阶段灌溉水量充足,对作物增产作用重大。
(2)小麦套玉米生育期内作物实际腾发量在2008年与2009年分别为686.66mm与677.06mm,各生育阶段需水规律为:拔节～抽穗>分蘖～拔节>喇叭口～灌浆>抽雄～灌浆>苗期～分蘖,适宜的作物-水模型为Jensen模型,各个生育阶段敏感指标的变化规律为λ3>λ2>λ5>λ4>λ1,需水关键期为小麦拔节～抽穗与玉米抽穗的生长期,日耗水强度最高达到6.8mm/d。生育期内灌5次水,适宜的灌水定额为60m3/亩,作物水分生产率为1.63kg/m3。8～9月份是玉米籽粒形成的关键时期,需要足够的水分保证养分的输送。
(3)番茄生育期内实际腾发量在2008年与2009年分别为413.38mm与422.98mm,水分生产率变化范围为25.00～29.36kg/m3,蕃茄对水分的利用是高效的。对地面灌溉技术畦灌和沟灌相比,沟灌番茄采用较小的灌水定额(22.5m3/亩),在快速生长期和盛花期灌两次水,可以取得比较理想的产量(7780kg/亩)和较高的水分生产效率(29.36kg/m3)。番茄适宜的作物-水模型为Blank模型,各个生育阶段敏感指标的变化规律即开花着果～结果盛期>苗期～开花着果>结果盛期～结果末期。
(4)由灌溉制度优化结果得到小麦套葵花、小麦套玉米推荐的生育期灌水量分别为250mm、450mm,沟灌番茄在生育期内灌两次水,推荐的灌水量以60～70mm为宜,畦灌番茄在快速生长期灌1次水,推荐的灌水量以60mm为宜。
During the Eleventh Five-years Plan, all these situations which facing to vigorously develop water-saving agriculture ,subustantially increaing in water use efficiency ,making great efforts to adjust agriculture planting structure,increasing the water-saving crops proportion, agriculture development requirement of improving farmers income and the actual situation of severe water shortage, make the workers aroused much more attention.This paper researched the non-sufficient irrigation schduule of wheat intercroping sunflower、wheat intercroping corn and tomato and preliminarily study the reasonable and efficient irrigation schedul based on the Zhifeng esperimental field in Hetao Irrigatin District of Inner Mongolia.By systemic theory analysis and research,some main conclusions were obtained as followings:
(1)The actual evapotranspiration respectively was 508.29mm、513.86mm during the reproductive period in the years of 2008 and 2009.The water requirement discipline istiller～jointing>jointing～heading>heading～mature> seedling～tiller during the producttivity period of wheat intercroping sunflower. The appropriate crop～water model is Jensen model of wheat intercroping sunflower.The diversification discipline of sensitiv index to water at each growth stages of wheat intercroping sunflower isλ2>λ3>λ4>λ1. The irrigation frequency is 3 times during the growing set of wheat intercroping sunflower The appropriate scale irrigation is 60m3/mu and the water use efficiency respectively is 1.41kg/m3.The key water requirement period which the water requirement can reach up to 6.3mm/d in one day is symbiotic period of wheat intercroping sunflower.Weather the water reauirement can be satisfied will play an importment role in increasing crop yield .
(2)The actual evapotranspiration respectively was 686.66mm、677.06mm during the reproductive period in the years of 2008 and 2009.The water requirement discipline is jointing～heading> tiller～jointing>trumpet～grouting> tasseling～grouting>seedling～tiller during the productivity period of wheat intercroping corn. The appropriate crop～water model is Jensen model of wheat intercroping corn and the diversification discipline of sensitiv index to water at each growth stages isλ3>λ2>λ5>λ4>λ1.The key water requirement period which the water requirement can reach up to 4.8mm/d is jointing–heading.The irrigation frequency is 5 times during the growing set of wheat intercroping corn.The appropriate scale irrigation is 60m3/mu and the water use efficiency respectively is1.63kg/m3 of wheat intercroping corn.Enough water resources can be used to make sure the nutrient transport during the critical formation period of maize grain in 8～9month.
(3)The actual evapotranspiration respectively was 413.38mm、422.98mm during the reproductive period in the years of 2008 and 2009.Considering from unilateral water productivity of grain, The tomato's water use efficiency which changed form 25.00kg/m3 to 29.36kg/m3 is efficient.From the comparative analysis of border irrigation and furrow irrigation shows that:the furrow irrigation tomato which was irrigated in rapid growth stage and flowering stage can achieve ideal output(7780kg/mu) and high water production efficiency(29.36kg/m3)under the conditions that tomato use a smaller scale irrigation(22.5m3/mu)during the growing season. The ppropriate crop-water model is Blank model of tomato and the diversification discipline of sensitiv index to water at each growth stages is flowering and fruitage - flourishing fruitage period>seedling stage- flowering and fruitage>flourishing fruitage period -final phase of fruitage. (4)Form the optimization results obtained by the irrigation system showed that:the irrigation volume of growing stage separately is 250mm and 450mm of wheat intercroping sunflower and wheat intercroping corn. The appropriate irrigation volume of furrow irrigation tomato which should be irrigated two times is 60～70mm while the appropriate irrigation volume of borde irrigation tomato which should be irrigated only one time is 60mm during tomato growing stage.
引文
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