内蒙古河套灌区不同引水水平对地下水环境变化的预测研究
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摘要
水资源是人类赖以生存和发展的重要自然资源,也是自然生态环境重要的制约因素。随着经济社会的快速发展,水资源的供需矛盾日益突出,解决水资源危机已成为世界范围的战略性问题之一。河套灌区的水问题已经成为制约内蒙古经济发展的瓶颈,如何解决好河套灌区水资源的高效利用与合理配置问题,提出维持灌区地下水环境良性循环的引黄水量阈值,成为内蒙古自治区经济快速发展的关键技术之一。
本研究以内蒙古河套灌区为研究背景,运用田间试验、数值模拟和理论分析相结合的研究手段,分析地下水位、地下水质的影响因素,探讨河套灌区节水改造前后万亩典型区、项目区两种尺度下地下水位和地下水质的变化规律,预测不同引水水平对地下水环境的影响。
试验研究表明,地下水位主要受灌水量、降雨量和蒸发量的影响。在蒸发量变化较小时,地下水位受灌水量和降雨量的影响较为明显,但蒸发量变化较大时,地下水位的变化同时受三个因素交互影响。地下水质的主要影响因素为灌水水质、地下水埋深和外界污染物,其中地下水质与灌水水质的相关系数为0.73(呈中度相关性),与地下水埋深的相关系数为0.46(呈低度相关性)。
典型区与项目区地下水位变化规律均有较强的两次上升两次下降趋势,因灌水量和灌水时间的变化而不同。地下水位在生育期内呈下降趋势,说明,作物消耗了部分地下水储存量。地下水位从上游至下游呈现由高到低的变化趋势。节水改造后各年地下水位较节水改造前均有不同程度的降低,其中隆胜示范区改造后降低幅度在0.29～0.58m之间,六个项目区的降低幅度在0.02～0.55 m之间。
节水改造后灌区地下水矿化度分布规律总的变化趋势是由上游到下游矿化度逐渐增大,项目区年内地下水质的上限从07年到09年逐渐升高,平均升高了3.78g/l,地下水质年内动态可划分为冻融期、作物生育期、作物收割期、秋浇期,冻期地下水矿化度相对增大而溶期地下水矿化度又相应减小,作物生育期地下水矿化度随灌水会有所波动,作物收割期蒸发强度大使地下水矿化度增大,秋浇期灌水起到淋洗冲淡作用而使矿化度降低。
数值模拟结果表明,局域尺度上方案一(40亿m~3/a)的地下水埋深均值已经接近适宜埋深的下限,方案二(36亿m~3/a)的地下水埋深均值在2.50m左右,且在生育期会低于此均值,两方案的地下水淡水区域都有所减少,但方案二减少明显,不到总面积的1/6。灌区尺度上方案一的地下水位变化平缓,方案二平均地下水位比现状降低1m左右,两方案的上游地下水矿化度都有所增高,方案二增高明显。由此可见,方案二将会使区域的地下水环境明显趋于恶化。因此,初步提出内蒙古河套灌区维持地下水环境良性循环的引黄水量阈值为40亿m3/a。
由于田间试验数据系列较短,论文模拟预测结果还有待于在长系列试验和完善的边界资料的基础上进一步验证。
Water resources is an important natural resources for human survival and development, and it is also an main constraint resources for natural environment. With the quickly development of economic and social, the contradiction of water supply and demand has become increasingly prominent.So it has become one of the strategic issues to solve the world water crisis.Water shortage which restric the economic development of Inner Mongolia has become a bottleneck.How to solve the problem of water efficient use and rational allocation and proposing the threshold value which will keep groundwater environmental cycle at benige conditions was one of key technologies of economic rapidly development in Inner Mongolia autonomous region.
This paper based on the Hetao irrigation district.The field experiments、numerical simulation and theory analysis were combinated in this paper. We analysised the influence factors of groundwater level and groundwater quality.The paper investigated the change law of groundwater level and groundwater quality after water-saving irrigation transformed in the typical area and project area.Then we forecosted the groundwater environmental influence factors becouse of irrigation water levels.
The experimental study showed that the groundwater level was mainly affected by irrigation, rainfall and evaporation. When the evaporation changed little, the groundwater table was mainly affected by irrigation and rainfall, while the evaporation changed obvious, the groundwater level was mainly affected three factors. Main factors affecting the groundwater quality were the irrigation water quality, groundwater depth and outside pollutants .The correlation coefficient was 0.73 (about moderate correlation degree) between groundwater quality and irrigation water quality and the the correlation coefficient was 0.46(about lower correlation degree) between groundwater depth and irrigation water quality.
The groundwater level varied by obvious trend in the typical and project area scales before and after reconstruction. Because of different regional and geographical location, a typical area the differences between .The groundwater level of different observation groundwater wells in typical area changed from 1.5 to 3m.But the groundwater level of different observation groundwater wells in project area changed obvious between 2 to 7m.During one year, groundwater level decreased and increased two times. Groundwater level was downward during the growth period of crop .So crops consumed some groundwater storage. After transformation the groundwater level were significantly lower than before water saving reform. Longsheng demonstration area decreased after transformation in the range of 0.29 to 0.58m ,and the reduction of the six project areas between 0.02 to 0.55 m .
After water-saving irrigation transformed, the distribution of groundwater salinity was very complex, and the overall trend was changed large from the upstream to the downstream. Underground water quality maxmun average volume increased 3.78g/l gradually from 2007 to 2009 in the six project area. Excepting a part of wells water quality changed little of Wuyuan and Qianqi, other project areas groundwater is salt. Underground water quality changes over time can be divided into thawing period, crop growth stage, crop harvest, autumn irrigation period. The groundwater salinity increased in cold season and decreased in warmer season. The groundwater salinity fluctuated during the crop growth. Because of evaporation increased in crop harvest time the groundwater salinity ineased, while the groundwater salinity decreased because of the effects that autumn irrigation watered will leach the salinity in the soil.
The numerical simulation results showed that, the groundwater level of first plan in regional scale(4 billion m~3/a) have reached the appropriate depth while the mean groundwater level was about of 2.50m in the second plan(3.6 billion m~3/a) and during the crop growth the valun would be under the mean value,the two plans has been reduced in groundwater freshwater area, but the second plan has decreased significantly, less than the total area of 1/6.The groundwater level changing of first plan was not obvious. The groundwater level decreased about 1m of second plan. The salinity of groundwater of the two plans have increased in upstream, the second plan increased significantly .The water enviroument would be worsen Obviously in the second plan.So,the threshold water volume would be 4 billion m~3/a in order to keep the water environment benign cycle.
Becouse the lack of field experiments data ,the simulation and forecost results would be tested and verified after much observation data and perfect border data.
本研究以内蒙古河套灌区为研究背景,运用田间试验、数值模拟和理论分析相结合的研究手段,分析地下水位、地下水质的影响因素,探讨河套灌区节水改造前后万亩典型区、项目区两种尺度下地下水位和地下水质的变化规律,预测不同引水水平对地下水环境的影响。
试验研究表明,地下水位主要受灌水量、降雨量和蒸发量的影响。在蒸发量变化较小时,地下水位受灌水量和降雨量的影响较为明显,但蒸发量变化较大时,地下水位的变化同时受三个因素交互影响。地下水质的主要影响因素为灌水水质、地下水埋深和外界污染物,其中地下水质与灌水水质的相关系数为0.73(呈中度相关性),与地下水埋深的相关系数为0.46(呈低度相关性)。
典型区与项目区地下水位变化规律均有较强的两次上升两次下降趋势,因灌水量和灌水时间的变化而不同。地下水位在生育期内呈下降趋势,说明,作物消耗了部分地下水储存量。地下水位从上游至下游呈现由高到低的变化趋势。节水改造后各年地下水位较节水改造前均有不同程度的降低,其中隆胜示范区改造后降低幅度在0.29～0.58m之间,六个项目区的降低幅度在0.02～0.55 m之间。
节水改造后灌区地下水矿化度分布规律总的变化趋势是由上游到下游矿化度逐渐增大,项目区年内地下水质的上限从07年到09年逐渐升高,平均升高了3.78g/l,地下水质年内动态可划分为冻融期、作物生育期、作物收割期、秋浇期,冻期地下水矿化度相对增大而溶期地下水矿化度又相应减小,作物生育期地下水矿化度随灌水会有所波动,作物收割期蒸发强度大使地下水矿化度增大,秋浇期灌水起到淋洗冲淡作用而使矿化度降低。
数值模拟结果表明,局域尺度上方案一(40亿m~3/a)的地下水埋深均值已经接近适宜埋深的下限,方案二(36亿m~3/a)的地下水埋深均值在2.50m左右,且在生育期会低于此均值,两方案的地下水淡水区域都有所减少,但方案二减少明显,不到总面积的1/6。灌区尺度上方案一的地下水位变化平缓,方案二平均地下水位比现状降低1m左右,两方案的上游地下水矿化度都有所增高,方案二增高明显。由此可见,方案二将会使区域的地下水环境明显趋于恶化。因此,初步提出内蒙古河套灌区维持地下水环境良性循环的引黄水量阈值为40亿m3/a。
由于田间试验数据系列较短,论文模拟预测结果还有待于在长系列试验和完善的边界资料的基础上进一步验证。
Water resources is an important natural resources for human survival and development, and it is also an main constraint resources for natural environment. With the quickly development of economic and social, the contradiction of water supply and demand has become increasingly prominent.So it has become one of the strategic issues to solve the world water crisis.Water shortage which restric the economic development of Inner Mongolia has become a bottleneck.How to solve the problem of water efficient use and rational allocation and proposing the threshold value which will keep groundwater environmental cycle at benige conditions was one of key technologies of economic rapidly development in Inner Mongolia autonomous region.
This paper based on the Hetao irrigation district.The field experiments、numerical simulation and theory analysis were combinated in this paper. We analysised the influence factors of groundwater level and groundwater quality.The paper investigated the change law of groundwater level and groundwater quality after water-saving irrigation transformed in the typical area and project area.Then we forecosted the groundwater environmental influence factors becouse of irrigation water levels.
The experimental study showed that the groundwater level was mainly affected by irrigation, rainfall and evaporation. When the evaporation changed little, the groundwater table was mainly affected by irrigation and rainfall, while the evaporation changed obvious, the groundwater level was mainly affected three factors. Main factors affecting the groundwater quality were the irrigation water quality, groundwater depth and outside pollutants .The correlation coefficient was 0.73 (about moderate correlation degree) between groundwater quality and irrigation water quality and the the correlation coefficient was 0.46(about lower correlation degree) between groundwater depth and irrigation water quality.
The groundwater level varied by obvious trend in the typical and project area scales before and after reconstruction. Because of different regional and geographical location, a typical area the differences between .The groundwater level of different observation groundwater wells in typical area changed from 1.5 to 3m.But the groundwater level of different observation groundwater wells in project area changed obvious between 2 to 7m.During one year, groundwater level decreased and increased two times. Groundwater level was downward during the growth period of crop .So crops consumed some groundwater storage. After transformation the groundwater level were significantly lower than before water saving reform. Longsheng demonstration area decreased after transformation in the range of 0.29 to 0.58m ,and the reduction of the six project areas between 0.02 to 0.55 m .
After water-saving irrigation transformed, the distribution of groundwater salinity was very complex, and the overall trend was changed large from the upstream to the downstream. Underground water quality maxmun average volume increased 3.78g/l gradually from 2007 to 2009 in the six project area. Excepting a part of wells water quality changed little of Wuyuan and Qianqi, other project areas groundwater is salt. Underground water quality changes over time can be divided into thawing period, crop growth stage, crop harvest, autumn irrigation period. The groundwater salinity increased in cold season and decreased in warmer season. The groundwater salinity fluctuated during the crop growth. Because of evaporation increased in crop harvest time the groundwater salinity ineased, while the groundwater salinity decreased because of the effects that autumn irrigation watered will leach the salinity in the soil.
The numerical simulation results showed that, the groundwater level of first plan in regional scale(4 billion m~3/a) have reached the appropriate depth while the mean groundwater level was about of 2.50m in the second plan(3.6 billion m~3/a) and during the crop growth the valun would be under the mean value,the two plans has been reduced in groundwater freshwater area, but the second plan has decreased significantly, less than the total area of 1/6.The groundwater level changing of first plan was not obvious. The groundwater level decreased about 1m of second plan. The salinity of groundwater of the two plans have increased in upstream, the second plan increased significantly .The water enviroument would be worsen Obviously in the second plan.So,the threshold water volume would be 4 billion m~3/a in order to keep the water environment benign cycle.
Becouse the lack of field experiments data ,the simulation and forecost results would be tested and verified after much observation data and perfect border data.
引文
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