裴李岗文化植物类食物加工工具表面淀粉粒研究
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摘要
植物一直是人类食谱的重要组成部分,淀粉是葡萄糖的高聚体,是植物的主要营养成分,多以淀粉粒形式储存于细胞中。淀粉粒在种子、块茎和块根等器官中含量特别丰富,而且淀粉粒能在考古地层中保存上万年。不同种属植物的淀粉粒在形态、大小、层纹、裂隙、消光等方面各有特征,因此可以根据淀粉粒的形态特征鉴定植物种类,这为其在考古学研究中的应用提供了依据。
从二十世纪七十年代开始,淀粉粒分析成为的一项新的分析手段,它通过先建立现代植物种属的淀粉粒形态标准,然后通过对比去鉴定从考古遗物、遗迹中获取的古代淀粉粒的种属,以进行器物功能、古代人类对植物的利用等方面的研究.
裴李岗文化是黄河中游地区的新石器时代前期文化,因1977年首先发现于河南新郑裴李岗而得名。其年代经碳十四测定,大约距今8500～7000年。本文对裴李岗文化中比较有代表性的新郑裴李岗遗址、沙窝李遗址、岗时遗址,密县莪沟遗址,长葛石固遗址的15个石磨盘进行了取样分析。结果显示,15个石磨盘上共发现了1800多颗淀粉粒,可鉴定淀粉粒中比例最多的是橡子,占到总数的42.80%,其次是小麦族(23.89%)、粟黍或薏苡属(15.15%)、根茎类(0.27%)等。此外,还有一部分淀粉粒无法鉴定。
本文的研究结果表明:①、裴李岗文化遗址的石磨盘的功能具有多样性;②、橡子可能是当时先民的重要植物性食物来源之一。上述实验结果可为中国农业起源研究提供一些新思路和新线索。同时,丰富的植物种类及组合也与当时温暖湿润的气候环境相吻合,从另一个角度为环境考古研究提供了一批新资料。
Humans have exploited and used starchy plant organs as their main food for a long time. Starch is composed of long chains of glucose molecules. In the form of grains, starch is found mainly in roots, tubers, and seeds. starch grains can preserve well for tens of thousands of years in sediments. Because different plants produce distinct forms, the identification of plants is possible by means of the comparison with the morphological features of starch grains.
Starting from 1970s, Starch grain analysis is a new tool of archaeobotanical investigation . In the past decades, starch grain analysis had been successfully employed to study the origins and dispersals of agricultural crops, artifact function, and paleoclimate reconstruction in America, Australia, and so on.
This paper examined fifteen slabs excavated from Peiligang Site,Egou Site, Shawoli Site, Shigu Site, Gangshi Site, and more than 1800 starch grains were found. To identify the ancient starch grains extracted from the slabs, we collect some modern plants selectively in China. Meanwhile, we also consult to some references of modern samples.
According to the analysis of characteristics, identifiable starch grains recovered from the slabs can be classified into four types at least, which were acorns, the wheat tribe (Triticeae Dumort.),foxtail millets(Setaria italica) or common millets(Panicum miliaceum) or job’s tears(Coix spp.)and tubers. And the proportion of the four types is 42.80%, 23.89%, 15.15%, 0.4% respectively. In Addition, other starch grains, their characteristics being not obvious, need further identifications.
We can draw two conclusions from this study. First, the slabs of the site of Peiligang culture may be multifunctional. Second, acorns may be the important source of botanic food at Peiligang time. The experimental results can provide some new ideas and new clues for Chinese agricultural origin research. Meanwhile, multiple plant species and combination also coincide with warm and wet environment in this area. In this sense, they provide new materials for environmental archaeology research.
从二十世纪七十年代开始,淀粉粒分析成为的一项新的分析手段,它通过先建立现代植物种属的淀粉粒形态标准,然后通过对比去鉴定从考古遗物、遗迹中获取的古代淀粉粒的种属,以进行器物功能、古代人类对植物的利用等方面的研究.
裴李岗文化是黄河中游地区的新石器时代前期文化,因1977年首先发现于河南新郑裴李岗而得名。其年代经碳十四测定,大约距今8500～7000年。本文对裴李岗文化中比较有代表性的新郑裴李岗遗址、沙窝李遗址、岗时遗址,密县莪沟遗址,长葛石固遗址的15个石磨盘进行了取样分析。结果显示,15个石磨盘上共发现了1800多颗淀粉粒,可鉴定淀粉粒中比例最多的是橡子,占到总数的42.80%,其次是小麦族(23.89%)、粟黍或薏苡属(15.15%)、根茎类(0.27%)等。此外,还有一部分淀粉粒无法鉴定。
本文的研究结果表明:①、裴李岗文化遗址的石磨盘的功能具有多样性;②、橡子可能是当时先民的重要植物性食物来源之一。上述实验结果可为中国农业起源研究提供一些新思路和新线索。同时,丰富的植物种类及组合也与当时温暖湿润的气候环境相吻合,从另一个角度为环境考古研究提供了一批新资料。
Humans have exploited and used starchy plant organs as their main food for a long time. Starch is composed of long chains of glucose molecules. In the form of grains, starch is found mainly in roots, tubers, and seeds. starch grains can preserve well for tens of thousands of years in sediments. Because different plants produce distinct forms, the identification of plants is possible by means of the comparison with the morphological features of starch grains.
Starting from 1970s, Starch grain analysis is a new tool of archaeobotanical investigation . In the past decades, starch grain analysis had been successfully employed to study the origins and dispersals of agricultural crops, artifact function, and paleoclimate reconstruction in America, Australia, and so on.
This paper examined fifteen slabs excavated from Peiligang Site,Egou Site, Shawoli Site, Shigu Site, Gangshi Site, and more than 1800 starch grains were found. To identify the ancient starch grains extracted from the slabs, we collect some modern plants selectively in China. Meanwhile, we also consult to some references of modern samples.
According to the analysis of characteristics, identifiable starch grains recovered from the slabs can be classified into four types at least, which were acorns, the wheat tribe (Triticeae Dumort.),foxtail millets(Setaria italica) or common millets(Panicum miliaceum) or job’s tears(Coix spp.)and tubers. And the proportion of the four types is 42.80%, 23.89%, 15.15%, 0.4% respectively. In Addition, other starch grains, their characteristics being not obvious, need further identifications.
We can draw two conclusions from this study. First, the slabs of the site of Peiligang culture may be multifunctional. Second, acorns may be the important source of botanic food at Peiligang time. The experimental results can provide some new ideas and new clues for Chinese agricultural origin research. Meanwhile, multiple plant species and combination also coincide with warm and wet environment in this area. In this sense, they provide new materials for environmental archaeology research.
引文
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[3]. Li Liu,Judith Field,Alison Weisskopf,et al. The Exploitation of Acorn and Rice in Early Holocene Lower Yangzi River,China. Acta Anthropologica Sinica,2010,29(3):317-336
[4].杨晓燕,郁金城,吕厚远等.北京平谷上宅遗址磨盘磨棒功能分析:来自植物淀粉粒的证据.中国科学D辑:地球科学, 2009, 39(9):1266 1273
[5].杨晓燕,蒋乐平.淀粉粒分析揭示浙江跨湖桥遗址人类的食物构成.科学通报,2010,55(7):596-602
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