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科学:人性、信念与价值
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摘要
波兰尼(Michael Polanyi,1891—1976),匈裔英藉著名物理化学家和哲学家,他一生孜孜以求的就是把被客观主义歪曲了的“科学观”给颠倒过来。波兰尼从自然科学研究出发,进而上升到“层级本体论”的最后一个序列,即“人”本身上来,由此波兰尼克服了实证主义科学观所蕴涵的自然科学和人的研究之间的鸿沟。这不仅解决了科学观的核心问题即科学的本质及其合理性问题,还解决了人类生存的根本性问题。
     本文旨在对波兰尼科学观进行系统论证,集中探讨波兰尼人文科学观的内涵及其合法性问题。在正式论证之前,作者首先提出一个理论预设,即认定波兰尼科学观是“人文性”的。这是在对波兰尼文本的阅读中揣摩概括得出的,自认为是贴近波兰尼思想核心的。因为波兰尼一直试图向我们阐明,人类一直是为着追求科学本身、追求美而真的事物而追求科学的。在这种超验性的理想中,波兰尼塑造出一个满怀求知热情、诚挚追求与实在相接触、具有深切责任感的高大的“人”来。在这种视野中,科学和人文就处在了同一个连续性框架之内,科学实质上是一种人的创造性艺术,科学知识是一种“个人知识”,科学方法是人的认知方法,而且识知和存在就具有了某种同构性。可见,波兰尼是站在文化“同质性”的立场上,以“人”为坐标,构建了一种新型科学观思路,借此描绘出一个哲学宇宙论模式和一种生存哲学蓝图。围绕这一核心线索,本文对波兰尼科学观思想的研究分如下四个阶段展开:
     提出问题阶段:在清理国内外波兰尼研究现状的基础上,论证了本文研究波兰尼所要围绕的核心线索,即人文性科学观的研究主题。在廓清波兰尼后批判思想特征的基础上,分析了波兰尼人文性科学观所具有的哲学底蕴。正如波兰尼所言,在批判性反思之下建立起来的实证主义科学观,把科学等同于一个高度形式化的、可以用完全明确的方式加以表述的命题集合,认为科学哲学的任务就在于对科学理论的结构作静态的逻辑分析。它在标举科学的客观、超然、非个体特征的同时,还提出了一个完全通过精确且逻辑严密的表述构筑起来明确知识的理想。对此,波兰尼精心勾划出了其默会整合理论来彰显其科学观的哲学底蕴。波兰尼认为,原来我们误以为是全部知识的言传知识不过是露出水面的冰山之顶,而在水面以下还隐匿着宏大的深层意识活动群一默会认识系统。相对于传统认识论所依托的可明确表述的逻辑理性,人的认知活动中还活跃着另一种与认知个体活动无法分离的不可言传只能默会的默会认知,而这种隐性认知恰是一切知识的基础和内在本质.所以有人声称,波兰尼的默会理论实现了自笛卡尔、康德以来认识论上的第三次“哥白尼式的革命”。
     分析问题阶段:在逐步分类解析的基础上,从三个维度来全面展示波兰尼的人文科学观革命性特色。首先,人性之光是波兰尼人文科学观的最大特色。波兰尼提出科学家个人身心的参与是实现科学认知的必然途径,在每一项研究中都有具有责任感的科学家充满热情贡献;其次,信念构成了波兰尼科学观的重要维度,从知识的“个人性”和“默会性”中不难推出知识中必然具有信念等因素。具有浓厚宗教情怀的波兰尼认为,信仰和对信仰的评价构成了科学的前提。波兰尼还进一步论证了“信念”在科学知识中确有其必要性和必然性;再次,价值构成了人文性科学观的内在灵魂。客观主义科学观是以主客观互相分离为基础的,它必然导致真理和价值严重的分裂。波兰尼认为科学真理不应该忽略它在宗教和道德上的反响,他强烈反对科学在价值上绝对中性化的观点,认为对事物作普遍的机
Michael Polanyi (1891-1976) was a famous English physical chemist and philosopher with a Hungarian origin. He devoted all his life to trying to correct the view of science which had been distorted by objectivism. Polanyi set off from natural scientific research, and arrived at the human being himself, which was the last series of the stratified ontology. He filled the gap between natural scientific research with positivisticview of scienceand research of human being, which solved both the problem of the essence and rationality of science, the core problem of view of science, and the basic problem of human's existence.The purpose of this paper is to systematically argue Polanyi's view on science, and to discuss the meaning and validity of his humanistic view of science. Firstly, a hypothesis is put forth that Polanyi's view of science was humanistic, and it is derived from his manuscripts and thought as close to the nucleus of Polanyi's thoughts. Polanyi was trying to clarify the point that the intent of human's pursuit of science was to seek science itself and the beauty and truth of things. With the detachment ideal, Polanyi constructed a "high person" full of passion of learning, pursuit of reality and great responsibility. From this viewpoint, science and humanities were in the same continuum of frame: science was essentially a kind of human's creative art, scientific knowledge was a kind of "personal knowledge", scientific methods were methods of human's learning, and therefore there was some isomorphic between learning and existence. From the standpoint of homogeneity of culture, Polanyi constructed a new idea of view of science with human being as the coordinates, and described a pattern of philosophical cosmology and a blueprint of existential philosophical. The research of Polanyi's view of science can be devied into four parts:Put forth of the problem. After reviewing findings of domestic and international studies of Polanyi, the topic of humanistic view of science was put forth. On the basis of expurgation of characteristics of Polanyi's post-critical spirit, the philosophy thoughts in Polanyi's humanistic view of science was analyzed. Just as Polanyi said, positivism view of science constructed in critical reflection regarded science as highly formalized propositions that could be explicated, and believed that the task of philosophy was to logically analyze the structure of scientific theory.Analysis of the problem. The characteristics of Polanyi's humanistic view of science was shown from three dimensions. Firstly, the most important character of Polanyi's humanistic view of science was the light of humanity. Secondly, faith was another character of Polanyi's view of science. Lastly, value was the soul of humanistic view of science.
引文
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    1. Apczynski, John V. Doers of the Word: Toward a Foundational Theology Based on the Thought of Michael Polanyi [M]. American Academy of Religion Dissertation Series, No. 18. Missoula, Montana: Scholars Press, for the American Academy of Religion, 1977.
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    37. Wilczak, P. F. Faith, Motive, and Community: An Interpretation of the Philosophy of Michael Polanyi [M]. University of Chicago, Ph. D., 1973.
    1. Adams, Doug and Mullins. Phil. Meaning with the Arts: the Implications of Polanyi's Epistemology for Aesthetics, Studia Mystica (Sacramento, CA.)1(2), Summer 1978, pp. 28-35, 38-39, 42-48.
    2. Adams, Doug and Mullins. Phil. Conscience, Tacit Knowledge and the Art of Judgment: Implications of Polanyi's Thought for Moral Reflection, Soundings 66(1), Spring 1983, 34-45.
    3. Adams, Doug. Charles S. McCoy: Orphic Sleuth of the Seminary as School of the Dance. Tradition& Discovery, 24: 3 (1997-98): 41-43.
    4. Adams, Doug. Implications of Polanyi's Thought with the Arts. Tradition& Discovery, 2: 2(1974): 3-5.
    5. Adams, Doug. The Tacit Victory and the Unfinished Agenda:Personal Knowledge In the Arts. Tradition& Discovery, 18:1 (1991-1992): 13-15.
    6. Adams, E. M. Poteat On Modern Culture and Critical Philosophy. Tradition& Discovery, 21: 1 (1994-95): 45-50.
    7. Agassi, J. Genius in Science. Philosophy of the Social Sciences 5, 1975, pp.145-61.
    8. Allen, Richard T. Religion, Emotion and Education. Proceedings of the Philosophy of Education Society, 7(2), 1973, pp. 181-94.
    9. Allen, Richard T. The philosophy of Michael Polanyi and its significance for education. Journal of Philosophy of Education 12, 1978, pp.167-77.
    10. Allen, Richard T. Rational Autonomy: the Destruction of Freedom. Journal of Philosophy of Education 16(2), 1982, pp.199-207.
    11. Allen, Richard T. Polanyi and the Reality of God: a Review of Zygon: a Journal of Religion and Science, 17(1), March 1982 [special issue on Polanyi]. Convivium no. 17, October 1983, pp.25-30.
    12. Allen, Richard T. Absolute Presuppositions and tacit knowing, Convivium (Oxford) no. 17, October 1983, pp.5-11.
    13. Allen, Richard T. Rorty and the scope of non-justificatory philosophy. Ⅰ& Ⅱ. Convivium no. 20, March 1985, pp.23-26; no, 21, October 1985, pp.32-36. [A "discussion paper" critiquing Rorty; written as "pure Polanyi".]
    14. Allen, Richard T. Because I Say So. Some limitations on the rationalizations of authority, Journal of Philosophy of Education 21(1), 1987, pp.15-24.
    15. Allen, Richard T. Polanyi and Truth. Convivium no. 25, October 1987, pp.48-54.
    16. Allen, Richard T. Michael Polanyi as a Conservative Thinker, Salisbury Review, June 1988, pp.44-48. Allen, Richard T. Neutral against faith, Spectrum 9(1), Sept. 1976, pp.12-14.
    17. Allen, Richard T. Passivity and the rationality of emotion. The Modern Schoolman. 68(4), 1991.
    18. Allen, Richard T. Polanyi's Over-coming of the Dichotomy of Fact and Value. in the Polanyi memorial volume prepared by the Michael Polanyi Liberal Philosophical Association of Hungary, 1993? [Papers from the centenary conference in Budapest, August 1991.]
    19. Allen, R.T. Rorty and the Scope of Non-Justificatory Philosophy. Tradition& Discovery, 12:2 (1984-85): 33-35.
    20. Allen, Richard. Rorty and the Scope of Non-Justificatory Philosophy II; A Discussion Based on Philosophy and the Minor of Nature. Tradition & Discovery, 13:2 (1985-86): 29-33.
    21. Allen, Richard. The Unspecifiable Element in Accounting. Tradition& Discovery, 13:2 (1985-86): 33-34.
    22. Allen, R.T. Beyond Liberalism: A Reply to Some Comments. Tradition& Discovery, 26:1 (1999-2000): 16-18.
    23. Allen, Richard T. The limits of contract, Polanyiana (Budapest) 1-2,1992, pp.90-98.
    24. Allerbeck, Klaus R. On the logic of personal knowledge, Polanyiana (Budapest) 1-2, 1992, pp.51-62.
    25. Apczynski, John V. Belief in God, Proper Basicality, and Rrationality. Journal of the American Academy of Religion 60(2), 1992, pp.
    26. Apczynski, John V. Integrative theology: a Polyanian proposal for theological foundations, Theological Studies 40(4), December 1979, pp.23-43.
    27. Apczynski, John V. Mysticism and Epistemology, Studies in Religion 14(2), 1985, pp. 193-205.
    28. Apczynski, John V. Truth in Religion: A Polanyian Appraisal of Wolfhart Pannenberg's theological program, Zygon 17(1), 1982, pp. 49-73.
    29. Apczynski, John V. Are Religion and Science Distinct or Dichotomous Realms: Reflections on Prosh's Interpretation of Polanyi. Tradition & Discovery, 15:1 (1987-88): 4-14.
    30. Apczynski, John V. How Catholic? Is Personal Catholicism? Tradition & Discovery, 28:1 (2001-2002): 28-30.
    31. Apczynski, John V. Polanyi's Augustinianism: A Mark of the Future? Tradition & Discovery, 20:1 (1993-94): 27-40.
    32. Apczynski, John. The Tacit Victory and the Unfinished Agenda: Richard Rorty and Michael Polanyi: Is There Truth After Foundationalism?. Tradition & Discovery, 18:1 (1991-1992): 11-13.
    33. Apczynski, John V. Torrance on Polanyi and Polanyi on God: Comments on Weightman's Criticisms-A Review Essay.Tradition&Discovery, 24:1 (1997-98): 32-34.
    34. Atherton, M. Tacit Knowledge and Innateness, Philosophy Forum, 3,1972, pp.3-11.
    35. Baker, J.R. Michael Polanyi's Contributions to the cause of freedom in science. Minerva 16(3), 1978, pp.382-96.
    36. Baker, J.R.. Review of Science and the Planned State. The Manchester Guardian (June27, 1945): 3.
    37. Baumgarten, Barbara Bennett. Artistic Expression And Contemplation: Some Reflections Based On The Epistemology of Michael Polanyi. Tradition&Discovery, 21:2 (1994-95): 11-15.
    38. Begbie, Jeremy. Voicing Creation's Praise: Towards a Theology of the Arts. Edinburgh: T.& T. Clark, 1991, pp.201-02, summary of Polanyi's epistemology; pp.234-47, Polanyi's approach to metaphor and works of art.
    39. Bennett, J.B. The Tacit in Experience: Polanyi and Whitehead. The Thomist (Washington, D.C.) 42, January 1978, pp.28-49.
    40. Biswas, Goutam. How is Knowledge of Man Possible? An Enquiry into Philosophical Anthropology. The Visva-Bharati Quarterly (Calcutta) 47 (3-4), 1982. [Man must be studied as a whole; Polanyi's epistemology shows how reductionism can be avoided.]
    41. Bolton, Neil. Technology across the curriculum. Technology Education Project. Paper 1 York: St Williams Foundation 1985, pp.10-11.
    42. Bowman, Wayne D. Polanyi and Instructional Methods in Music. Journal of Aesthetic Education, 16, no.2, Summer, 1982, pp.75-86.
    43. Bradie, M. Polanyi on the Meno Paradox. Philosophy of Science, 1973, p.203.
    44. Brennan, John M. Polanyi's Transcendence of the Distinction Between Objectivity and Subjectivity as Applied to the Philosophy of Science, The Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology, 8(3), October 1977, pp.141-52.
    45. Broudy, H.S. The Uses and Schooling in Professional Life. Tradition&Discovery,13:2 (1985-86): 4-9.
    46. Brownhill, Robert J. Freedom and Authority: the Political Philosophy of Michael Polanyi. Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology. 8(3), Oct. 1977,153-63.
    47. Brownhill, Robert J. Michael Polanyi and the Problem of Personal Knowledge, Journal of Religion 48(2), 1968, pp.115-23.
    48. Brownhill, Robert J. Objectivity and Subjectivity in Polanyi's "Personal Knowledge". New Universities' Quarterly 35(3), Summer 1981, pp.360-72.
    49. Brownhill, Robert J. Scientific ethics and the community, in Inquiry (Oslo), 11, Summer 1968, pp. 243-48.
    50. Brownhill, Robert J. Towards a philosophy of technology. Scientia. International Review of Scientific Synthesis.104, Nov./Dec. 1969, pp.602-14. [Compares Polanyi's doctrines for testing scientific truth with Popper's falsifiability test; Polanyi's intuitive approach, heuristic passion and commitment are as necessary as Popper's doctrine of criticism.]
    51. Burt, Cyril. Personal Knowledge, Art and the Humanities. Journal of Aesthetic Education, 3, 1969, pp.29-47.
    52. Melvin.Calvin. Memories of Michael Polanyi in Manchester. Tradition and Discovery Vol.xviii, no.2,1991-92, pp.40-2.
    53. Calvin, Melvin. Memories of Michael Polanyi in Manchester. Tradition & Discovery, 18:2 (1991-1992): 40-42.
    54. Cannon, Dale. Construing Polanyi's Tacit Knowing as Knowing by Acquaintance Rather than Knowing by Representation: Some Implications. Tradition & Discovery, 29:2 (2002-2003): 26-43.
    55. Cannon, Dale. Haven't You Noticed That Modernity Is Bankrupt? Ruminations on the Teaching Career of William H. Poteat. Tradition & Discovery, 21: 1 (1994-95): 20-32.
    56. Cannon, Dale. A Polanyian Approach to Conceiving And Teaching Introduction To Philosophy. Tradition & Discovery, 25: 2 (1998-99): 11-18.
    57. Cannon, Dale. Sanders' Analytic Rebuttal to Polanyi's Critics, With Some Musings On Polanyi's Idea of Truth. Tradition & Discovery, 23: 3 (1996-97): 17-23.
    58. Cannon, Dale. Some Aspects of Polanyi's Version of Realism. Tradition & Discovery, 26: 3(1999-2000): 51-61.
    59. Cannon, Dale. Toward the Recovery of Common Sense in a Postcritical Intellectual Ethos. Tradition & Discovery, 19: 1 (1992-93): 5-15.
    60. Cato, Dennis. Harvey Siegers transcendental rationality: a Polanyian perspective. Educational Theory 38(2), Spring1988, pp.255-74. [A neo-Kantian view, criticized as a "question-begging rationalization" that is "a mirror-image of positivism" in "failing to account for the powers of the human mind."]
    61. Cato, Dennis. The philosophic pretence of linguistic analysis: a Polanyian Perspective on Joe Green's Drawing out Paul Hirst's Concept of Reason. The Journal of Educational Thought 20(3), December 1986.
    62. Causey, R. Polanyi on Structure and Reduction, in Synthese 20, 1969, pp. 230-37.
    63. Churchill, L. R. Flew, Wisdom and Polanyi. The Ffalsification Challenge Revisited. International Journal of Philosophy and Religion 3, 1972, pp.185-94.
    64. Clayton, Philip. Emergence: A Response to My Critics. Tradition & Discovery, 29: 3(2002-2003): 48-51.
    65. Clayton, Philip. Emergence, Supervenience, and Personal Knowledge. Tradition & Discovery, 29: 3 (2002-2003): 8-19.
    66. Cohen, Robert S. Tacit, social and hopeful, in Marjorie Grene (ed.), Interpretations of Life and Mind. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul 1971, pp. 137-48.
    67. Colapietro, Vincent M. The Critical Appropriation of Our Intellectual Tradition: Toward A Dialogue Between Polanyi and Lonergan. Tradition & Discovery, 17: 1 & 2 (1990-1991): 29-43.
    68. Congdon, Lee. The Origins of Polanyi's Neo-Liberalism. Polanyiana (Budapest) 1-2, 1992, pp. 99-105.
    69. Congdon, Lee. Between Brothers: Karl and Michael Polanyi on Fascism and Communism. Tradition & Discovery, 24: 2 (1997-98): 7-13.
    70. Conn, W. E. Michael Polanyi: the Responsible Person, Heythrop Journal 17(1), January 1976, pp. 31-49.
    71. Congdon, Lee. Between Brothers: Karl and Michael Polanyi on Fascism and Communism. 24: 2 (1997-98): 7-13.
    72. Crewdson, Joan. Nature and The Noosphere: Two Realities Or One? Some Thoughts on Harry Prosch's Interpretation of Polanyi. Tradition & Discovery, 15: 1 (1987-88): 18-24
    73. Crewdson, Joan. Polanyi and the Cybernetic Dream. Tradition & Discovery, 12: 1 (1984-85): 27-32
    74. Crewdson, Joan. A Theory of Personal Language and Implications for "Logos" Theology. Tradition & Discovery, 17: 1 & 2 (1990-1991): 21-28.
    75. Crunkleton, Martha A. Polanyi, Feminist Issues and Epistemology. Tradition & Discovery, 15:2 (1987-88): 5 -11.
    76. Diller, Ann. On Tacit Knowing and Apprenticeship. Educational Philosophy and Theory 7, March 1975, pp.55-63.
    77. Discher, Mark R. Michael Polanyi's Epistemology of Science and Its Implications for A Problem in Moral Philosophy. Tradition & Discovery, 29:1 (2002-2003): 49-59.
    78. Doede, Robert. On Mind and Meaning. Tradition & Discovery, 20:2 (1993-94): 28 -42.
    79. Dulles, Avery. Faith, Church and God: insights from Michael Polanyi. Theological Studies 45(3), September 1984, pp.537-50.
    80. DyerAR. Polanyi and Post-modernism. Tradition and Discovery: 19(1), 1992-93, pp.31-38.
    81. Dyer, Allen. Polanyi and Jungian Psychology. Tradition & Discovery, 12:2 (1984-85): 16-21.
    82. Echeverria, Eva.X. Michael Polanyi in the Moot, Polanyiana (Budapest) 1-2, 1992, pp.120-26.
    83. Emmet, Dorothy. Truth and the Fiduciary Mode in Michael Polanyi's Personal Knowledge. Tradition & Discovery, 14:1 (1986-87): 32-36.
    84. Flett, John. Alasdair MacIntyre's Tradition-Constituted Enquiry in Polanyian Perspective. Tradition & Discovery, 26:2 (1999-2000): 6-20.
    85. Frank, Tibor. Cohorting, Networking, Bonding: Michael Polanyi in Exile. Tradition & Discovery, 28:2 (2001-2002): 5-19.
    86. Frank, Tibor. Professor Gowenlock on Michael Polanyi's Manchester Years. Tradition & Discovery, 29-2 (2002-2003): 6-7.
    87. Gabor, Eva. Michael Polanyi and the Liberal Philosophical Tradition in Hungary. Tradition & Discovery, 25:2 (1998-99): 5-10.
    88. Gelwich, Richard. Michael Polanyi -Modern Reformer. Religion in Life. 39, Springl965, pp.224-34.
    89. Gelwich, Richard. Civil Religion: The Dynamo Coupling of Scientific Achievement and Primitive Credulity. American Religion 1974.
    90. Gelwich, Richard. Discovery and theology. Scottish Journal of Theology 28(4), 1975, pp.301-22.
    91. Gelwich, Richard. Post-Critical Belief. The Sources of Hope (Ross Fitzgerald ed.), New York: Pergamon Press, 1979, pp. 124-143..
    92. Gelwich, Richard. What It Means To Be Human (Ross Fitzgerald ed.), New York, Pergamon Press, 1978, pp. 142-163
    93. Gelwich, Richard. Science and Reality, Religion and God: a Reply to Harry Prosch. Zygon 17(1), 1982, pp.25-40.
    94. Gelwich, Richard. Michael Polanyi's Conspectus of Knowing. Absolute Values and the New Cultural Revolution. New York, International Cultural Foundation, 1985, pp. 243-259.
    95. Gelwich, Richard. We Are What We Know, But We Can Change. New York Times. November 16,1985, editorial page.
    96. Gelwich, Richard. A Philosopher for Our Time. The World & I, Chronicle of our Changing Era. Washington, D.C.: The Washington Times, vol. 2, No. 8, August, 1987, pp. 638-643.
    97. Gelwich, Richard. The Reality of God and the Existence of Humanity. Existence of God, Essay from The Basic Issues Forum. Eds. J. R. Jacobson and L. M. Mitchell, Queenston, the Edwin Mellen Press, 1988, pp. 167-181.
    98. Gelwich, Richard. Polanyi: An Occasion for Thanks. Cross Currents: Religion and Intellectual Life, vol. 41, No. 3, Falll991, pp. 378-384.
    99. Gelwick, Richard. The Michael Polanyi Liberal Philosophical Association Centennial Commemorative Conference, August 24-26, 1991, Budapest, Hungary: A Review. Tradition & Discovery, 18:1 (1991-92): 3-4.
    100. Gelwich, Richard. Michael Polanyi and the Philosophy of Medicine, Polanyiana (Budapest), 1-2,1992, pp.14-23;
    101. Gelwich, Richard. The Tillich - Polanyi Dialogue of 1963: Polanyi's Search for a Post-Critical Logic in Science and in Theology. Tradition & Discovery, 22:1, Fall, 1995, pp. 11-19.
    102. Gelwich, Richard, Ed. From Polanyi to 21st Century—Proceedings of a Centennial Conference, Kent State University, April 11-13, 1991. Biddeford, M E: The Polanyi Society, 1997.
    103. Gelwick, Richard. Faith as a First Principle in Charles McCoy's Theology and Ethics. Tradition & Discovery, 24:3 (1997-98): 29-40.
    104. Gelwick, Richard. Christian Faith in a Pluralist Society. Tradition & Discovery, 27:2 (2000-2001): 39-45.
    105. Gelwick, Richard. Heuristic Passion and Universal Intent: A Response to George R. Hunsberger. Tradition & Discovery, 28:1 (2001-2002): 16-22.
    106. Gill, Jerry H. The Tacit Structure of Religious Knowing. International Philosophical Quarterly 9(4), December 1969,533-59.
    107. Gill, Jerry H. The Case for Tacit Knowledge. Southern Journal of Philosophy. 9(1) Springl971, pp.49-59.
    108. Gill, Jerry H. Saying and Showing: Radical Themes in Wittgenstein's On Certainty. Religious Studies 10, Falll974, pp.279-90.
    109. Gill, Jerry H. Tacit Knowing and Religious Belief. International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 6(2), 1975, pp.73-88. [Pp.79-82, Summarizes Polanyi and Collates with Wittgenstein; also uses John Wisdom, and aligns with John Hick in seeing human experience as structured by a hierarchy of mediated dimensions.)
    110. Gill, Jerry H. On knowing the Dancer from the Dance. Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 34(2), Winterl975,125-35.
    111. Gill, Jerry H. Reasons of the heart: A Polanyian Reflection. Religious Studies 14, June 1978, pp.143-57.
    112. Gill, Jerry H. Of Split-brain and Tacit knowing. International Philosophical Quarterly no.77, 20(1), March 1980, pp.49-58.
    113. Gill, Jerry H. Post-Critical Philosophy of Religion. International Philosophical Quarterly no.85 - 22(1), March 1982, pp.75-85.s
    114. Gill, Jerry H. Learning to Learn: Educating with/for the Mind-body. Tradition & Discovery 20(2), 1993-94, pp.17-27.
    115. Gill, Jerry H. Reply to Ron Hall's Review. Tradition & Discovery, 27:3 (2000-2001): 30.
    116. Goding, William E. Polanyi and Peak. A short Semantic Symphony. Pretext. Spring-Fall 1981, pp.91-113.
    117. Goodman, C. P. Polanyi on Liberal Neutrality. Tradition & Discovery, 23:3 (1996-97): 38 -41.
    118. Goodman, C. P. A Free Society: The Polanyian Defence. Tradition & Discovery, 27: 2(2000-2001): 8-25.
    119. Grant, Colin. Dynamic Orthodoxy: a Polanyian Direction for Theology. Studies in Religion. 17(4), Autumn 1988, pp. 407-19.
    120. Grant, Colin. Identifying the Theological Enemy: Polanyi's near miss. Modem Theology 3(3), 1987, pp.255-68. [Because of his fear of arbitrary subjectivism Polanyi neglected the category of self-consciousness where the modem cultural predicament lies, although his holistic epistemology implies and requires a new view of the self. This. answers criticism of Polanyi as a neo-Kantian subjectivist dichotomist. His vision exceeded his own articulation. An important critique.]
    121. Grant, Patrick. Michael Polanyi: the Augustinian Component. New Scholasticism 48(4), Autumn 1974, pp.438-63. [Polanyi studied Augustine and operates within an Augustinian tradition of both language and thought, while criticising Augustine for his anti-scientific spirit. Polanyi here is more allied to John Locke.]
    122. Greene, Maxine. The Problematic of the Humanities: Clues and Cues from Michael Polanyi. Tradition & Discovery, 13: 2 (1985-86): 9-20.
    123. Grene, Marjorie. Introduction, to Polanyi's Knowing and Being 1969,(q.v.), pp.ⅸ-ⅹⅶ.
    124. Grene, Marjorie. Tacit Knowing: Grounds for a Revolution in Philosophy. Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology. 8, October 1977, 164-71.
    125. Grene, Marjorie. The Personal and the Subjective. Tradition & Discovery, 22:3 (1995-96): 6-16.
    126. Grosby, Steven. Further Reflections on Shils and Polanyi. Tradition & Discovery, 27: 1(200-2001): 13-15.
    127. Guillemin, Duchesne. Knowledge and Ignorance. M. Eliade (ed.) Encyclopedia of Religion. Macmillan, vol. 8, pp. 343-56.
    128. Gulich, Walter. Michael Polanyi's theory of meaning and reality. Prolegomenon to exploiting Polanyi's resources on ultimate reality and meaning. Ultimate Reality and Meaning. Winter 1986, pp. 262-75.
    129. Gulick, Walter. The Tacit Victory and the Unfinished Agenda: Reformed Epistemology. Tradition & Discovery, 18: 1 (1991-1992): 7-10.
    130. Gulick, Walter. Polanyi Studies In Hungary. Tradition & Discovery, 20:2 (1993-94): 6-8.
    131. Gulick, Walter. Ron Hall's Polanyian Kierkegaardian Critique of the Modem Age. Tradition & Discovery, 22:3 (1995-96): 28-32.
    132. Gulick, Walter. Prolegomena to a Polanyian Theory of Practice: A Critique of Stephen Turner's Account. Tradition & Discovery, 25: 1 (1998-99): 6-11.
    133. Gulick, Walter. Beyond Epistemology to Realms of Meaning. Tradition & Discovery, 26: 3(1999-2000): 24-41.
    134. Gulick, Walter. Response to Clayton: Taxonomy of the Types and Orders of Emergence. Tradition & Discovery, 29: 3 (2002-2003): 32-47.
    135. Gunton, Colin E. Yesterday and Today. A Study of Continuities in Christology. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans 1983, 228p.
    136. Haddox, Bruce. Questioning Polanyi's Meaning: a Response to Ronald Hall. Zygon 17(1), 1982, pp. 19-24.
    137. Haddox, Bruce. Meditations on The Shared Life. Tradition & Discovery, 21: 1(1994-95): 12-19.
    138. Hall, James A. Polanyi and Jungian Psychology: dream-ego and waking-ego. Journal of Analytical Psychology 27,1982, pp. 239-54. [See review by A.R. Dyer in Convivium no. 26, October 1986, pp. 48-51. Application of "tacit knowledge" to dream theory.]
    139. Hall, James A. Polanyi and Psychoanalysis. Tradition & Discovery, 18:2 (1991-1992): 5-9. [Follows up his article of 1982 on Jung and Polanyi; suggests Jung was a "radical constructivist" re the archetypes, while Polanyi deals with objective reality in its own terms. A technical discussion requiring familiarity with psychiatry.]
    140. Hall, James A. Three Explorers: Polanyi, Jung and Rhine. Tradition & Discovery, 27:1 (2000-2001): 16-21.
    141. Hall, Mary Harrington. A conversation with Michael Polanyi (Interview). Psychology Today 1(12), May 1968, pp.20-25,66-67, illus.
    142. Hall, Ronald L. Wittgenstein and Polanyi: the problem of privileged self-knowledge. Philosophy Today 23(3), 1979, pp.267-78.
    143. Hall, Ronald L. Michael Polanyi on art and religion: some critical reflections on Meaning. Zygon 17(1), 1982, pp.9-18.
    144. Hall, Ronald. In the Shadow of the Enlightenment, the Plight of the Humanities in an Age of Scientific Objectivism. Tradition & Discovery, 13:1 (1985-86): 19-25.
    145. Hall, Ronald L. An Apology for the "Second Edition": A Reply to Gulick's Review. Tradition & Discovery, 22:3 (1995-96): 33-34.
    146. Hall, Ronald L. The Primacy of the Explicit: On Keeping Romanticism at Bay. Tradition & Discovery, 24:2 (1997-98): 29-39.
    147. Hall, Ronald L. Jerry Gill on Polanyi, Modern and Postmodern Thought: A Review Essay. Tradition & Discovery, 27:3 (2000-2001): 30-34.
    148. Hamilton, Bernice. Morality and Social Progress. Blackfriars 41, Dec. 1960, 468-78. [A critique of Polanyi's Eddington Lecture (1960), especially its "moral fervour" and "moral excess" theses, its historical illustrations, and its alleged blaming of Christianity for this moral fervour.]
    149. Hammond, Percy. Polanyi's 'Ontological Equaton': A Response to Recent Discussions of Polanyi's "Realism'. Tradition & Discovery, 27:2 (2000-2001): 34-38.
    150. Hammond, Percy. Parts and Wholes-Contrasting Epistemologies. Tradition & Discovery, 28:3 (2001-2002): 20-28.
    151. HARR? Rom. The Structure of Tacit Knowledge. Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology 8(3), October 1977, 172-77. [Accepts Polanyi's position for perceptual but not for conceptual knowledge.]
    152. Hartt, Julian N. The Realities of the Human Situation. The Christian Scholar 43(3), Fall 1960, pp.231-36.
    153. Haught, John F. Why Do Gods Persist: A Polanyian Reflection. Tradition & Discovery, 28:1 (2001-2002): 5-15.
    154. Herbert, Rembert. Into the Tacit Dimension. Reflections on Michael Polanyi's Personal Knowledge. Pretext. Spring-Fall 1981, pp.63-73.
    155. Hewlett, Martinez. On Polanyi, Clayton, and Biology: Some Musings of a Recovering Reductionist. Tradition & Discovery, 29:3 (2002-2003): 20-23.
    156. High, Dallas M. Language, Life and Morality. Lee Thayer (ed.) Communication: Ethical and moral issues. New York: Gordon and Breach 1973, 402p.
    157. Hocks, Elaine D. Dialectic and the 'Two Forces of One Power': Reading Coleridge, Polanyi, and Bakhtin In A New Key. Tradition & Discovery, 23: 3 (1996-97: 4-16.
    158. Hocks, Richard A. The 'Other' Postmodern Theorist: Owen Barfield's Concept of the Evolution of Consciousness. Tradition & Discovery, 18: 1 (1991-92): 27.
    159. Hodgkin, Robin. Making Sense and the Means for Doing So. Pretext. Spring-Fall 1981, pp.75-88. [Explores Polanyi's concept of a heuristic field especially in relation to competence, tools, etc. in learning and developing skills.]
    160. Hodgkin, R. A. On Getting to Know: Part of a Paper on Polanyi and Education. Tradition & Discovery, 6: 1 (1983): 11-15.
    161. Hodgkin, Robin. Competence and Tacit Knowing. Tradition & Discovery, 12: 1 (1984-85): 32-35.
    162. Hodgkin, Robin. From Skills to Thought: A Consideration of 'Fodor's First Law of the Non-existence of Cognitive Science'. Tradition & Discovery, 13: 2 (1985-86): 35-37.
    163. Hodgkin, Robin A. Michael Polanyi on the Activity of Knowing: the Bearing of His Ideas on the Theory of Multiple Intelligences. Oxford Review of Education, 18(3), 1992, pp. 253-267.
    164. Hodgkin, Robin A. Faith, Form and Meaning: A Report on the UK Centenary Meeting. Tradition & Discovery, 18: 3 (1992): 5-8.
    165. Hodgkin, Robin A. The Roots of Culture. Tradition & Discovery, 18: 3 1992): 30-32.
    166. Hodgson, Peter. Michael Polanyi and the Freedom of Science. Tradition & Discovery, 6: 2(1983-84): 27-29.
    167. Holmer, Paul. Polanyi and Being Reasonable: Some Comments in Review of Intellect and Hope. Soundings 53(1), Spring 1970, pp. 95-109.
    168. Holton, Gerald. Michael Polanyi and the History of Science. Tradition and Discovery: 19(1), 1992-93, pp. 16-30.
    169. Hunsberger. Faith and Pluralism: A Response to Richard Gelwick. Tradition & Discovery, 27: 3 (2000-2001): 19-29.
    170. Inam, Ahmet. Some Footnotes to Polanyian Ethics, Polanyianal (Budapest) 1-2, 1992, pp. 35-50.
    171. Inkster, Robert P. Should We Outgrow Personal Writing. Polanyi and Perry on Reality, Truth, and Intellectual Development. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Conference on College Composition and Communication, Cincinnati, Ohio, March 19-21, 1992.
    172. Innis, Robert E. Art, Symbol and Consciousness: a Polanyi Gloss on Susan Langer and Nelson Goodman. International Philosophical Quarterly 17, 1977, pp.455-76. [Pp. 467-76 more explicitly on Polanyi.]
    173. Innis, Robert E. The Logic of Consciousness and the Mind-body Problem in Polanyi. International Philosophical Quarterly. 13(1), March 1973, pp. 81-98. [See pp. 96-98 for sympathetic critique.]
    174. Innis, Robert E. Meaning, Thought and Language in Polanyi's Epistemology. Philosophy Today 18(1/4), Spring 1974, pp. 47-67.
    175. Innis, Robert E. Polanyi's Model of Mental Acts. The New Scholasticism 47(2), 1973, pp.147-80. [Analysis of Polanyi from a viewpoint based on B. Lonergans's epistemology.]
    176. Innis, Robert E. The triadic structure of religious consciousness in Polanyi, 1976, Thomist, 40, 1976, pp.393-415.
    177. Jacobs, Straun. Michael Polanyi and Spontaneous Order, 1941-1951. Tradition & Discovery, 24:2 (1997-98): 14-28.
    178. Jacobs, Straun. Classical and Conservative Liberalism: Burke, Hayek, Polanyi and Others. Tradition & Discovery, 26:1 (1999-2000): 5-15.
    179. Jensen, A.D. Polanyi's personal language, Southwestern Journal of Philosophy, 6, 1975, pp.95-107.
    180. Jha, S. R. Polanyi's Integrative Philosophy and My New Interpretation: A Response to Pflug's Review. Tradition & Discovery, 25:1 (1998-99): 26-28.
    181. Jha, S. R. "Polanyi's Problematic 'Man in Thought': the Tacit and the Real-an Exploration and a Critique". Tradition & Discovery, 26:3 (1999-2000): 15-23.
    182. Johnston, Araminta Stone. Theory, Rationality and Relativism. Tradition & Discovery, 20:3 (1993-94): 16-28.
    183. Keiser, R. Melvin. McCoy on Reiser's Niebuhr: A Post-Critical Dialogue. Tradition & Discovery, 24:1 (1997-98): 15-19.
    184. Kennedy, Terrence. Lord of Heaven and Earth, Some Reflections on Michael Polanyi's Approach to Science and Morality. Tradition & Discovery, 13:1 (1985-86): 26-37.
    185. Kennedy, Terrence. The Scientist and His Conscience: Michael Polanyi On Freedom Of Research As A Human Right. Tradition & Discovery, 15:1 (1987-88): 26-37.
    186. Kenneddy, Terence. The Impact of Post-critical Philosophy on Science and Theology. Polanyiana (Budapest) 1-2,1992, pp.24-34.
    187. Kennedy, Terence. Epistemology and the Human Sciences: Michael Polanyi's Contribution to the Reshaping of Moral Theology. Tradition & Discovery, 20:2 (1993-94): 11-16.
    188. Kettle, David. Michael Polanyi and Human Identity. Tradition & Discovery, 21:3 (1994-95): 5-18.
    189. Kettle, David. Newbigin, Polanyi and Impossible Frameworks. Tradition & Discovery, 28:2 (2001-2002): 20-22.
    190. Kettle, David. Cartesian Habits and the ' Radical Line' Of Inquiry. Tradition & Discovery, 27:1 (2000-2001): 22-32.
    191. Kiss, Endre. Tacit Knowledge as a Conception of Truth . Polanyiana (Budapest) 1-2, 1992, pp.84-89.
    192. Knight, Frank H. Virtue and Knowledge. The view of Professor Polanyi. Ethics 59(4), July 1949, pp.271-81. [Strong criticism of Polanyi's views on society from an Enlightenment position with an ill-informed view of Christianity.]
    193. Kroger, Joseph W. Theology and Notions of Reason — a Note on a Point of Comparison in Lonergan and Polanyi. Journal of Religion 56(2), April 1976, pp.157-61.
    194. Kroger, Joseph W. Polanyi and Lonergan on Scientific Method. Philosophy Today 21, 1977, pp.2-20.
    195. Kroger, Joseph W. Polanyi as Theologian: Response to R.T. Osborn. Tradition and Discovery 16(1), Winter 1988-89, pp.14-16.
    196. Kroger, Joseph. The Tacit Victory and the Unfinished Agenda: Some Reflections on Michael Polanyi and Catholic Thought. Tradition & Discovery, 18-2 (1991-1992): 10-14. ["Some reflections on Michael Polanyi and post-Vatican II Catholic thought, by a Catholic philosopher. Suggests a dialectical relation between Catholic theology and modernity, which transcends mere traditionalism and controls the new pluralism or openness.]
    197. Kroger, Joseph. Can Theology be Tacit: A Review Essay on Personal Catholicism. Tradition & Discovery, 28:1 (2001-2002): 23-27.
    198. Kuester, F Holmes. Polanyi on Religion. Faith and Philosophy. 1(1), January 1984, pp.77-87.
    199. Labia, J. Popper versus Polanyi. Convivium (Oxford) No.12, March 1981, pp.20-24. [Includes extract on Popper and the Frankfurt School from New Science 30 Oct. 1980]
    200. Ladner, Benjamin. Who Said What. Tradition & Discovery, 21:1(1994-95): 7-10.
    201. Langford, T.A. Michael Polanyi and the Task of Theology. Journal of Religion, 46(1:1), January 1966, pp.45-55.
    202. Langford, T.A. & Poteat, W.H. Upon First Sitting Down to Read Personal Knowledge, in Langford & Poteat (eds.) Intellect and hope. q.v. 1968, pp.3-18.
    203. Leopols, Sara. Polanyi's reflections on Chomsky. Convivium No.21 Oct. 1985, pp.41-48; Tradition & Discovery, 12:2 (1984-85): 3-15.
    204. Leopold, Sara. Polanyi's 'tacit knowledge' and the Problem of Invention, in R.L.Brown and M. Steinmann (eds.) Rhetoric 78. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Center for Advanced Studies in Language, Style and Literary Theory, 1979, pp.241-49.
    205. Lewin, Philip. The Problem of Objectivity in Post-Critical Philosophy. Tradition & Discovery, 18:1 (1991-92): 18-26.
    206. Lewis, Paul. Polanyian Reflections on Embodiment, the Human Genome Initiative and Theological Anthropology. Tradition & Discovery, 23:2 (1996-97): 5-14.
    207. Lewis, Paul. Towards A Post-Critical Ethic. Tradition & Discovery, 29:1 (2002-2003): 4-5.
    208. Lowney, Charles W. Wittgenstein and Polanyi: Metaphysics Reconsidered. Tradition & Discovery, 26:1 (1999-2000): 19-27.
    209. Manno, Bruno V. Creative Imagination as a Basis for Relating the Sciences and the Humanities: the Epistemological Perspective of Michael Polanyi. Philosophy Today 24(2/4), Summer 1980, pp.171-84.
    210. Manno, Bruno V. Michael Polanyi and Erik Erickson: towards a Post-critical Perspective on Human Identity. Religious Education 75(2), March-April 1980, pp.205-14. [Two complementary thinkers ~ Polanyi providing the wider framework for Erickson's depth study of personal identity, which fills out Polanyi's account of the responsible knower in a community. Both oppose positivistic views of the person and of knowledge.]
    211. Manno, Bruno V. Michael Polanyi on the Problem of Science and Religion, Zygon, 9, March 1974, pp. 51-53.
    212. Manno, Bruno V. M. Polanyi(1891-1976) Remembrance. Journal of Humanistic Psychology 17(3), 1977, pp.65-70.
    213. Manno, Bruno V. Ways of Viewing Reality: a Proposed Convergence of Polanyi, Lonergan and Tracy. Christian Education Papers 81,1984, pp.5-10. [Brief biographical introductions to each; discusses reductionism and their convergences towards a post-critical model.]
    214. Marley, Alan G T.F. Torrance. The Rejection of Dualism. Edinburgh: Handsel Press 1992, 21p.
    215. Martin, Graham Dunstan. The Tacit Dimension of Poetic Imagery. British Journal of Aesthetics 19(2), 1979, pp.99-111. [Applies Polanyi's tacit knowledge and metaphor theory to the special nature of poetry, which has a creative function in showing us what we never knew was in our minds — this amounts to new experience.]
    216. Mays, Wolfe. Michael Polanyi: recollections and comparisons. Journal of the British Society for the Study of Phenomenolgy, 9, January 1978, pp.44-45.
    217. McCoy, Charles S. The Meaning of Michael Polanyi: Towards a Post-Critical Perspective. Papers (Pacific Coast Theological Society), Vol4,1991 ed., 1991.
    218. McCoy, Charles S. The Polanyian Revolution: Post-Critical Perspectives for Ethics. Tradition & Discovery, 18:2 (1991-1992): 33-39.
    219. McCoy, Charles S. The Post-Critical and Fiduciary Dimension in Polanyi and Tillich. Tradition & Discovery, 22:1 (1995-96): 5-10.
    220. McCoy, Charles S. Keiser's Post-Critical Niebuhr: A Review Article. Tradition & Discovery, 24:1 (1997-98): 6-14.
    221. McCoy, Charles S. A Response to the Essays on My Thought. Tradition & Discovery, 24:3 (1997-98): 44-45.
    222. McCoy, Charles S. Ethics for The Post-Critical Era: Perspectives from the Thought of Michael Polanyi. Tradition & Discovery, 29:1 (2002-2003): 6-21.
    223. McCurdy, Harold G The Significance of Poetry for Psychological Theory. Tradition & Discovery, 21:3 (1994-95): 19-30.
    224. McGucken, William. On Freedom and Planning in Science: the Society for Freedom in Science. Minerva 16(1), Spring 1978, pp.42-72.
    225. McWilliams, S.A. Indeterminacy and the Construction of Personal Knowledge. Tradition & Discovery, 19:2 (1993): 5-12.
    226. Mead, Walter B. William Poteat's Anthropology: 'Mind-body In the World'. Tradition & Discovery, 21:1(1994-95): 33-44.
    227. Meek, Esther L. Recalled to Life: Contact with Reality. Tradition & Discovery, 26:3 (1999-2000): 72-83.
    228. Michalson, Carl. The Rationality of Faith. London: SCM Press 1964, 160p; New York: Scribners & Sons, 1963. [Explicitly (pp.36-37) rejects Polanyi (except as antidote to positivism), since "nature" and "history" are quite disparate realities and so scientific and historical knowledge are quite different (see pp. 24-39). Also rejects "levels of existence". This sounds like a Cartesian dualism again.]
    229. Milavec, Donald Aaron. The Bible, the Holy Spirit, and Human Powers. Scottish Journal of Theology 29(3), 1976, pp.215-35. [Uses Polanyi's accounts of "boundary control" and "apprenticeship".]
    230. Milavec, Donald Aaron. Polanyi's Understanding of Religion Reconsidered. Convivium (Oxford) no.22, March 1986, pp.4-14.
    231. Milavec, Aaron. Religious Pedagogy From Tender to Twilight Years: Parenting, Mentoring, and Pioneering Discoveries by Religious Masters as Viewed from within Polanyi's Sociology and Epistemology of Science. Tradition & Discovery, 23:2 (1996-97): 15-36.
    232. Mirowski, Philip. Economics, Science, and Knowledge: Polanyi vs. Hayek Tradition & Discovery, 25:1 (1998-99): 29-42.
    233. Mitchell, Mark T. Michael Polanyi and Michael Oakeshott: Common Ground, Uncommon Foundations. Tradition & Discovery, 28:2 (2001-2002): 23-34.
    234. Moleski, S. J., Marty and Phil Mullins. Obituary for William T. Scott. Tradition & Discovery, 25:3 (1998-99): 5-9.
    235. Moleski, S. J., Marty. Evangelical Catholicism and the Tacit Dimension of Theology. Tradition & Discovery, 28:1 (2001-2002): 31-32.
    236. Moorman, Jere. Humor and Michael Polanyi's Theory of Knowledge. Tradition & Discovery, 12:1 (1984-85): 10-14.
    237. Mullins, C.P. The Spectrum of Meaning - Polanyian Perspectives on Science and Religion. Zygon 17(1), March 1982, pp.3-8.
    238. Mullins, C.P. ed. Science and Religion in the thought of Michael Polanyi. Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science ⅩⅦ (March 1982): 3-87.
    239. Mullins, C.P. Nascent Ritual and the Real. Tradition & Discovery, 6:2 (1983-84): 4-9.
    240. Mullins, Phil. Compound and Complex Entities: Polanyi's Principle of Marginal Control and Its Application in Ethics. Tradition & Discovery, 14:1 (1986-87): 9-20.
    241. Mullins, P.C. Cognitive Development in The Introductory Course: The Pedagogue's Typological Imagination. Teacher-Learning Issues (no. 62) Spring 1988: 3-10.
    242. Mullins, P.C. Recovering the Veridical: Implications of Michael Polanyi's Thought for Literary Studies. The Midwest Quarterly 31(1) Autumn, 1989: 29-44.
    243. Mullins, P.C. Religious Meaning in Polanyi's Personal Knowledge. Polanyiana: The Periodical of the Michael Polanyi Liberal Philosophical Association 2(4)/3(l) 1992/1993: 75-83.
    244. Mullins, P.C. Narrative, Interpretation and Persuasion: Polanyian Notes on Selfhood. The Personalist Forum, 9(2) Fall 1993:109-132.
    245. Mullins, P.C. Polanyi's Participative Realism. Polanyiana: The Periodical of the Michael Polanyi Liberal Philosophical Association, 6( 2) 1997: 5-21.
    246. Mullins, P.C. Michael Polanyi and J. H. Oldham: In Praise of Friendship. Appraisal: A Journal of Constructive and Post-Critical Philosophy and Interdiscipinary Studies, 1( 4) October 1997:179-189.
    247. Mullins, P.C. More on Macmurray and Polanyi. Appraisal: A Journal of Constructive and Post-Critical Philosophy and Interdiscipinary Studies, 1(4) October 1997: 202-203
    248. Mullins, P.C. Permutations of Post-Critical Thinking: Themes in Charles McCoy's Life and Thought. Tradition & Discovery, 24:3 (1997-98): 5-14.
    249. Mullins, P.C. Historical and Textual Notes on H. Richard Niebuhr and Michael Polanyi. Tradition and Discovery: The Polanyi Society Periodical, 24(1) 1997-98: 20-31.
    250. Mullins, P.C. and Marty Moleski, S. J. Obituary for William T. Scott. Tradition & Discovery, 25:3 (1998-99): 5-9.
    251. Mullins, P.C. The Real As Meaningful. Tradition & Discovery, 26:3 (1999-2000): 42-50.
    252. Mullins, P.C. and David Schenck. On Reuniting Poetry and Science: A Memoir of Elizabeth Sewell, 1919-2001. Tradition & Discovery, 27:3 (2000-2001): 16-18.
    253. Mullins, P.C. Vintage Marjorie Grene: A Review Essay on a Philosophical Testament. Tradition & Discovery, 27:1 (2000-2001): 33-45.
    254. Mullins, P.C. The Sacred Depths of Nature and Ursula Good Enough's Religious Naturalism. Tradition & Discovery, 28:3 (2001-2002): 29-40.
    255. Mullins, P.C. Remembering Charles McCoy. Tradition & Discovery,29:2 (2002-2003): 8-11.
    256. Musser, Donald W. Polanyi and Tillich on History. Tradition & Discovery, 22:1 (1995-96): 20-30.
    257. Nagy, Endre J. Introductory Remarks to the Study of the Theory of Law in Michael Polanyi's Thought, Polanyiana (Budapest) 1-2,1992, pp.106-17.
    258. Nagy, Paul. Some traces of pragmatism and humanism in Michael Polanyi's personal knowledge, Polanyiana (Budapest) 1-2,1992, pp.137-47.
    259. Nagy, Paul. Philosophy in a Different Voice: Michael Polanyi on Liberty and Liberalism. Tradition & Discovery, 22:3 (1995-96): 17-27.
    260. Neuweg, GH. Self-Reference and The Loss of Meaning: Some Comments on Polanyi's Notion of Indwelling, Appraisal: A Journal of Constructive and Post-Critical Philosophy and Interdiscipinary Studies, 2(1) March 1998: 37-42.
    261. Newman Elizabeth. An Alternative Form of Theological Knowing. Tradition & Discovery, 20:1 (1993-94): 13-26.
    262. Newman Elizabeth. Accepting Our Lives as Gift: Hospitality and Post-Critical Ethics. Tradition & Discovery, 29:1 (2002-2003): 60-73.
    263. Niquet, Marcel. Wittgensteinian Language Games and Michael Polanyi's Conception of Linguistic Knowledge. Polanyiana (Budapest) 1-2,1992, pp.63-83.
    264. Norton, Robert W. Conviviality: a Rhetorical Dimension. Central States Speech Journal 26, Fall 1975, pp.164-70.
    265. Obosan, J.G The Tacit Dimension of Faith: Michael Polanyi. Philosophy Today, 19, 1975, pp.269-79
    266. Olding, A. Polanyi's Notion of Hierarchy. Religious Studies 16(1), March 1980, pp.97-102.
    267. Orthmary, Imre. In Defence of Rationalism. Reflections on Michael Polanyi's Theory of Knowledge. Polanyiana (Budapest) 1-2,1992, pp.148-54.
    268. Orwin, C.S. AReview of the Contempt of Freedom. Economica N.S.,8, May 1941, pp.211-15
    269. Osborn, Robert T. Christian Faith as Personal Knowledge. Scottish Journal of Theology 28(2), 1975, pp.101-26.
    270. Osborn, Robert T. Polanyi as Theologian. Tradition and Discovery 16(1), Winter 1988-89, pp.4-13.
    271. Overington, Michael A. The Scientific Community as Audience: Towards a Rhetorical Analysis of Science. Philosophy and Rhetoric 9, Winter 1976, pp.143-63. [Uses Polanyi in constructing a model for the study of the place of discourse within scientific communities.]
    272. Palmquist, Stephen. A Kantian critique of Polanyi's post-critical philosophy'. Convivium No.24, March 1987, pp.1-11.
    273. Patterson, Susan. Gratuitous truth: Metaphor and Revelation. Colloquium 24(1), May 1992, pp.29-43. [Uses Polanyi's Personal Knowledge Extensively.]
    274. Patterson, Susan. Word, words and world. Colloquium 23(2), May 1991, pp.71-84. [Wittgenstein's "language game" and Polanyi's theory of tacit knowing combine as a basis for a theory of metaphor integral to theology.]
    275. Peak, Ira H., Jr. Dworkin and Hart on the law. Tradition and Discovery. 18:2 (1991-1992): 22-32.
    276. Peterson, Gregory R. Emergence and Supervenience: A Reply to Philip Clayton. Tradition & Discovery, 29:3 (2002-2003): 23-27.
    277. Pflug, J. S. Stephania Jha's Integrative Interpretation of Polanyi. Tradition & Discovery, 25:1 (1998-99): 21-24.
    278. Poirier, Maben W. New Annotated Polanyi Bibliography: An Interview with the Compiler Maben W. Poirier. Tradition & Discovery, 29:2 (2002-2003): 44-49.
    279. Polanyi, John C. Comments on the Occasion of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Michael Polanyi. Tradition & Discovery, 18:3 (1992): 33-34.
    280. Preston, J.M. Feyerabend's Polanyian Turns. Appraisal, 1 Supplementary Issue, 1997b.
    281. Prosch, Harry. Polanyi's Ethics. Ethics 82, Jan.l972,pp.91-113. [A useful synthesis from various sources in Polanyi.]
    282. Prosch, Harry. Polanyi's Tacit Knowing in the "Classic" philosophers. Journal for the British Society of Phenomenolgy 4(3), October 1973, pp.200-16. [Tacit knowing also recognized by Plato, Aristotle, Kant and Hume, even though unable to develop or use it in their systems.]
    283. Prosch, Harry. Biology and Behaviourism in Polanyi. Journal of the British Society of Phenomenology 8(3), October 1977, pp. 178-91.
    284. Prosch, Harry. Polanyi and Rhetoric. Pre/Text. Spring-Fall 1981, pp.189-96. [Polanyi's use of rhetoric as a disaster; had he been a philosopher he would not have made such a direct assault on objectivism.]
    285. Prosch, Harry. Polanyi's view of religion in Personal Knowledge: a response to Richard Gelwick. Zygon 17(1), 1982, pp.41-48.
    286. Prosch, Harry. Postscript To Meaning: Prosch Replies To T.F. Torrance. Tradition & Discovery, 15:1 (1987-88): 24-25.
    287. Prosch, Harry. Those Missing "Objects". Tradition & Discovery, 17: 1 & 2 (1990-1991): 17-20.
    288. Puddefoot, John C. Logic and affirmation — perspectives in mathematics and theology. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press 1987, 212p.
    289. Puddefoot, John C. Resonance Realism. Tradition & Discovery, 20:3 (1993-94): 29-38.
    290. Puddefoot, John C. The Trust Relationship. Tradition & Discovery, 26:3 (1999-2000): 62-70.
    291. Reither, James A. Some ideas of Michael Polanyi and some implications for teaching writing. Pre/Text. Spring-Fall 1981, pp.33-43.
    292. Richmond, Sheldon. On Making Sense: Some Comments on Polanyi's and Prosch's Meaning. Philosophy of the Social Sciences 9,1979, pp.209-19.
    293. Richmond, Sheldon. Meta-Aesthetics and Meta-Methodology: A Response to Andy Sanders' Review Essay. Tradition & Discovery, 22:2 (1995-96): 36-37.
    294. Roberts, Paul Craig. Politics and science: a critique of Buchanan's assessment of Polanyi. Ethics 79, April 1969, pp.235-41.
    295. Roberts, Paul Craig, and Norman Van Cott. Polanyi's Economics. Tradition & Discovery, 25:3 (1998-99): 26-30.
    296. Rolnick, Phil. Polanyi's Progress: Transcendence, Universality and Teleology. Tradition and Discovery: 19(2), 1993, pp.13-31.
    297. Rolnick, Philip A. Response to Martin X. Moleski and John V. Apczynski (Reviews). Tradition & Discovery, 22:1 (1995-96): 36-37.
    298. Rolnick, Philip A. The Innovating Covenant- Exploring the Work of Charles S. McCoy. Tradition & Discovery, 24:3 (1997-98): 15-28.
    299. Rolnick, Philip A. Regarding Philip Clayton. Tradition & Discovery, 29:3 (2002-2003): 5-6.
    300. Rooks, Pamela A. D. H. Lawrence and Michael Polanyi: Redefining Objectivity and Subjectivity. Tradition & Discovery, 15:2 (1987-88): 20-26.
    301. Rue, Loyal D. Michael Polanyi and the Critical Approach to Sacred Texts. Dialog 12(2), Spring 1973, pp.117-20. [Pp.117-19, Polanyi's epistemology; pp.119-20 suggests critical analysis threatens three of Polanyi's features: (1) the body and its extensions involving the Scriptures as such an extension in knowledge of God (2) distinction between focal (= worshipful) and subsidiary awareness (= critical looking at the text). (3) The "from-to" structure of meaning (when this is reversed and we look "to" the text as such, "from" some other base).]
    302. Rue, Loyal D. Reconstructing the Conditions for Cultural Coherence. Pre/Text. Spring-Fall 1981, pp. 137-49.
    303. Rutledge, David. Evolution and the Acts of God. Tradition & Discovery, 6: 2 (1983-84): 10-15.
    304. Rutledge, David. The Tacit Victory and the Unfinished Agenda: Feminist and Ecological Issues. Tradition & Discovery, 18: 1 (1991-1992): 5-7.
    305. Rutledge, David. Beyond Logic and Beneath Will-Teaching in a Polanyian Spirit. Tradition & Discovery, 25: 2 (1998-99): 20-29.
    306. Rutledge, David. Conquer or Die: Intellectual Controversy and Personal Knowledge. Tradition & Discovery, 29-2 (2002-2003): 12-25.
    307. Sanders, Andy F. Religion and Science as Cultural Systems: Polanyi's View of the Problem of Meaning. Neue Zeitschrift for Systematische Theologie und Religionsphilosophie. 27(2), 1985, pp.85-99. [A difficult article, employing mathematics-like symbols for discussing Polanyi's view of symbols and metaphors. Criticizes Geertz's view of the cultural system of science as embodying doubt and detachment, because it misses the personal and social elements stressed by Polanyi.].
    308. Sanders, Andy. Truth in the Fiduciary Mode: A Reply to Professor Emmet. Tradition & Discovery, 15: 2 (1987-88): 27-33.
    309. Sanders, Andy. Tacit Knowing—Between Modernism and Postmodernism. Tradition & Discovery, 18: 2 (1991-1992): 15-21.
    310. Sanders, Andy. Polanyi, Popper and Methodology: A Reply to S. Richmond. Tradition & Discovery, 22: 2 (1995-96): 27-35.
    311. Sanders, Andy. Criticism, Contact with Reality And Truth. Tradition & Discovery, 23: 3(1996-97): 24-37.
    312. Sanders, Andy. Polanyians on Realism: an Introduction. Tradition & Discovery, 26: 3(1999-2000): 6-14.
    313. Sanders, Andy. Science, Religion and Polanyi's Comprehensive Realism. Tradition & Discovery, 26: 3 (1999-2000): 84-93.
    314. Sanders, Andy. God, Contemporary Science and Metaphysics: A Response to Philip D. Clayton. Tradition & Discovery, 29: 3 (2002-2003): 28-31.
    315. Sautter, Diane. Tacit and Explicit Tulips. Pre/Text Spring-Fall 1981, pp.45-61.
    316. Scott, Robert L. The Tacit Dimension and Rhetoric. What It Means to be Persuading and Persuaded. Pre/Text. Spring-Fall 1981, pp. 115-25.
    317. Schenck, David and Phil Mullins. On Reuniting Poetry and Science: A Memoir of Elizabeth Sewell, 1919-2001. Tradition & Discovery, 27: 3 (2000-2001): 16-18.
    318. Scott, Drusilla. Persoanl Knowledge and Early Childhood Education. Tradition & Discovery, 8: 2 (1980): 4-8.
    319. Scott, Drusilla. Belief in Miracles. Tradition & Discovery, 12: 1 (1984-85): 37-39.
    320. Scott, Drusilla. Micahel Polanyi's Humour. Tradition & Discovery, 13: 2 (1985-86): 37-38.
    321. Scott, Drusilla. Personal Knowledge and Sex Education. Tradition & Discovery, 13: 2(1985-86): 24-28.
    322. Scott, Drusilla. Quality but Bristling With Difficulties on Polanyi's View of Reality-Some Thoughts on Harry Prosch's Interpretation of Polanyi. Tradition & Discovery, 15:1 (1987-88): 14-17.
    323. Scott, Drusilla. A Reply to Dorothy Emmet on Michael Polanyi's Idea of Truth. Tradition & Discovery, 15:2 (1987-88): 33-36.
    324. Scott, R. Taylor. William H. Poteat: A Laudatio. Tradition & Discovery, 20:1 (1993-94): 6-12.
    325. Scott, William T. Polanyi's Theory of Personal Knowledge: a Gestalt Philosophy. The Massachusett's Review 3, Winter 1962, pp. 349-68.
    326. Scott, William T. A course in Science and Religion Following the Ideas of Michael Polanyi. The Christian Scholar 47, Spring 1964, pp.36-46.
    327. Scott, W.T. A Bridge from Science to Religion: Based on Polanyi's Theory of Knowledge. Zygon 5,1970, pp.41-62.
    328. Scott, William T. Tacit Knowing and the Concept of Mind. The Philosophical Quarterly no.82, 21 Jan. 1971, pp.22-35.
    329. Scott, William T. Commitment: a Polanyian View. Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology. 8(3), October 1977,192-206.
    330. Scott, William T. The Personal Character of the Discovery of Mechanism in Cloud Physics, in T. Nickles (ed.) Scientific Discovery: Case Studies (Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 60.). Boston: D. Reidel Publishing Co. 1980, pp.273-89.
    331. Scott, William T. The Question of Religious Reality: Commentary on the Polanyi's Papers. Zygon 17(1), 1982, pp.83-87
    332. Scott, William T. Michael Polanyi's Creativity in Chemistry, in R. Avis et.al., (eds.) Springs of Scientific Creativity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983, pp. 279-307.
    333. Scott, William Taussig. At the Wheel of the World: The Life and Times of Michael Polanyi. Tradition & Discovery, 25:3 (1998-99): 10-25.
    334. Shapiro, Kenneth J. Validation in the Human Sciences. Tradition & Discovery, 12:1 (1984-85): 3-9.
    335. Shils, Edward. On the Tradition of Intellectuals: Authority and Antinomianism According to Michael Polanyi. Tradition & Discovery, 22:2 (1995-96): 10-27.
    336. Shin, Un-chol. The Role of Imagination in Integrative Knowledge: A Polanyian View. Tradition & Discovery, 21:2 (1994-95): 16-28.
    337. Sibbald, Mary Jo. Enriching the Tacit Structure: Art and Subsidiary Awareness. Design for Arts in Education, 89, no.5, pp.28-32, May-June, 1988.
    338. Simon, H.A. Bradie on Polanyi on the Meno Paradox, Philosophy of Science, 43, 1974, pp.147-50.
    339. Sobosan, J.G The Tacit Dimension of Faith: Michael Polanyi, Philosophy Today, 19, 1975, pp.269-79.
    340. St. Clair, Edward. The Why of Science and the How of Religion. Tradition & Discovery, 20:3 (1993-94): 5-15.
    341. Stephenson, W. Michael Polanyi, Science and Belief, Ethics in Science and Medicine 7(2), 1980, pp.97-110.
    342. Stines, J.W. I am the Way: Michael Polanyi's Taoism. Zygon, 2 (1985), no.1, pp.59-77. [A dense "gobbledegook" style — shows both Polanyi and Taoism as against Cartesian dualism, but otherwise is unclear and implies a support for Taoism Polanyi would Repudiate, and Science Cannot Accept.]
    343. Stines, James. Vocation Recalled: Personal Knowledge and Cosmic Re-enchantment. Tradition & Discovery, 12:1 (1984-85): 15-24.
    344. Stines, James. The Tacit Victory and the Unfinished Agenda: Chaos Theory, William Poteat's Polanyian Explorations and Indwelling. Tradition & Discovery, 18:1 (1991-1992): 15-17.
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