巽他陆架晚新生代地震超覆层序与海平面变化研究
摘要
海平面是岩石圈、水圈、大气圈三者交互作用的重要界面，对于研究地球层圈之间的相互作用及其演变机理，探讨一些重大地质事件的成因，研究石油和天然气等矿产资源的形成与赋存规律，预测与环境有关的未来海平面变化走向，具有很大的理论和现实意义。南海南部的巽他陆架是冰期东亚经历沧桑变化的最大浅海区，是公认的解译晚新生代全球海平面变化历史的理想地区之一。本文应用地震地层学和层序地层学原理。基于对德国太阳号SO-115航次及广州海洋地质调查局提供的高分辨率反射地震剖面的解释，重建巽他陆架北部上新世以来的层序格局，研究晚新生代全球海平面变化历史。
对现有层序地层界面等时性问题的探讨表明，关键层序地层界面，包括与不整合对应的整合、海侵面、最大泛滥面及被迫海退沉积物底界等，在全球对比、跨区对比，甚至区域内部对比时，存在着潜在的穿时性。通常只有当沉降和沉积物供应的综合效应与全球海平面变化相比微不足道或可以忽略不计时，才可能出现全球可比性的等时层序地层界面。这种情况或许只有在大的冰期或全球一致性的构造活动期才会出现。多数层序界面的等时性仅在沉降与沉积物供应条件在横向上无显著变化的地区才有意义。
按照现有层序模式，层序和体系域的确定，通常需要有诸如海侵、海退、陆上暴露、沉积相的横向迁移等成因证据，缺乏足够的客观性和科学的可重复性。针对这一问题，结合研究区地震解释的实际情况，在现有地震地层学及层序地层学分析方法基础上，本文提出根据地层超覆点的迁移识别和划分地震层序及体系域的基本原则。其主要观点是：超覆点是地层的普遍特征，在盆地边缘区域倾向地震剖面上能够客观地予以识别；地层超覆点由上超到退覆的旋回性变化，记录了盆地沉积作用范围的阶段性扩张与收缩演化历程，超覆点由区域退覆转为区域上超，和由区域上超转为区域退覆时刻所对应的盆地整合沉积区的地层层面，是盆地沉积充填体制发生转折的两类关键地层界面，它们分别是盆地沉积作用范围收缩至极小或扩展至极大时刻的沉积面，称为“极小沉积面”和“极大沉积面”；这两类界面可以通过对地震超覆点迁移特征的追索或根据地震超覆路径曲线予以确定：地震超覆层序定义为以极小沉积面及其对应的上超／削蚀不整合或下超不整合为界的反射地震单元，解释为地层超覆旋回或盆地沉积作用扩张与收缩旋回的产物；以极大沉积面为界，可以将地震超覆层序划分为上超和退覆两个体系域，二者分别为盆地沉积作用扩张期及收缩期的产物。
根据总长为2200 km高分辨率地震剖面的解释，在上新统一第四系地层内共识别了23地震超覆层序，建立了迄今为止巽他陆架乃至整个南海地区晚新生代分辨率最高的地震层序框架。这些层序在垂向上叠置构成7个进积、加积或退积型层序组合。从上新世到第四纪，层序的演化总体上呈进积趋势。层序内部体系域的配置有上超域主导型、退覆域主导型及对称发育型三种类型。前两者体系域的发育呈不对称状，分别以上超域或退覆域为主。上新统下部以上超域主导型层序为主，上新统中上部及第四系，退覆域主导型层序逐渐增多。上超域主导型层序意味着，层序发育过程主要受上超或盆地沉积范围的扩张过程控制，退覆或沉积范围的收缩过程相对短暂：退覆域主导型层序则相反，上超或盆地沉积范围的扩张过程相对短暂，层序的演化主要受退覆或盆地沉积范围的收缩过程制约。研究区V形或下凹状地震反射被解释为北巽他河下切作用的遗迹，在纳土纳隆起以东的陆架区域主要沿第四系顶、底及中部三个层序界面发育。这表明，更新世期间该陆架至少出现过三次大的暴露期，并接受北巽他河下切作用的改造。
根据倾向剖面上地层厚度的横向变化特点，提出了有效厚度拟合恢复原始地层超覆点及剥蚀量的定量方法。该方法假定区域倾向剖面上，地层厚度由盆地边缘到盆地中心在达到其最大厚度前呈指数增大，且地层的剥蚀作用从盆地边缘开始，依次向盆地中心方向推进。“有效厚度”即地层靠盆地侧未剥蚀区的地层厚度，它反映了原始地层厚度的变化规律。根据最大厚度值点靠陆地侧地层有效厚度的分布，采用指数和线性相结合的分段函数模型，恢复地层原始超覆点位置，并计算地层剥蚀量。
从相对海平面变化的定义出发，论证了Vail等1977年提出的基于地震地层学研究海平面变化之方法的不足。Vail等所谓的“相对海平面变化”是海平面相对于岸线或盆缘地层超覆点的上升或下降。他们用以度量海平面变化幅度的“海岸加积”所反映的是，在下一个地层单元沉积期间，当前岸线或超覆点处相对海平面的升降量。由于超覆点随时间推移而不断迁移，因此按照Vail等的方法所得到的“相对海平面变化曲线”是空间上不同超覆点处在不同时间段内相对海平面变化量的累加，它既不是地表某个具体地点处的相对海平面变化，也不是区域或全球相对海平面的平均变化。
考虑地层剥蚀、压实沉降、载荷沉降、构造沉降及古水深变化，提出了基于地震超覆点法定量确定全球海平面变化幅度的定量模型。对模型中所涉及的参量，分别建立了相应的数学模型，包括：超覆点和剥蚀量恢复的有效厚度拟合模型，计算地层原始沉积厚度及压实沉降量的脱压实模型，计算载荷沉降量的Airy均衡和挠曲均衡模型，区域构造沉降模型及古水深模型等。在巽他陆架地震超覆层序分析基础上，根据上述模型，编制了5.33 Ma年来全球海平面变化曲线。该曲线与Haq全球海平面变化曲线及深海底栖有孔虫氧同位素曲线比较，在变化趋势上表现出良好的一致性，证明本文提出的全球海平面变化模型及海平面变化曲线编制过程中所选参数的合理性。
5.33 Ma以来的海平面变化趋势，除5.1 Ma前表现为短暂的快速上升外，5.1 Ma之后总体呈下降趋势。后者可细分为3个阶段：5.1～3.7 Ma，全球海平面基本稳定在高出现今海平面50-100 m的高水位，说明当时全球气候相对温暖，与已有的古气候结论一致；3.7～0.9 Ma。间，全球海平面稳步下降，特别是3.7～2.2 Ma间，下降速率较高，与此间发生的北极冰盖形成事件具有较好的对应关系；0.9 Ma至全新世海侵发生之前，海平面稳定在相对于现今海平面-60～-100 m以下的低水位，标志着北极冰盖的进一步扩大。
对原始海平面变化数据进行插值和重采样(采样间隔0.01 Ma)，分别采用长、短两种不同时窗(时窗长度分别为0.5 Ma和0.1 Ma)求其滑动平均，并与经过同样滤波处理的底栖有孔虫氧同位素曲线进行对比，结果发现，在0.1～0.5 Ma级别的周期尺度上，无论是在长时窗滤波所得到的低频背景信息，还是短时窗滤波所揭示的变化细节方面，上述两种分辨率截然不同的资料所揭示的变化趋势具有良好的一致性。这表明，上新世以来，四级全球海平面升降变化可能主要受全球冰盖大小的变动控制。
本论文的研究成果表明，根据盆缘地区高分辨率反射地震剖面上地震超覆点的变化，可以分离出4级全球海平面变化信息，所得结果与根据传统地质学方法得到的成果在相同的时间尺度上可以对比。
Research on sea level is of great significance for understanding mechanisms ofinteraction among the spheres of the earth, revealing origins of some importantgeological events, and studying the occurrence of natural resources and sedimentarydeposits, as well as predicting future trends of sea level changes. Sunda shelf, one ofthe largest shells in the world, is believed to be a good site to interpret sea levelfluctuations during Late Cenozonic age. In this thesis, about 2200 km high-resolutionseismic lines from German Cruise Sonne-ll5 and China Guangzhou MarineGeological Survey are used to reconstruct the framework of sequence stratigraphy, andto document the history of sea level changes, based on principles of seismicstratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy.
Reviews on key surfaces of sequences and system tracts defined by modernsequence stratigraphy, including correlative conformity with unconformity, maximumflooding surfaces, transgressive surfaces, suggest that these surfaces are potentialdiachronous surfaces on global or inter-regional correlation. These surfaces areisochronous only in regions with no significant contrasts on subsidence and sedimentsupply.
In this study, we use transits of onlap and offlap points to define seismicsequences and system tracts. Transits of onlap and offlap points are easily recognizedon regional seismic profiles across basin margins. They record the history of theexpending and shrinking of basin sedimentation. A seismic onlap-offlap sequence isdefined as a seismic unit bounded by minimum depositional surfaces or theircorrelative unconformities (including onlap/tmnction unconformities and downlapunconformities). A minimum depositional surface is a conformable stratigraphicsurface separating underlain offlapping unit from overlain onlapping unit. It formswhen the extent of basin sedimentation shrinked to the least. A seismic onlap-offlapsequence can be subdivided into two system tracts: onlapping system tract andof-flapping system tract. They are separated by maximum depositional surfaces,generating when stratigraphic onlapping transiting to offlapping.
23 seismic onlap-offlap sequences are recognized on northern Sunda Shelf. Inmost of these sequences, the system tracts are developed asymmetrically. In the LowerPliocene, sequences are dominated by onlapping system tracts, while sequences in theUpper Pliocene and Pleistocene mainly consist of oftlapping system tracts. Progradingis the general trend of evolution of Pliocene and Pleistocene sequences.
A quantitative model is developed for calculating magnitudes of global sea levelrising and falling based on seismic data. The model incorporates erosion, compaction,isostastic loading subsidence of basement, tectonic subsidence, and water depth. Usingthis model, a eustatic sea level curve is compiled based on study of onlap-offlapseismic sequences on northern Sunda shelf. Our curve is in good accordance with bothHaq et al.'s (1987, 1988) eustatic sea level curve and benthic fomminiferal stable isotopeδ~(18)O curves of ODP Leg 138 in tropical Pacific Ocean and ODP Leg 184 inthe South China Sea. It suggests that our sea level model and the parameters used inthe calculation are reasonable.
According to our sea level curve, four stages of eustatic sea level changes can bediscerned during last 5.33 Ma: 1) rapid rising stage during 5.33～5.1 Ma, 2) stablehigh-stand stage during 5.1～3.7 (±0.1) Ma, 3) gradual falling stage during 3.7～0.9 (±0.1), and 4) fluctuating stage with general low stand during the time interval from 0.9Ma to the incipient of Holocene transgression.
On our original eustatic sea level curve, about 36 cycles of sea level:fluctuationcan be recognized with periods from 0.08 to 0.29 Ma, which are fallen into 4th order ofcycle.s defined by Vail et al. (1991). After processed by moving averaging with thesame window length, good matches between our curve andδ~(18)O curves are found.This result suggests the 4th order of eustatic sea level fluctuations during last 5.33 Mamay be mainly controlled by changes of the size or volume of ice caps.
对现有层序地层界面等时性问题的探讨表明，关键层序地层界面，包括与不整合对应的整合、海侵面、最大泛滥面及被迫海退沉积物底界等，在全球对比、跨区对比，甚至区域内部对比时，存在着潜在的穿时性。通常只有当沉降和沉积物供应的综合效应与全球海平面变化相比微不足道或可以忽略不计时，才可能出现全球可比性的等时层序地层界面。这种情况或许只有在大的冰期或全球一致性的构造活动期才会出现。多数层序界面的等时性仅在沉降与沉积物供应条件在横向上无显著变化的地区才有意义。
按照现有层序模式，层序和体系域的确定，通常需要有诸如海侵、海退、陆上暴露、沉积相的横向迁移等成因证据，缺乏足够的客观性和科学的可重复性。针对这一问题，结合研究区地震解释的实际情况，在现有地震地层学及层序地层学分析方法基础上，本文提出根据地层超覆点的迁移识别和划分地震层序及体系域的基本原则。其主要观点是：超覆点是地层的普遍特征，在盆地边缘区域倾向地震剖面上能够客观地予以识别；地层超覆点由上超到退覆的旋回性变化，记录了盆地沉积作用范围的阶段性扩张与收缩演化历程，超覆点由区域退覆转为区域上超，和由区域上超转为区域退覆时刻所对应的盆地整合沉积区的地层层面，是盆地沉积充填体制发生转折的两类关键地层界面，它们分别是盆地沉积作用范围收缩至极小或扩展至极大时刻的沉积面，称为“极小沉积面”和“极大沉积面”；这两类界面可以通过对地震超覆点迁移特征的追索或根据地震超覆路径曲线予以确定：地震超覆层序定义为以极小沉积面及其对应的上超／削蚀不整合或下超不整合为界的反射地震单元，解释为地层超覆旋回或盆地沉积作用扩张与收缩旋回的产物；以极大沉积面为界，可以将地震超覆层序划分为上超和退覆两个体系域，二者分别为盆地沉积作用扩张期及收缩期的产物。
根据总长为2200 km高分辨率地震剖面的解释，在上新统一第四系地层内共识别了23地震超覆层序，建立了迄今为止巽他陆架乃至整个南海地区晚新生代分辨率最高的地震层序框架。这些层序在垂向上叠置构成7个进积、加积或退积型层序组合。从上新世到第四纪，层序的演化总体上呈进积趋势。层序内部体系域的配置有上超域主导型、退覆域主导型及对称发育型三种类型。前两者体系域的发育呈不对称状，分别以上超域或退覆域为主。上新统下部以上超域主导型层序为主，上新统中上部及第四系，退覆域主导型层序逐渐增多。上超域主导型层序意味着，层序发育过程主要受上超或盆地沉积范围的扩张过程控制，退覆或沉积范围的收缩过程相对短暂：退覆域主导型层序则相反，上超或盆地沉积范围的扩张过程相对短暂，层序的演化主要受退覆或盆地沉积范围的收缩过程制约。研究区V形或下凹状地震反射被解释为北巽他河下切作用的遗迹，在纳土纳隆起以东的陆架区域主要沿第四系顶、底及中部三个层序界面发育。这表明，更新世期间该陆架至少出现过三次大的暴露期，并接受北巽他河下切作用的改造。
根据倾向剖面上地层厚度的横向变化特点，提出了有效厚度拟合恢复原始地层超覆点及剥蚀量的定量方法。该方法假定区域倾向剖面上，地层厚度由盆地边缘到盆地中心在达到其最大厚度前呈指数增大，且地层的剥蚀作用从盆地边缘开始，依次向盆地中心方向推进。“有效厚度”即地层靠盆地侧未剥蚀区的地层厚度，它反映了原始地层厚度的变化规律。根据最大厚度值点靠陆地侧地层有效厚度的分布，采用指数和线性相结合的分段函数模型，恢复地层原始超覆点位置，并计算地层剥蚀量。
从相对海平面变化的定义出发，论证了Vail等1977年提出的基于地震地层学研究海平面变化之方法的不足。Vail等所谓的“相对海平面变化”是海平面相对于岸线或盆缘地层超覆点的上升或下降。他们用以度量海平面变化幅度的“海岸加积”所反映的是，在下一个地层单元沉积期间，当前岸线或超覆点处相对海平面的升降量。由于超覆点随时间推移而不断迁移，因此按照Vail等的方法所得到的“相对海平面变化曲线”是空间上不同超覆点处在不同时间段内相对海平面变化量的累加，它既不是地表某个具体地点处的相对海平面变化，也不是区域或全球相对海平面的平均变化。
考虑地层剥蚀、压实沉降、载荷沉降、构造沉降及古水深变化，提出了基于地震超覆点法定量确定全球海平面变化幅度的定量模型。对模型中所涉及的参量，分别建立了相应的数学模型，包括：超覆点和剥蚀量恢复的有效厚度拟合模型，计算地层原始沉积厚度及压实沉降量的脱压实模型，计算载荷沉降量的Airy均衡和挠曲均衡模型，区域构造沉降模型及古水深模型等。在巽他陆架地震超覆层序分析基础上，根据上述模型，编制了5.33 Ma年来全球海平面变化曲线。该曲线与Haq全球海平面变化曲线及深海底栖有孔虫氧同位素曲线比较，在变化趋势上表现出良好的一致性，证明本文提出的全球海平面变化模型及海平面变化曲线编制过程中所选参数的合理性。
5.33 Ma以来的海平面变化趋势，除5.1 Ma前表现为短暂的快速上升外，5.1 Ma之后总体呈下降趋势。后者可细分为3个阶段：5.1～3.7 Ma，全球海平面基本稳定在高出现今海平面50-100 m的高水位，说明当时全球气候相对温暖，与已有的古气候结论一致；3.7～0.9 Ma。间，全球海平面稳步下降，特别是3.7～2.2 Ma间，下降速率较高，与此间发生的北极冰盖形成事件具有较好的对应关系；0.9 Ma至全新世海侵发生之前，海平面稳定在相对于现今海平面-60～-100 m以下的低水位，标志着北极冰盖的进一步扩大。
对原始海平面变化数据进行插值和重采样(采样间隔0.01 Ma)，分别采用长、短两种不同时窗(时窗长度分别为0.5 Ma和0.1 Ma)求其滑动平均，并与经过同样滤波处理的底栖有孔虫氧同位素曲线进行对比，结果发现，在0.1～0.5 Ma级别的周期尺度上，无论是在长时窗滤波所得到的低频背景信息，还是短时窗滤波所揭示的变化细节方面，上述两种分辨率截然不同的资料所揭示的变化趋势具有良好的一致性。这表明，上新世以来，四级全球海平面升降变化可能主要受全球冰盖大小的变动控制。
本论文的研究成果表明，根据盆缘地区高分辨率反射地震剖面上地震超覆点的变化，可以分离出4级全球海平面变化信息，所得结果与根据传统地质学方法得到的成果在相同的时间尺度上可以对比。
Research on sea level is of great significance for understanding mechanisms ofinteraction among the spheres of the earth, revealing origins of some importantgeological events, and studying the occurrence of natural resources and sedimentarydeposits, as well as predicting future trends of sea level changes. Sunda shelf, one ofthe largest shells in the world, is believed to be a good site to interpret sea levelfluctuations during Late Cenozonic age. In this thesis, about 2200 km high-resolutionseismic lines from German Cruise Sonne-ll5 and China Guangzhou MarineGeological Survey are used to reconstruct the framework of sequence stratigraphy, andto document the history of sea level changes, based on principles of seismicstratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy.
Reviews on key surfaces of sequences and system tracts defined by modernsequence stratigraphy, including correlative conformity with unconformity, maximumflooding surfaces, transgressive surfaces, suggest that these surfaces are potentialdiachronous surfaces on global or inter-regional correlation. These surfaces areisochronous only in regions with no significant contrasts on subsidence and sedimentsupply.
In this study, we use transits of onlap and offlap points to define seismicsequences and system tracts. Transits of onlap and offlap points are easily recognizedon regional seismic profiles across basin margins. They record the history of theexpending and shrinking of basin sedimentation. A seismic onlap-offlap sequence isdefined as a seismic unit bounded by minimum depositional surfaces or theircorrelative unconformities (including onlap/tmnction unconformities and downlapunconformities). A minimum depositional surface is a conformable stratigraphicsurface separating underlain offlapping unit from overlain onlapping unit. It formswhen the extent of basin sedimentation shrinked to the least. A seismic onlap-offlapsequence can be subdivided into two system tracts: onlapping system tract andof-flapping system tract. They are separated by maximum depositional surfaces,generating when stratigraphic onlapping transiting to offlapping.
23 seismic onlap-offlap sequences are recognized on northern Sunda Shelf. Inmost of these sequences, the system tracts are developed asymmetrically. In the LowerPliocene, sequences are dominated by onlapping system tracts, while sequences in theUpper Pliocene and Pleistocene mainly consist of oftlapping system tracts. Progradingis the general trend of evolution of Pliocene and Pleistocene sequences.
A quantitative model is developed for calculating magnitudes of global sea levelrising and falling based on seismic data. The model incorporates erosion, compaction,isostastic loading subsidence of basement, tectonic subsidence, and water depth. Usingthis model, a eustatic sea level curve is compiled based on study of onlap-offlapseismic sequences on northern Sunda shelf. Our curve is in good accordance with bothHaq et al.'s (1987, 1988) eustatic sea level curve and benthic fomminiferal stable isotopeδ~(18)O curves of ODP Leg 138 in tropical Pacific Ocean and ODP Leg 184 inthe South China Sea. It suggests that our sea level model and the parameters used inthe calculation are reasonable.
According to our sea level curve, four stages of eustatic sea level changes can bediscerned during last 5.33 Ma: 1) rapid rising stage during 5.33～5.1 Ma, 2) stablehigh-stand stage during 5.1～3.7 (±0.1) Ma, 3) gradual falling stage during 3.7～0.9 (±0.1), and 4) fluctuating stage with general low stand during the time interval from 0.9Ma to the incipient of Holocene transgression.
On our original eustatic sea level curve, about 36 cycles of sea level:fluctuationcan be recognized with periods from 0.08 to 0.29 Ma, which are fallen into 4th order ofcycle.s defined by Vail et al. (1991). After processed by moving averaging with thesame window length, good matches between our curve andδ~(18)O curves are found.This result suggests the 4th order of eustatic sea level fluctuations during last 5.33 Mamay be mainly controlled by changes of the size or volume of ice caps.
引文
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