滇中岩溶山地半湿润常绿阔叶林植物繁殖体与森林更新
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摘要
植物的繁殖与更新是一个古老而又经久不衰的研究命题。众多的生态学家和植物学家一直坚持不懈地在不同的区域对各种生态系统的植物繁殖体种类、繁殖方式和更新对策进行研究。岩溶是中国的一种典型的地质景观类型,在植被加速退化的今天,人们对生长于这种基质上的植被的繁殖与更新的认识还十分有限。对这些岩溶植被的保护与退化植被的修复而言,开展更新研究无疑会为这些行动提供重要的基础性的理论指导。本研究以滇中岩溶山地半湿润常绿阔叶林及其退化植被为对象,通过对其内的种子雨、土壤种子库、幼苗库、萌生体、克隆等繁殖体的种类和数量研究,结合种子埋藏实验、林内幼苗萌发的干扰实验,全面探讨了滇中岩溶山地植物的繁殖体种类、数量、更新对策、限制因子以及不同对策对群落更新的贡献。
除种子作为主要的繁殖体外,滇中岩溶山地半湿润常绿阔叶林内的种子植物还具有能产生萌生的根桩、产生克隆的木本植物根桩、产生克隆的各种草本植物的根茎。本研究中发现三个森林群落内约有1/3的乔木个体具有萌生能力,但仅在团花新木姜子和云南木樨榄中发现木本植物的克隆证据。多数草本物种具有产生克隆的丛生茎(如禾本科和莎草科植物)、鳞状茎(百合科植物)等克隆器官。在长期的适应下,一些半湿润常绿阔叶林的乔灌木物种,尤其是建群种-团花新木姜子、云南木樨榄、清香木与石质基岩间形成了良好的依存关系,借助于周围石质基岩的保护而逃离动物和人类的农事干扰和樵采,得以长期生存,成为植被恢复的重要繁殖体源。
在Grime等的5类系统模式基础上,兼顾到萌生与克隆的巨大差异,也兼顾到了生活型对策、种子雨对策和土壤种子库对策,本研究将滇中岩溶山地半湿润常绿阔叶林内的更新对策划分为7类:1)萌生扩展型;2)克隆扩展型;3)季节性更新型;4)短暂性的种子和孢子库型;5)持久性的种子和孢子库型;6)大量广泛传播的种子和孢子型;7)持久性的幼苗等待型。在已经清楚的物种中,每一种植物都有多种更新对策,都同时具备无性对策与有性对策,出现两类对策共存的局面。木本植物中,萌生与种子繁殖是最基本的两类对策,少数植物还具有克隆特性。从种子的角度出发,有持久性的种子库对策,也有短暂种子库对策。一些乔木物种还具有幼苗等待特征,在林下有丰富的幼苗和幼树储备。而草本植物的对策也十分丰富,每一物种也都表现出营养更新与有性更新
Propagation and regeneration is an old but unfailing research topic. Many ecologists and botanists keep stick to this area continuously in identifying propagule types, propagation and regeneration strategies of different species in their respect ecosystems in different areas of the world. Karst is a typical landscape form in China. Though karst vegetation disappears and degrades in very high rate recently, little is know on propagation and regeneration of plants growing on this karst matrix. Research on this area will provide scientific bases for any action on conservation and restoration of karst vegetation. This research is carried out at a semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest (SEBF), two young regenerated forests and several degraded ecosystems in karst area in central Yunnan. With results from vegetative species composition, seed rain, soil seed bank, seedling and sapling bank, sprouts and clones, and results from seed burial, limiting factors determination on seedling germination in the forest, an attempt is given to classify the type of propagule and regeneration strategies of species, to quantify the number of propagule, to identify limiting factors and finally, and to evaluate the regeneration status of current forest.
Seed is the major propagule type in karst area in central Yunnan. Other types, including woody stools that can sprout and clone, herb roots and underground stems that can clone were also identified. About 1/3 of woody individuals sprout in various degrees in three karst forest. However, cloning evidences for woody species were only determined in species Neolitsea homilantha and Olea yunnanensis. Many herb species persists cloning propagule, such as tiller and rhizome (Gramineae and Cyperaceae species), tubers (potato) and bulbil (Liliaceae species). They can clone new individuals that are the same genetic status with their mother plants. With adaptation in long history, many tree and shrub species, especially constructive species- Neolitsea homilantha, Olea yunnanensis and Pistacia weinmannifolia develop capability to depend upon karst matrix. They grow on the protection of surrounding rock gaps, rock ditches or rock slots and then escape root damage from disturbance of animals and human, and from fuel wood collection. Some stools can stand on repeat disturbance and persist on the
除种子作为主要的繁殖体外,滇中岩溶山地半湿润常绿阔叶林内的种子植物还具有能产生萌生的根桩、产生克隆的木本植物根桩、产生克隆的各种草本植物的根茎。本研究中发现三个森林群落内约有1/3的乔木个体具有萌生能力,但仅在团花新木姜子和云南木樨榄中发现木本植物的克隆证据。多数草本物种具有产生克隆的丛生茎(如禾本科和莎草科植物)、鳞状茎(百合科植物)等克隆器官。在长期的适应下,一些半湿润常绿阔叶林的乔灌木物种,尤其是建群种-团花新木姜子、云南木樨榄、清香木与石质基岩间形成了良好的依存关系,借助于周围石质基岩的保护而逃离动物和人类的农事干扰和樵采,得以长期生存,成为植被恢复的重要繁殖体源。
在Grime等的5类系统模式基础上,兼顾到萌生与克隆的巨大差异,也兼顾到了生活型对策、种子雨对策和土壤种子库对策,本研究将滇中岩溶山地半湿润常绿阔叶林内的更新对策划分为7类:1)萌生扩展型;2)克隆扩展型;3)季节性更新型;4)短暂性的种子和孢子库型;5)持久性的种子和孢子库型;6)大量广泛传播的种子和孢子型;7)持久性的幼苗等待型。在已经清楚的物种中,每一种植物都有多种更新对策,都同时具备无性对策与有性对策,出现两类对策共存的局面。木本植物中,萌生与种子繁殖是最基本的两类对策,少数植物还具有克隆特性。从种子的角度出发,有持久性的种子库对策,也有短暂种子库对策。一些乔木物种还具有幼苗等待特征,在林下有丰富的幼苗和幼树储备。而草本植物的对策也十分丰富,每一物种也都表现出营养更新与有性更新
Propagation and regeneration is an old but unfailing research topic. Many ecologists and botanists keep stick to this area continuously in identifying propagule types, propagation and regeneration strategies of different species in their respect ecosystems in different areas of the world. Karst is a typical landscape form in China. Though karst vegetation disappears and degrades in very high rate recently, little is know on propagation and regeneration of plants growing on this karst matrix. Research on this area will provide scientific bases for any action on conservation and restoration of karst vegetation. This research is carried out at a semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest (SEBF), two young regenerated forests and several degraded ecosystems in karst area in central Yunnan. With results from vegetative species composition, seed rain, soil seed bank, seedling and sapling bank, sprouts and clones, and results from seed burial, limiting factors determination on seedling germination in the forest, an attempt is given to classify the type of propagule and regeneration strategies of species, to quantify the number of propagule, to identify limiting factors and finally, and to evaluate the regeneration status of current forest.
Seed is the major propagule type in karst area in central Yunnan. Other types, including woody stools that can sprout and clone, herb roots and underground stems that can clone were also identified. About 1/3 of woody individuals sprout in various degrees in three karst forest. However, cloning evidences for woody species were only determined in species Neolitsea homilantha and Olea yunnanensis. Many herb species persists cloning propagule, such as tiller and rhizome (Gramineae and Cyperaceae species), tubers (potato) and bulbil (Liliaceae species). They can clone new individuals that are the same genetic status with their mother plants. With adaptation in long history, many tree and shrub species, especially constructive species- Neolitsea homilantha, Olea yunnanensis and Pistacia weinmannifolia develop capability to depend upon karst matrix. They grow on the protection of surrounding rock gaps, rock ditches or rock slots and then escape root damage from disturbance of animals and human, and from fuel wood collection. Some stools can stand on repeat disturbance and persist on the
引文
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