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湖南白垩系、第三系红层工程特性研究
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摘要
湖南省区域内存在着大量的晚白垩系及早第三系陆相沉积的红色、褐红色、紫红色泥质粉砂岩、泥岩等地层,工程领域将此种地基称为红层地基。红层由于其形成条件的独特性,具有特殊的工程性质:是典型的易滑地层,雨季经常发生数量众多的滑坡灾害;作为填料修筑的公路路基易发生不均匀沉降而开裂;在铁路、公路工程建设中,红层地区的坡体开挖和路堤填筑经常诱发规模较大的坡体塌滑灾害,影响工程建设的进行;局部地段甚至有岩溶现象等等。在红层地区,深入了解红层的工程特性是有效利用红层的先决条件,因此对湖南白垩系、第三系红层的工程特性进行深入系统研究有着重要的现实意义。
     本文在分析和参考已有大量国内外文献的基础上,对湖南白垩系、第三系红层的地质形成条件及其工程特性的研究现状进行了归纳总结,现场采取大量试样对湖南白垩系、第三系红层进行了一系列的物理及力学性能试验、流变试验、渗透试验等试验,并结合试验结果对红层的地基承载力、滑坡运移机制、流变特性、路用性能等工程特性进行了系统理论分析研究,取得了以下一些研究成果:
     (1) 试验研究表明红层的粘土矿物主要为高岭石、蒙脱石或伊利石,并包含一些长石、云母类矿物等;红层具有浸水崩解特性,首次根据其崩解特性将其划分为C类红层、B类红层及A类红层;各类红层的物质有些不同并有规律性的变化,由此造成红层特性不同并有规律性变化。
     (2) 研究表明红层风化岩石分带采用六分法较为适当,其中划分指标以结合波速比和风化系数两者较为妥当。首次提出采用荷载试验及动力触探或标准贯入试验相结合,并结合在勘察工作中的实际经验,来准确评价风化红层的物理力学性质,进而准确的评价其地基承载力。纠正了过去机械地套用“规范”或片面依靠经验的作法。
     (3) 首次系统的对湖南省晚白垩系及早第三系陆相沉积红层进行滑坡运移机制研究。研究表明:岩体的抗剪强度具有各向异性,沿垂直岩层层面方向抗剪强度值最大,沿岩层层面方向抗剪强度值最小;滑动面(带)是滑坡体运动的物质介质,滑动面(带)抗剪强度的大小,决定滑坡的稳定性,滑动面(带)抗剪强度的降低是滑坡滑动的直接原因。
     (4) 研究表明:湖南省晚白垩系及早第三系红层存在着显著的流变性,可以用Burgers模型来描述,其瞬时弹模(E_M)、粘弹性模量(E_K)、粘弹性系数(η_K)和粘塑性系数(η_M)等四个流变特征参数均有随应力水平的升高而增大的趋势,但绝大多数处于同一数量级。
There are a lot of red, maroon or claret politic siltstone and mudstone deposited in continental facies at late-cretaceous System and tertiary in Hunan province. The foundation is called "Red beds foundation" in engineering field. Due to its formation condition, Red beds with special engineering property is typical very slip stratum. For example, there is many landslide happened frequently at rainy season; highway subgrade filled with it easily takes place differential settlement resulting in dehiscence; during the period of constructing railroad and highway, excavating slope body and land-fill embankment in the region induce frequently disaster of collapse or slip in major scope, which influence engineering construction seriously; even there is karst at some area, etc.. To know deeply the engineering property of Red beds is precondition of using it effectively, so it is significant to research its property systematically in depth.
    Firstly, based on analysing and referring a lot of literatures at home and abroad, the thesis concludes its formation condition and study actuality for its engineering property. Then, some representative samples are tested with a series of trials such as physical and mechanical test, rheology test, permeability test and so on. Combining the test result, we make theoretical analysis and study to some engneering property such as the bearing capacity of Red beds, travel mechanism of landslide, n. rheology property and the property used in way-construction, and get some results as follows:
    (1) The study shows that its clay mineral is mainly kaolinite, montmorillonite or illite and contains some minerals such as feldspar, mica, etc. Red beds having crumbling property in soaking can be divided to C, B or A Red beds by it. And each kind of minerals has little different and regular change in order that the characteristic of Red beds is different and variable regularly.
    (2) The study shows that it is rational to adopt six-divided method to zone the weathered rock of Red beds, especially combining the wave velocity contrast and the weathering coefficient. It is firstly suggested that based on practical experience in investigation, we estimate accurately its physical mechanic property and bearing capacity of foundation further combining load test and dynamic sounding or standard penetration test. It correct that we apply mechanically criterion mechanically or depend on experience unilaterally in the past.
    (3) Systemic study firstly the travel mechanism of landslide of Red beds deposited in continental facies at late-cretaceous System and tertiary in Hunan province. Red beds
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