不同水、氮条件对水稻生长及部分生理特征的影响
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摘要
水资源严重短缺是制约我国农业和农村经济发展的重要因素。水稻作为我国主要的粮食作物之一是耗水量最多的作物,氮素对水稻生产的影响仅次于水。研究水稻氮素营养和开发水稻节水种植,已成为广大农业科技工作者亟待解决的任务。实施水稻节水管理后,各种土壤生态环境发生变化,导致土壤硝态氮含量显著增加,进而可能成为水稻最重要的氮源形态。因此,开展水分胁迫条件下不同形态氮素对水稻生理、生长发育影响的系统性研究具有重要意义。
为进一步弄清不同水、氮条件下水稻的生长及生理特性,试验采用PEG模拟水分胁迫,以汕优63、武育粳3号等水稻品种作为供试材料,对不同水分及不同氮素形态供应条件下水稻形态、生理、生长及产量等多项指标进行了分析测定。测定内容包括:(1)水分胁迫条件下水稻种子的发芽率及其部分抗旱指标如幼苗含水量、细胞膜透性、体内抗氧化酶活性等;(2)不同水、氮条件下水稻幼苗生物量、根系形态参数、根系活力及根基伤流量;(3)不同水、氮条件下水稻叶片的NO3-、Ca2+和Mg2+含量、浸出液电导率、相对含水量、水分临界饱和亏以及水势;(4)不同水、氮条件下水稻的NH4+-N、NO3--N的吸收表征参数;(5)根系烫伤和HgCl2处理条件下,不同形态氮素对水稻水分吸收的影响;(6)不同水、氮条件下水稻根系的细胞膜透性、膜电位及部分其他膜性质;(7)田间小区试验条件下不同氮素供应对旱作水稻产量及养分吸收的影响;(8)盆栽土-沙联合培养试验条件下不同氮素供应对旱作水稻根表铁氧化膜的影响。通过研究得到了以下主要结果:
(1)水分胁迫对水稻胚根和胚芽生长的影响有所不同,轻度水分胁迫会促进水稻胚根的生长,抑制水稻胚芽的生长。与正常供水处理相比,50 g·L-1PEG处理使两品种水稻幼苗的K+、可溶性总糖、蔗糖、脯氨酸含量均上升;使武育粳3号水稻幼苗的SOD、POD和CAT的活性下降,丙二醛含量增加16.64%;使汕优63幼苗的SOD、POD和CAT的活性上升,但对细胞膜透性及丙二醛含量影响不大。
(2)轻度水分胁迫能促进水稻根系生长,增加总根长、根表面积和根体积,但降低根平均直径。粳稻的临界水分胁迫点大于100 g·L-1PEG,而籼稻的临界水分胁迫点在50~100g·L-1PEG之间。正常水分供应条件下,NH4+-N/NO3--N为5/5的处理促进各品种水稻根体积的增加,促进扬粳9538、扬稻6号水稻根表面积的提高,增加连嘉粳1号、两优培九、扬粳9538水稻的根系直径;模拟水分胁迫后,各品种水稻根系表面积、体积均随NH4+-N/NO3--N的降低呈上升趋势,等量供应NH4+-N、NO3--N营养有利于提高各品种水稻根系直径。
(3)正常水分条件下,NH4+-N有利于水稻地上部物质累积;NO3--N则促进根系物质累积;NH4+-N/NO3--N为5/5处理的水稻根系活跃吸收面积最大,活跃吸收面积比亦最高;水分胁迫后,NH4+-N/NO3--N为5/5的处理更有利于水稻地上部分的生长,NO3--N有利于水稻鲜重和干重增加,水稻的根系总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积均随NO3--N供应比例的增加呈上升趋势。水分胁迫显著降低各处理水稻的伤流量,正常水分条件下NH4+-N/NO3--N为5/5处理的水稻伤流量最大;水分胁迫后,9/1处理的水稻伤流量相对较多。
(4)正常水分条件下,水稻幼苗叶片浸出液电导率随NH4+-N/NO3--N比例的降低呈上升趋势;模拟水分胁迫后,水稻幼苗叶片浸出液电导率随NH4+-N/NO3--N比例的降低呈下降趋势,且在NH4+-N/NO3--N比例为25/75时,叶片浸出液电导率低于正常水分培养条件下的叶片浸出液电导率。而水分胁迫条件使高NH4+-N/NO3--N处理的水稻叶片相对含水量降低、水分临界饱和亏上升,但对低NH4+-N/NO3--N处理(25/75)水稻叶片相对含水量和水分临界饱和亏影响很小。同样,低NH4+-N/NO3--N处理削弱了水分胁迫对水稻叶片水势的降低程度。低NH4+-N/NO3--N能总体上减轻水分胁迫对水稻水分生理的不良影响。
(5)NH4+-N抑制汕优63水稻对NO3--N的吸收,促进武育粳3号水稻对NO3--N的吸收;经水分胁迫锻炼后,NH4+-N的存在促进汕优63水稻幼苗吸收NO3--N,抑制武育粳3号水稻对NO3--N的吸收;NO3--N的存在促进汕优63、武育粳3号水稻对NH4+-N的吸收。当环境中的NO3--N浓度低于NH4+-N浓度时,水稻对NO3--N的吸收受NH4+-N的抑制;当环境中的NO3--N浓度高于NH4+-N浓度时,NH4+-N的存在促进了水稻对NO3--N的吸收;当环境中NO3--N、NH4+-N两者浓度相差不大时,NH4+-N的存在对NO3--N的吸收影响不明显。高量NH4+-N的存在,将抑制水稻对NH4+-N自身的吸收。
(6)不同氮素形态影响水稻生长、养分吸收与产量的形成;等量的铵、硝供应有利于提高水稻叶片的叶绿素含量和光合效率,最终提高水稻的生物学产量、经济产量;肥料中较高比例的NO3--N有利于提高作物体内可溶性总糖、蔗糖含量;大量供应NO3--N提高了土壤pH值,使土壤有效性铁、锰、铜、锌含量降低。
(7)根系烫伤处理后,正常水分条件下,NH4+-N/NO3--N为9/1、5/5、1/9处理的水稻吸水量分别降低26.5%、24.1%、36.3%;而水分胁迫后,各处理水稻吸水量分别降低30.6%、23.9%、21.0%。加HgCl2处理后,正常水分条件下,NH4+-N/NO3--N为9/1、5/5、1/9处理的水稻吸水量分别降低47.1%、46.3%、31.8%,而水分胁迫后,各处理分别降低了46.6%、42.4%、23.5%。正常水分条件下,NH4+-N/NO3--N为9/1处理的水稻光合速率最高,5/5处理的水稻气孔导度、细胞间CO2浓度及蒸腾速率最低;水分胁迫后,9/1、1/9处理的水稻气孔导度、细胞间CO2浓度及蒸腾速率比正常水分处理的低,而5/5处理的水稻气孔导度、细胞间CO2浓度及蒸腾速率比正常水分处理的高。
(8)水作条件下,扬稻6号水稻叶片中铁、锰累积量随NH4+-N/NO3--N的降低呈上升趋势。与水作相比,旱作条件降低了武育粳3号水稻叶片中锰、锌的浓度,提高了叶片中铁的浓度;水作条件下氧化胶膜大量存在,旱作后水稻根表仍然存有少量铁氧化胶膜。
(9)正常水分条件下,大量供应NO3--N营养处理的水稻叶片、根系的电导率最高;水分胁迫后,大量供应NH4+-N营养处理的叶片、根系的电导率最高。不同水分条件下,单独供应NH4+-N处理培养水稻后营养液pH值均最低,单独供应NO3--N处理培养水稻后营养液pH值最高;模拟水分胁迫后,培养水稻后营养液的pH值比正常水分条件下相应处理的稍高。水分胁迫条件下,NH4+-N/NO3--N为5/5处理的水稻根系的膜电位基础值均较正常水分条件下测得的相应结果略有提高。
Shortage of water resource has been an critical restraining factor for the development of agriculture and rural economy in China. The production of rice, an important and the water consuming crop, depends mainly on water and nitrogen supply. It is pendent task for agricultural researchers to develop water-saving techniques for rice cultivationwhich, upon application, may lead to changes in microenvironments. Subsequently, soil nitrate nitrogen increases significantly and becomes the most important nitrogen source. However, there is a lack of systematic research concerning the influence of nitrogenforms on rice physiological growth in water stress conditions. This paper tries to uncover this enigma and thus provide theoretical instructions for efficient fertilization of water-saving cultivated rice.
In this paper, rice cultivar including ShanYou 63, WuYuJing 3 were cultivated under different water stress condition simulated using PEG. Indices for rice morphology, physiology, growth and yields were determined. These include, (1) Germination ratio and some crucial drought resistance indices includingmoisture content, cell membrane penetrability and anti-oxidase, under water stress conditions. (2) Biomass, root morphological indices, root activity and bleeding sap amount of rice seedlings. (3) Index of NO3-and NH4+-N absorption. (4) Effects of interval water stress on characteristic parameters of NH4+ and NO3- adsorption. (5) Iinfluence of water and nitrogen treatment on water uptake was analyzed by root killing and treatment of HgCl2(0.5mol·L-1). (6) Cell membrane penetrability, potential and other properties of cell membrane of rice root. (7) The influence of nitrogen supply on dry farming rice yield and nutrient uptake in field experiments. (8) The ferrous film on root surface in soil-sand mixed pot culture experiment.
The results showed that, (1) Water stress affected radicle and germ differently. Slight water stress enhanced the growth of rice radicle while reduced that of rice germs. Compared with normal water supply treatments, K+content, soluble sugar, sucrose and proline in two rice varieties increased under the treatment of PEG(50g·L-1). Under water stress conditions, the activity of SOD, POD, and CAT of WuYuJing 3 were higher. Malonic-aldehyde content in rice was increased by 16.64%. The activity of SOD, POD, and CAT of ShanYou 63 increased as well but no effects of water stress was found on cell membrane penetrability and the malonic-aldehyde content of Shanyou 63.
(2) Slight water stress enhanced the growth of rice roots. Total root length, surface area and volume were increased, while average root diameter decreased. The threshold of water stress of japonica rice was 100g·L-1 PEG and between 50~100 g·L-1 PEG of hsien rice. Under normal water conditions, treatment of NH4+-N/NO3--N (5/5) enhanced the root volume of all rice varieties. Root surface areas of YangJing 9538 and YangDao 6 were enhanced, and root diameter of LianJiaJing 1, LiangYouPei 9 and YangJing 9538 were enhanced. Root surface area and volume of all rice varieties increased with the decrease of NH4+-N/NO3--N after water stress, signifying equivalent ammonium supply was liable to enhance rice root diameters.
(3) Under condition of normal water supply, application of NH4+-N increased shoot mass accumulation while. NO3--N was benificial to total adsorption area and mass accumulation of rice roots. The active adsorption area and active adsorption area ratio reached the climax with NH4+-N/NO3--N at a ratio of 5/5. Best growth of rice shoot was obtained at NH4+-N/NO3--N(5/5) under water stress. NO3--N absorption increased fresh and dry weight and average diameter. Total adsorption area andactive adsorption area of rice roots increased with the incease of NO3--N ratio. Bleeding sap amount decreased in all water stress treatment. The highest bleeding sap amount was detected in the treatments with NH4+-N/NO3--N at a ration of 5/5 under normal water condition and NH4+-N/NO3--N(9/1) under water stress.
(4) The electrical conductivity of rice seedling leaf extract increased with the decrement of NH4+-N/NO3--N under condition of normal water supply, while that decreased with the decrement of NH4+-N/NO3--N under water stress. The extract electrical conductivity of NH4+-N/NO3--N 25/75 was lea than that of normal water culture. Water stress led to the reduction of relative water content of high NH4+-N/NO3--N treatments and the rise of critical moisture saturation deficit, while the influence of low NH4+-N/NO3--N treatments was insignificant. Low NH4+-N/NO3--N generally alleviated the cacoethic effect of water stress on rice water physiology.
(5) The existence of NH4+-N restrained the NO3--N uptake of rice seedling for ShanYou 63, but enhanced the NO3--N uptake for WuYuJing 3. The results were different while the rice be culvitaed in water stress condition for a few days. The existence of NH4+-N enhanced the NO3--N uptake for ShanYou 63, restrained the NO3--N uptake for WuYuJing 3. More NH4+-N were absorbed with the supply of NO3--N.The existence of NO3--N enhanced the uptake of NH4+-N for rice. When the consistence of NO3--N was less than that of NH4+-N, the uptake of NO3--N was restrained by NH4+-N. When the consistence of NO3--N was more than that of NH4+-N, the uptake of NO3--N was promoted by NH4+-N.
(6) The nitrogen forms affected the yield, growth and nutrition uptake of rice. The nitrogen treatment of NH4+-N/NO3--N(5/5) enhanced the content of chlorophyll and photosynthesis efficiency of rice. Finally, the biological and economic yield of rice were increased. The treatment of supply higher proportion of NO3--N enhanced the content of soluble sugar and sucrose in rice, increased the pH of soil, while the availability of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn were decreased.
(7) For root killing treatment, under the non-water stress condition, the uptake of water under NH4+-N/NO3--N 9/1, 5/5 and 1/9 treatments were decreased by 26.5%, 24.1% and 36.3%, while 30.6%, 23.9% and 21.0% under water stress condition. For HgCl2 treatment, under the non-water stress condition, the uptake of water under NH4+-N/NO3--N 9/1, 5/5 and 1/9 treatments were decreased by 47.1%, 46.3% and 31.8%, while 46.6%, 42.4% and 23.5% under water stress condition. The treatment of water stress and nitrogen forms influenced water uptake, affected stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate of rice.
(8) Under non-water stress condition, the accumulation of Fe and Mn in leaves for YangDao 6 increased with the descending of NH4+-N/NO3--N. Under water stress condition, the consistence of Mn and Zn of leaves in Wu YuJing 3 was decreased, while the consistence of Fe were increased. Contray to water stress condition, there were more ferrous film existed on the root surface of rice under non-water stress condition.
(9) The electrical conductivity of leaves and roots in rice was highest at the ratio of NH4+-N/NO3--N(1/9) under non-water stress condition, while the electrical conductivity of leaves and roots in rice was highest at the ratio of NH4+-N/NO3--N(9/1) under water stress condition. The supply of NH4+-N decreased the pH of nutrient solution, while the pH increased with the supply of NO3--N. Compared with the non-water stress condition, the cell membrane potential in NH4+-N/NO3--N(5/5) treatment was a little higher than that under water stress condition.
为进一步弄清不同水、氮条件下水稻的生长及生理特性,试验采用PEG模拟水分胁迫,以汕优63、武育粳3号等水稻品种作为供试材料,对不同水分及不同氮素形态供应条件下水稻形态、生理、生长及产量等多项指标进行了分析测定。测定内容包括:(1)水分胁迫条件下水稻种子的发芽率及其部分抗旱指标如幼苗含水量、细胞膜透性、体内抗氧化酶活性等;(2)不同水、氮条件下水稻幼苗生物量、根系形态参数、根系活力及根基伤流量;(3)不同水、氮条件下水稻叶片的NO3-、Ca2+和Mg2+含量、浸出液电导率、相对含水量、水分临界饱和亏以及水势;(4)不同水、氮条件下水稻的NH4+-N、NO3--N的吸收表征参数;(5)根系烫伤和HgCl2处理条件下,不同形态氮素对水稻水分吸收的影响;(6)不同水、氮条件下水稻根系的细胞膜透性、膜电位及部分其他膜性质;(7)田间小区试验条件下不同氮素供应对旱作水稻产量及养分吸收的影响;(8)盆栽土-沙联合培养试验条件下不同氮素供应对旱作水稻根表铁氧化膜的影响。通过研究得到了以下主要结果:
(1)水分胁迫对水稻胚根和胚芽生长的影响有所不同,轻度水分胁迫会促进水稻胚根的生长,抑制水稻胚芽的生长。与正常供水处理相比,50 g·L-1PEG处理使两品种水稻幼苗的K+、可溶性总糖、蔗糖、脯氨酸含量均上升;使武育粳3号水稻幼苗的SOD、POD和CAT的活性下降,丙二醛含量增加16.64%;使汕优63幼苗的SOD、POD和CAT的活性上升,但对细胞膜透性及丙二醛含量影响不大。
(2)轻度水分胁迫能促进水稻根系生长,增加总根长、根表面积和根体积,但降低根平均直径。粳稻的临界水分胁迫点大于100 g·L-1PEG,而籼稻的临界水分胁迫点在50~100g·L-1PEG之间。正常水分供应条件下,NH4+-N/NO3--N为5/5的处理促进各品种水稻根体积的增加,促进扬粳9538、扬稻6号水稻根表面积的提高,增加连嘉粳1号、两优培九、扬粳9538水稻的根系直径;模拟水分胁迫后,各品种水稻根系表面积、体积均随NH4+-N/NO3--N的降低呈上升趋势,等量供应NH4+-N、NO3--N营养有利于提高各品种水稻根系直径。
(3)正常水分条件下,NH4+-N有利于水稻地上部物质累积;NO3--N则促进根系物质累积;NH4+-N/NO3--N为5/5处理的水稻根系活跃吸收面积最大,活跃吸收面积比亦最高;水分胁迫后,NH4+-N/NO3--N为5/5的处理更有利于水稻地上部分的生长,NO3--N有利于水稻鲜重和干重增加,水稻的根系总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积均随NO3--N供应比例的增加呈上升趋势。水分胁迫显著降低各处理水稻的伤流量,正常水分条件下NH4+-N/NO3--N为5/5处理的水稻伤流量最大;水分胁迫后,9/1处理的水稻伤流量相对较多。
(4)正常水分条件下,水稻幼苗叶片浸出液电导率随NH4+-N/NO3--N比例的降低呈上升趋势;模拟水分胁迫后,水稻幼苗叶片浸出液电导率随NH4+-N/NO3--N比例的降低呈下降趋势,且在NH4+-N/NO3--N比例为25/75时,叶片浸出液电导率低于正常水分培养条件下的叶片浸出液电导率。而水分胁迫条件使高NH4+-N/NO3--N处理的水稻叶片相对含水量降低、水分临界饱和亏上升,但对低NH4+-N/NO3--N处理(25/75)水稻叶片相对含水量和水分临界饱和亏影响很小。同样,低NH4+-N/NO3--N处理削弱了水分胁迫对水稻叶片水势的降低程度。低NH4+-N/NO3--N能总体上减轻水分胁迫对水稻水分生理的不良影响。
(5)NH4+-N抑制汕优63水稻对NO3--N的吸收,促进武育粳3号水稻对NO3--N的吸收;经水分胁迫锻炼后,NH4+-N的存在促进汕优63水稻幼苗吸收NO3--N,抑制武育粳3号水稻对NO3--N的吸收;NO3--N的存在促进汕优63、武育粳3号水稻对NH4+-N的吸收。当环境中的NO3--N浓度低于NH4+-N浓度时,水稻对NO3--N的吸收受NH4+-N的抑制;当环境中的NO3--N浓度高于NH4+-N浓度时,NH4+-N的存在促进了水稻对NO3--N的吸收;当环境中NO3--N、NH4+-N两者浓度相差不大时,NH4+-N的存在对NO3--N的吸收影响不明显。高量NH4+-N的存在,将抑制水稻对NH4+-N自身的吸收。
(6)不同氮素形态影响水稻生长、养分吸收与产量的形成;等量的铵、硝供应有利于提高水稻叶片的叶绿素含量和光合效率,最终提高水稻的生物学产量、经济产量;肥料中较高比例的NO3--N有利于提高作物体内可溶性总糖、蔗糖含量;大量供应NO3--N提高了土壤pH值,使土壤有效性铁、锰、铜、锌含量降低。
(7)根系烫伤处理后,正常水分条件下,NH4+-N/NO3--N为9/1、5/5、1/9处理的水稻吸水量分别降低26.5%、24.1%、36.3%;而水分胁迫后,各处理水稻吸水量分别降低30.6%、23.9%、21.0%。加HgCl2处理后,正常水分条件下,NH4+-N/NO3--N为9/1、5/5、1/9处理的水稻吸水量分别降低47.1%、46.3%、31.8%,而水分胁迫后,各处理分别降低了46.6%、42.4%、23.5%。正常水分条件下,NH4+-N/NO3--N为9/1处理的水稻光合速率最高,5/5处理的水稻气孔导度、细胞间CO2浓度及蒸腾速率最低;水分胁迫后,9/1、1/9处理的水稻气孔导度、细胞间CO2浓度及蒸腾速率比正常水分处理的低,而5/5处理的水稻气孔导度、细胞间CO2浓度及蒸腾速率比正常水分处理的高。
(8)水作条件下,扬稻6号水稻叶片中铁、锰累积量随NH4+-N/NO3--N的降低呈上升趋势。与水作相比,旱作条件降低了武育粳3号水稻叶片中锰、锌的浓度,提高了叶片中铁的浓度;水作条件下氧化胶膜大量存在,旱作后水稻根表仍然存有少量铁氧化胶膜。
(9)正常水分条件下,大量供应NO3--N营养处理的水稻叶片、根系的电导率最高;水分胁迫后,大量供应NH4+-N营养处理的叶片、根系的电导率最高。不同水分条件下,单独供应NH4+-N处理培养水稻后营养液pH值均最低,单独供应NO3--N处理培养水稻后营养液pH值最高;模拟水分胁迫后,培养水稻后营养液的pH值比正常水分条件下相应处理的稍高。水分胁迫条件下,NH4+-N/NO3--N为5/5处理的水稻根系的膜电位基础值均较正常水分条件下测得的相应结果略有提高。
Shortage of water resource has been an critical restraining factor for the development of agriculture and rural economy in China. The production of rice, an important and the water consuming crop, depends mainly on water and nitrogen supply. It is pendent task for agricultural researchers to develop water-saving techniques for rice cultivationwhich, upon application, may lead to changes in microenvironments. Subsequently, soil nitrate nitrogen increases significantly and becomes the most important nitrogen source. However, there is a lack of systematic research concerning the influence of nitrogenforms on rice physiological growth in water stress conditions. This paper tries to uncover this enigma and thus provide theoretical instructions for efficient fertilization of water-saving cultivated rice.
In this paper, rice cultivar including ShanYou 63, WuYuJing 3 were cultivated under different water stress condition simulated using PEG. Indices for rice morphology, physiology, growth and yields were determined. These include, (1) Germination ratio and some crucial drought resistance indices includingmoisture content, cell membrane penetrability and anti-oxidase, under water stress conditions. (2) Biomass, root morphological indices, root activity and bleeding sap amount of rice seedlings. (3) Index of NO3-and NH4+-N absorption. (4) Effects of interval water stress on characteristic parameters of NH4+ and NO3- adsorption. (5) Iinfluence of water and nitrogen treatment on water uptake was analyzed by root killing and treatment of HgCl2(0.5mol·L-1). (6) Cell membrane penetrability, potential and other properties of cell membrane of rice root. (7) The influence of nitrogen supply on dry farming rice yield and nutrient uptake in field experiments. (8) The ferrous film on root surface in soil-sand mixed pot culture experiment.
The results showed that, (1) Water stress affected radicle and germ differently. Slight water stress enhanced the growth of rice radicle while reduced that of rice germs. Compared with normal water supply treatments, K+content, soluble sugar, sucrose and proline in two rice varieties increased under the treatment of PEG(50g·L-1). Under water stress conditions, the activity of SOD, POD, and CAT of WuYuJing 3 were higher. Malonic-aldehyde content in rice was increased by 16.64%. The activity of SOD, POD, and CAT of ShanYou 63 increased as well but no effects of water stress was found on cell membrane penetrability and the malonic-aldehyde content of Shanyou 63.
(2) Slight water stress enhanced the growth of rice roots. Total root length, surface area and volume were increased, while average root diameter decreased. The threshold of water stress of japonica rice was 100g·L-1 PEG and between 50~100 g·L-1 PEG of hsien rice. Under normal water conditions, treatment of NH4+-N/NO3--N (5/5) enhanced the root volume of all rice varieties. Root surface areas of YangJing 9538 and YangDao 6 were enhanced, and root diameter of LianJiaJing 1, LiangYouPei 9 and YangJing 9538 were enhanced. Root surface area and volume of all rice varieties increased with the decrease of NH4+-N/NO3--N after water stress, signifying equivalent ammonium supply was liable to enhance rice root diameters.
(3) Under condition of normal water supply, application of NH4+-N increased shoot mass accumulation while. NO3--N was benificial to total adsorption area and mass accumulation of rice roots. The active adsorption area and active adsorption area ratio reached the climax with NH4+-N/NO3--N at a ratio of 5/5. Best growth of rice shoot was obtained at NH4+-N/NO3--N(5/5) under water stress. NO3--N absorption increased fresh and dry weight and average diameter. Total adsorption area andactive adsorption area of rice roots increased with the incease of NO3--N ratio. Bleeding sap amount decreased in all water stress treatment. The highest bleeding sap amount was detected in the treatments with NH4+-N/NO3--N at a ration of 5/5 under normal water condition and NH4+-N/NO3--N(9/1) under water stress.
(4) The electrical conductivity of rice seedling leaf extract increased with the decrement of NH4+-N/NO3--N under condition of normal water supply, while that decreased with the decrement of NH4+-N/NO3--N under water stress. The extract electrical conductivity of NH4+-N/NO3--N 25/75 was lea than that of normal water culture. Water stress led to the reduction of relative water content of high NH4+-N/NO3--N treatments and the rise of critical moisture saturation deficit, while the influence of low NH4+-N/NO3--N treatments was insignificant. Low NH4+-N/NO3--N generally alleviated the cacoethic effect of water stress on rice water physiology.
(5) The existence of NH4+-N restrained the NO3--N uptake of rice seedling for ShanYou 63, but enhanced the NO3--N uptake for WuYuJing 3. The results were different while the rice be culvitaed in water stress condition for a few days. The existence of NH4+-N enhanced the NO3--N uptake for ShanYou 63, restrained the NO3--N uptake for WuYuJing 3. More NH4+-N were absorbed with the supply of NO3--N.The existence of NO3--N enhanced the uptake of NH4+-N for rice. When the consistence of NO3--N was less than that of NH4+-N, the uptake of NO3--N was restrained by NH4+-N. When the consistence of NO3--N was more than that of NH4+-N, the uptake of NO3--N was promoted by NH4+-N.
(6) The nitrogen forms affected the yield, growth and nutrition uptake of rice. The nitrogen treatment of NH4+-N/NO3--N(5/5) enhanced the content of chlorophyll and photosynthesis efficiency of rice. Finally, the biological and economic yield of rice were increased. The treatment of supply higher proportion of NO3--N enhanced the content of soluble sugar and sucrose in rice, increased the pH of soil, while the availability of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn were decreased.
(7) For root killing treatment, under the non-water stress condition, the uptake of water under NH4+-N/NO3--N 9/1, 5/5 and 1/9 treatments were decreased by 26.5%, 24.1% and 36.3%, while 30.6%, 23.9% and 21.0% under water stress condition. For HgCl2 treatment, under the non-water stress condition, the uptake of water under NH4+-N/NO3--N 9/1, 5/5 and 1/9 treatments were decreased by 47.1%, 46.3% and 31.8%, while 46.6%, 42.4% and 23.5% under water stress condition. The treatment of water stress and nitrogen forms influenced water uptake, affected stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate of rice.
(8) Under non-water stress condition, the accumulation of Fe and Mn in leaves for YangDao 6 increased with the descending of NH4+-N/NO3--N. Under water stress condition, the consistence of Mn and Zn of leaves in Wu YuJing 3 was decreased, while the consistence of Fe were increased. Contray to water stress condition, there were more ferrous film existed on the root surface of rice under non-water stress condition.
(9) The electrical conductivity of leaves and roots in rice was highest at the ratio of NH4+-N/NO3--N(1/9) under non-water stress condition, while the electrical conductivity of leaves and roots in rice was highest at the ratio of NH4+-N/NO3--N(9/1) under water stress condition. The supply of NH4+-N decreased the pH of nutrient solution, while the pH increased with the supply of NO3--N. Compared with the non-water stress condition, the cell membrane potential in NH4+-N/NO3--N(5/5) treatment was a little higher than that under water stress condition.
引文
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