我国死者人格法律保护的理论研究
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摘要
自然人成为死者即丧失主体资格,而人格权是一种专属权,其主体的灭失将导致该权利的丧失,因此死者不再享有人格权,但其仍然享有必要的人格。死者人格是否需要保护是一个值得研究的理论问题,对死者人格的保护,是基于对死者的尊重,对其家属、后代情感的抚慰,以及对社会公平的一种维护,是人权保障的内在要求。我国对于保护死者人格的法律制度还不完善,本论文通过对死者人格的界定,提出保护死者的理论依据,并对国内外保护的现状进行全面考察,提出了完善我国死者人格法律保护的立法建议,深入探讨死者人格保护具有非常重要的理论意义和实践意义。
本文除引言、结语、主要参考文献、致谢几部分以外,分为四个部分。
第一部分:人格的概述。要保护死者人格,就必须对人格的基本含义有一个清晰的认识,因此,本部分从不同的角度分析人格的含义,进行了人格发展沿革的探讨,并对人格和相关概念进行了界定。
第二部分:死者人格法律保护的理论基础。该部分主要介绍了死者人格的基本内容,列举了目前关于死者人格保护的不同理论,并进行评述,最后总结出死者人格保护的较为理想的保护方式;同时还从保障人权,实现社会公平入手,分析了保护死者人格利益保护制度的建立契合这两大价值目标,也是实现这两大加之目标的重要举措之一。
第三部分:国外死者人格法律保护的现状及借鉴。该部分分别考察了具有代表意义的英美法系国家和大陆法系国家死者人格保护的现状,并总结出值得我国立法、司法借鉴的先进经验。
第四部分:我国死者人格法律保护的现状及完善。该部分描述了国内关于死者人格保护的立法和司法现状,并对我国死者人格保护的法律规制体系的完善进行了探讨。
本论文采用理论与实际结合的方法,阐述了当前我国死者人格利益保护的现状,并以此为基础,从保障人权、维护社会公平入手,分析了建立人格保护机制的必要性。另外,本论文还对国内外死者人格利益保护机制的立法现状、存在的问题及原因进行了分析,指出死者人格保护机制法制化的紧迫性。最后,本文提出了完善死者人格利益保护法律规制的一些构想,以期把建立和完善死者人格保护法律规制从价值理念推向实践。
Natural persons who lost their main body are called dead person. Personality right is a kind of specific right, and the death of main body will lead to the loss of personality right. Therefore, dead persons do not have personality right. However, it is the necessary for them having personality right. It is valuable to research this theoretical issue about protecting personality right of dead person or not. Personality right protection of dead person is based on the respects to the dead person and the satisfaction of their family member and offspring. Furthermore, it is also a kind of maintenance of social equity. It is the inherent demand of human right guarantee. The legal system on the protection of dead person personality is not perfect. This dissertation tries to propose theoretical evidence for protecting dead person through defining personality of dead person. It analyzes the current situation of personality protection in home and abroad and discusses the significance to protect personality right of dead person.
This dissertation consists of four main parts besides introduction, conclusion, references, and acknowledgement.
Chapter one is about the introduction of personality. To protect the personality of dead person, it is necessary to make clear the definition of personality. The dissertation defines it from different points of view and discusses its development. Meanwhile, defines personality and some conceptions involved.
Chapter two is about the theoretical basis of the personality protection of dead person. This part mainly introduces the basic content of dead person personality, lists different theories about protecting personality of dead person at present and gives my own comments on them, and summarizes an ideal way to realize the protection of dead person personality. And this part analyzes why the foundation of personality protection system is according with this two value aims, that is, to protect human right and realize social equity and the main measure to realize this two aims.
Chapter three is about the current situation of law system of personality protection of dead person abroad. This part introduces the current situation of personality protection of dead person in British and American law system countries, meanwhile the Continent law system which are representatives in this field. At the same time, the perfection of personality protection of dead person in China law system is discussed.
Chapter four is the current situation of personality protection of dead person in China and its perfection. Firstly, the juridical and legislative situation about the personality protection of dead person is illustrated, and then the perfection of law system of personality protection of dead person is discussed.
The dissertation expounds the current situation of personality right protection in China in the way of combining theory and practices and the necessary of founding personality mechanism from the point of view of human right protection and social equity. Furthermore, it analyzes the current situation of personality protection mechanism of dead person in home and abroad and the present problems and its reason, and points out the emergency to set up personality protection mechanism. At last, the author proposes some ideas about law mechanism about personality protection of dead person and expects to realize the ideal of protecting personality of dead person through setting up and perfecting law system.
本文除引言、结语、主要参考文献、致谢几部分以外,分为四个部分。
第一部分:人格的概述。要保护死者人格,就必须对人格的基本含义有一个清晰的认识,因此,本部分从不同的角度分析人格的含义,进行了人格发展沿革的探讨,并对人格和相关概念进行了界定。
第二部分:死者人格法律保护的理论基础。该部分主要介绍了死者人格的基本内容,列举了目前关于死者人格保护的不同理论,并进行评述,最后总结出死者人格保护的较为理想的保护方式;同时还从保障人权,实现社会公平入手,分析了保护死者人格利益保护制度的建立契合这两大价值目标,也是实现这两大加之目标的重要举措之一。
第三部分:国外死者人格法律保护的现状及借鉴。该部分分别考察了具有代表意义的英美法系国家和大陆法系国家死者人格保护的现状,并总结出值得我国立法、司法借鉴的先进经验。
第四部分:我国死者人格法律保护的现状及完善。该部分描述了国内关于死者人格保护的立法和司法现状,并对我国死者人格保护的法律规制体系的完善进行了探讨。
本论文采用理论与实际结合的方法,阐述了当前我国死者人格利益保护的现状,并以此为基础,从保障人权、维护社会公平入手,分析了建立人格保护机制的必要性。另外,本论文还对国内外死者人格利益保护机制的立法现状、存在的问题及原因进行了分析,指出死者人格保护机制法制化的紧迫性。最后,本文提出了完善死者人格利益保护法律规制的一些构想,以期把建立和完善死者人格保护法律规制从价值理念推向实践。
Natural persons who lost their main body are called dead person. Personality right is a kind of specific right, and the death of main body will lead to the loss of personality right. Therefore, dead persons do not have personality right. However, it is the necessary for them having personality right. It is valuable to research this theoretical issue about protecting personality right of dead person or not. Personality right protection of dead person is based on the respects to the dead person and the satisfaction of their family member and offspring. Furthermore, it is also a kind of maintenance of social equity. It is the inherent demand of human right guarantee. The legal system on the protection of dead person personality is not perfect. This dissertation tries to propose theoretical evidence for protecting dead person through defining personality of dead person. It analyzes the current situation of personality protection in home and abroad and discusses the significance to protect personality right of dead person.
This dissertation consists of four main parts besides introduction, conclusion, references, and acknowledgement.
Chapter one is about the introduction of personality. To protect the personality of dead person, it is necessary to make clear the definition of personality. The dissertation defines it from different points of view and discusses its development. Meanwhile, defines personality and some conceptions involved.
Chapter two is about the theoretical basis of the personality protection of dead person. This part mainly introduces the basic content of dead person personality, lists different theories about protecting personality of dead person at present and gives my own comments on them, and summarizes an ideal way to realize the protection of dead person personality. And this part analyzes why the foundation of personality protection system is according with this two value aims, that is, to protect human right and realize social equity and the main measure to realize this two aims.
Chapter three is about the current situation of law system of personality protection of dead person abroad. This part introduces the current situation of personality protection of dead person in British and American law system countries, meanwhile the Continent law system which are representatives in this field. At the same time, the perfection of personality protection of dead person in China law system is discussed.
Chapter four is the current situation of personality protection of dead person in China and its perfection. Firstly, the juridical and legislative situation about the personality protection of dead person is illustrated, and then the perfection of law system of personality protection of dead person is discussed.
The dissertation expounds the current situation of personality right protection in China in the way of combining theory and practices and the necessary of founding personality mechanism from the point of view of human right protection and social equity. Furthermore, it analyzes the current situation of personality protection mechanism of dead person in home and abroad and the present problems and its reason, and points out the emergency to set up personality protection mechanism. At last, the author proposes some ideas about law mechanism about personality protection of dead person and expects to realize the ideal of protecting personality of dead person through setting up and perfecting law system.
引文
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[2]马克思恩格斯全集第1卷[M].北京:人民出版社,277.
[3]王利明,杨立断,姚辉.人格权法[M].北京:法律出版社.1997,2—3.
[4]董世锋.论伦理学的两个基本问题——从人在伦理学中的地位谈起[J].西南师范大学学报.2002,4.
[5]佟柔.中国民法[M].北京:法律出版社.1999,61—62.
[6]辞海.北京:中华书局.1936.174.
[7]辞海.上海:辞书出版社.1989.344
[8]辞海.北京:中华书局.1936,174.
[9]高瑞泉等.人格论[M].上海:上海文化出版社.1988,23.
[10]周楠主编.罗马法原论上册[M].北京:商务印书馆.1994,94.
[11] [意]彼得罗·彭梵得.罗马法教科书[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社.1992,29.
[12]江平,米健.罗马法基础[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社.1987,52.
[13]郑少华.生态主义法哲学[M].北京:法律出版社.2002,74.
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[16] [法]阿布瓦斯奉尔.法国民法典与法哲学[M].钟继书译.载于徐国栋主偏.罗马法与现代民法.北京:中国法制出版社.2001,290.
[17] [德]卡尔拉伦茨.德国民法通论[M].王晓晔译.北京:法律出版社.2003版.
[18]龙卫球.民法总论[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社.2002,165.
[19] [德]黑格尔.法哲学原理[M].范杨,张企泰译.北京:商务印书馆,1982年版.
[20]张俊浩主编.民法学原理[M],北京:中国政法大学出版社,2000,10.
[21]周军.从人格到民事权利能力的平等性分析[J],贵州社会科学,2007,6.
[22]江平主编.法人制度论[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,1997,34.
[23]陈玲.人格权探析[D].兰州大学,2007.
[24]赵宝云.西方我国宪法通论[M].北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,1994,27.
[25]沈宗灵.第二次世界大战后西方人权学说的演变[J].载.当代中国人权论.126—127.
[26]张文显.论人权的主体和主体的人权[J].中国法学.1991年第五期.
[27]周爱东.论我国社会主义社会公平问题[D].山东师范大学,2007.
[28] [美]罗尔斯.正义论[M],何怀宏等译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988.3.
[29] [美]博登海默.法理学一法哲学与法律方法[M].邓正来译.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999, 145.
[30]龙卫球.民法总论第2版[M].北京:中国法制出版社,2002,300.
[31]陈爽.浅论死者名誉与家庭名誉[J].载.法学研究.1991,9.
[32]马克思恩格斯选集.第3卷[M].北京:人民出版社,142-143.
[33]史浩明.关于名誉权法律保护的几个理论与实践问题[J].载.学术论坛,1990,3.
[34]梁彗星.民法总论[M].北京:法律出版社,2001,132.
[35]葛云松.死者生前人格利益的民法保护[J].载.比较法研究,2002,4.
[36]郭明瑞,房绍坤,唐广良.民商法原理[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999,468.
[37]王利民主编.人格权法新论[M].长春:吉林大学出版社,1994,444.
[38]李锡鹤.论保护死者人身遗存的法律依据[J].载.华东政法学院学报,1992,2.
[39]魏振瀛主编.民法[J].北京:北京大学出版社、高等教育出版社,2000,54.
[40]刘国涛.死者生前人格利益民法保护的法理基础[J].载.比较法研究,2004,4.
[41]杨立新.中国人格权法立法报告[M].北京:知识产权出版社,2005,203.
[42]冯象.政法笔记[M].南京:江苏人民出版社,2004,185-190.
[43] [德]迪特尔·梅迪库斯著.邵建东译.德国民法总论[M].北京:北京法律出版社,2000,801.
[44]李步云.论人权存在的三种形态[J].法学研究,1991,4.
[45] Salmond & Heaston .Law of Torts (19th, edition)[M], Sweet & Maxwell 1987, P153.
[46] George Christie, Sum & Substance of Torts[M] , CES 1980 , P243
[47] Sim V. Stretch (1936) 52 T.L.R.669;80 S.J.703;(1936)2 ALLE.R.1237.
[48] J.G..M.Tyas , Law of Torts(4th,edition)[M], Macdonald and Evans.1982 ,P 134.
[49] Pamela J. Grace, Sara T. Fry and Gary S. Schultz. Ethics and human rights issues experienced by psychiatric-mental health and substance abuse registered nurses[J]. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association,Volume 9, Issue 1, February 2003, Pages 17-23.
[50] A. Van Hiel, I. Mervielde, F. De Fruyt. The relationship between maladaptive personality and right wing ideology[M]. Personality and Individual Differences.2004.36:405–417.
[2]马克思恩格斯全集第1卷[M].北京:人民出版社,277.
[3]王利明,杨立断,姚辉.人格权法[M].北京:法律出版社.1997,2—3.
[4]董世锋.论伦理学的两个基本问题——从人在伦理学中的地位谈起[J].西南师范大学学报.2002,4.
[5]佟柔.中国民法[M].北京:法律出版社.1999,61—62.
[6]辞海.北京:中华书局.1936.174.
[7]辞海.上海:辞书出版社.1989.344
[8]辞海.北京:中华书局.1936,174.
[9]高瑞泉等.人格论[M].上海:上海文化出版社.1988,23.
[10]周楠主编.罗马法原论上册[M].北京:商务印书馆.1994,94.
[11] [意]彼得罗·彭梵得.罗马法教科书[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社.1992,29.
[12]江平,米健.罗马法基础[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社.1987,52.
[13]郑少华.生态主义法哲学[M].北京:法律出版社.2002,74.
[14] [奥]曼弗雷德·诺瓦克.民权公约评注[M].北京:生活·读书·新知.2003,29.
[15]姚辉.人格权的研究[J].载杨与龄主编.民法总则争议问题研究.台湾五南图书出版公司,1998版.
[16] [法]阿布瓦斯奉尔.法国民法典与法哲学[M].钟继书译.载于徐国栋主偏.罗马法与现代民法.北京:中国法制出版社.2001,290.
[17] [德]卡尔拉伦茨.德国民法通论[M].王晓晔译.北京:法律出版社.2003版.
[18]龙卫球.民法总论[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社.2002,165.
[19] [德]黑格尔.法哲学原理[M].范杨,张企泰译.北京:商务印书馆,1982年版.
[20]张俊浩主编.民法学原理[M],北京:中国政法大学出版社,2000,10.
[21]周军.从人格到民事权利能力的平等性分析[J],贵州社会科学,2007,6.
[22]江平主编.法人制度论[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,1997,34.
[23]陈玲.人格权探析[D].兰州大学,2007.
[24]赵宝云.西方我国宪法通论[M].北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,1994,27.
[25]沈宗灵.第二次世界大战后西方人权学说的演变[J].载.当代中国人权论.126—127.
[26]张文显.论人权的主体和主体的人权[J].中国法学.1991年第五期.
[27]周爱东.论我国社会主义社会公平问题[D].山东师范大学,2007.
[28] [美]罗尔斯.正义论[M],何怀宏等译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988.3.
[29] [美]博登海默.法理学一法哲学与法律方法[M].邓正来译.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999, 145.
[30]龙卫球.民法总论第2版[M].北京:中国法制出版社,2002,300.
[31]陈爽.浅论死者名誉与家庭名誉[J].载.法学研究.1991,9.
[32]马克思恩格斯选集.第3卷[M].北京:人民出版社,142-143.
[33]史浩明.关于名誉权法律保护的几个理论与实践问题[J].载.学术论坛,1990,3.
[34]梁彗星.民法总论[M].北京:法律出版社,2001,132.
[35]葛云松.死者生前人格利益的民法保护[J].载.比较法研究,2002,4.
[36]郭明瑞,房绍坤,唐广良.民商法原理[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999,468.
[37]王利民主编.人格权法新论[M].长春:吉林大学出版社,1994,444.
[38]李锡鹤.论保护死者人身遗存的法律依据[J].载.华东政法学院学报,1992,2.
[39]魏振瀛主编.民法[J].北京:北京大学出版社、高等教育出版社,2000,54.
[40]刘国涛.死者生前人格利益民法保护的法理基础[J].载.比较法研究,2004,4.
[41]杨立新.中国人格权法立法报告[M].北京:知识产权出版社,2005,203.
[42]冯象.政法笔记[M].南京:江苏人民出版社,2004,185-190.
[43] [德]迪特尔·梅迪库斯著.邵建东译.德国民法总论[M].北京:北京法律出版社,2000,801.
[44]李步云.论人权存在的三种形态[J].法学研究,1991,4.
[45] Salmond & Heaston .Law of Torts (19th, edition)[M], Sweet & Maxwell 1987, P153.
[46] George Christie, Sum & Substance of Torts[M] , CES 1980 , P243
[47] Sim V. Stretch (1936) 52 T.L.R.669;80 S.J.703;(1936)2 ALLE.R.1237.
[48] J.G..M.Tyas , Law of Torts(4th,edition)[M], Macdonald and Evans.1982 ,P 134.
[49] Pamela J. Grace, Sara T. Fry and Gary S. Schultz. Ethics and human rights issues experienced by psychiatric-mental health and substance abuse registered nurses[J]. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association,Volume 9, Issue 1, February 2003, Pages 17-23.
[50] A. Van Hiel, I. Mervielde, F. De Fruyt. The relationship between maladaptive personality and right wing ideology[M]. Personality and Individual Differences.2004.36:405–417.