生产者责任延伸制度研究
摘要
生产者责任延伸(extended producer responsibility,简称EPR)制度的思想渊源最早可以追溯到瑞典1975年关于废物循环利用和管理的议案,并首先由瑞典隆德大学的环境经济学家托马斯·林赫斯特教授第一次正式提出其概念。它是环境时代针对废弃物大量增加而制定的一项新型环境保护法制策略,也是一种新型的经济政策。生产者责任延伸制度主要针对产品废弃物的回收处置和再资源化利用,它要求生产者不仅要承担产品质量和性能等经济责任,还要对产品废弃后的环境管理承担一定的责任,即承担废弃产品的回收,利用和处置的责任。
生产者责任延伸制度将生产者对其产品所负担的责任延伸到整个产品生命周期,特别是产品废弃物的回收处置阶段,是发展循环经济的一项重要制度。在一定理论基础上建立健全我国的生产者责任延伸制度对于保障我国废弃物的回收处置和再资源化利用,对于建设资源节约型社会和环境友好型社会具有重要的意义。笔者主要通过四部分对生产者责任延伸制度进行研究,现分述如下:
第一部分,全面深入的阐释了生产者责任延伸制度的基本内涵,追溯了其涵义发展的历程,同时对生产者责任延伸制度的功能意义进行分析,从而为生产者责任延伸制度的构建奠定基础。
第二部分,理论的基础性指导作用对生产者责任延伸制度的设计、实施及环境的保护都具有重要的意义。因此本部分从环境资源法学、伦理学及经济学的视角对生产者责任延伸制度的理论基础进行了剖析,在此基础上探寻其固有的理论依据来构筑更加完善和更加有效的生产者责任延伸制度。
第三部分,它山之石,可以攻玉!本部分对国际上生产者责任延伸制度发展较完善的国家和地区的立法及实践状况进行研究,结合我国生产者责任延伸制度的发展现状进行统一的国际比较,探寻构建我国生产者责任延伸制度的新启示。
第四部分,以发达国家生产者责任延伸制度为鉴,从立法模式、立法构想及实施机制等方面重新构建我国的生产者责任延伸制度,以适应我国循环经济发展、资源节约型社会与和谐社会建设的需要。
The ideological origins of the system of extended producer responsibility can dates back to 1975 when the bill of waste recycling and managing in Sweden. And the environmental economist Thomas Lindquist of Lund University in Sweden firstly put forward the concept officially. The system of extended producer responsibility is a new kind of legal strategy of environmental protection which aims at the substantially increased waste and also a new kind of economic policy. The system of extended producer responsibility mainly aims at the recycling and disposal and re-use of resources of the waste products. It needs the producer not only assume responsibility for economic responsibility, such as product quality and capability, but also assume some responsibility for the environmental administration after the product has been abandoned. That is to assume the responsibility for the recycling, utilizing, and disposal of the waste product.
The system of extended producer responsibility makes the responsibility of the producer extend to entire life cycle of the products, especially the stage of recycling and disposal. And it is an important system to develop circular economy. Establishing and perfecting the system of extended producer responsibility on the basis of some theoretical basis are very important to ensure the recycling and disposal and re-use of resources in China and to construct the economical society and environment-friendly society. The writer studies the extended producer responsibility through four parts mainly.
The first part explains the basic connotation of the extended producer responsibility comprehensively and deeply. The writer casts back the developmental course of the concept and analyzes the functional significance of the system so as to provide the foundation for the perfection of the system of extended producer responsibility.
The second part analyzes the theoretical foundation of the system from three visual angles of environmental resources law, ethnics, and economics. On this basis, the writer tries to probe into the inherent theoretical basis in order to construct more perfect and efficient the system of EPR.
The third part studies the legislation and practice of the countries and districts which have advanced experience of the system of EPR. And the writer makes the international comparisons to probe into the new revelations for our system of EPR.
The fourth part learns the advanced experiences of the developed countries and constructs the system of EPR in China from legislative model, legislative construction, and the mechanism of implementation. All these are aimed to adapt the needs of the development of circular economy and the construction of the economical society and harmony society.
生产者责任延伸制度将生产者对其产品所负担的责任延伸到整个产品生命周期,特别是产品废弃物的回收处置阶段,是发展循环经济的一项重要制度。在一定理论基础上建立健全我国的生产者责任延伸制度对于保障我国废弃物的回收处置和再资源化利用,对于建设资源节约型社会和环境友好型社会具有重要的意义。笔者主要通过四部分对生产者责任延伸制度进行研究,现分述如下:
第一部分,全面深入的阐释了生产者责任延伸制度的基本内涵,追溯了其涵义发展的历程,同时对生产者责任延伸制度的功能意义进行分析,从而为生产者责任延伸制度的构建奠定基础。
第二部分,理论的基础性指导作用对生产者责任延伸制度的设计、实施及环境的保护都具有重要的意义。因此本部分从环境资源法学、伦理学及经济学的视角对生产者责任延伸制度的理论基础进行了剖析,在此基础上探寻其固有的理论依据来构筑更加完善和更加有效的生产者责任延伸制度。
第三部分,它山之石,可以攻玉!本部分对国际上生产者责任延伸制度发展较完善的国家和地区的立法及实践状况进行研究,结合我国生产者责任延伸制度的发展现状进行统一的国际比较,探寻构建我国生产者责任延伸制度的新启示。
第四部分,以发达国家生产者责任延伸制度为鉴,从立法模式、立法构想及实施机制等方面重新构建我国的生产者责任延伸制度,以适应我国循环经济发展、资源节约型社会与和谐社会建设的需要。
The ideological origins of the system of extended producer responsibility can dates back to 1975 when the bill of waste recycling and managing in Sweden. And the environmental economist Thomas Lindquist of Lund University in Sweden firstly put forward the concept officially. The system of extended producer responsibility is a new kind of legal strategy of environmental protection which aims at the substantially increased waste and also a new kind of economic policy. The system of extended producer responsibility mainly aims at the recycling and disposal and re-use of resources of the waste products. It needs the producer not only assume responsibility for economic responsibility, such as product quality and capability, but also assume some responsibility for the environmental administration after the product has been abandoned. That is to assume the responsibility for the recycling, utilizing, and disposal of the waste product.
The system of extended producer responsibility makes the responsibility of the producer extend to entire life cycle of the products, especially the stage of recycling and disposal. And it is an important system to develop circular economy. Establishing and perfecting the system of extended producer responsibility on the basis of some theoretical basis are very important to ensure the recycling and disposal and re-use of resources in China and to construct the economical society and environment-friendly society. The writer studies the extended producer responsibility through four parts mainly.
The first part explains the basic connotation of the extended producer responsibility comprehensively and deeply. The writer casts back the developmental course of the concept and analyzes the functional significance of the system so as to provide the foundation for the perfection of the system of extended producer responsibility.
The second part analyzes the theoretical foundation of the system from three visual angles of environmental resources law, ethnics, and economics. On this basis, the writer tries to probe into the inherent theoretical basis in order to construct more perfect and efficient the system of EPR.
The third part studies the legislation and practice of the countries and districts which have advanced experience of the system of EPR. And the writer makes the international comparisons to probe into the new revelations for our system of EPR.
The fourth part learns the advanced experiences of the developed countries and constructs the system of EPR in China from legislative model, legislative construction, and the mechanism of implementation. All these are aimed to adapt the needs of the development of circular economy and the construction of the economical society and harmony society.
引文
[1] [美]魏伊丝.未来世代的公正:国际法、共同遗产、世代间公平[M].汪劲等译.北京:法律出版社,2000.225.
[2]陈德敏,张孝烈.资源经济法学[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2005.128.
[3] [美]道格拉斯·C·诺斯.制度、制度变迁与经济效益[M].刘守英译.上海:上海三联书店,1990.3.
[4] [英]尼尔·麦考密克.制度法论[M].周叶谦译.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004.66.
[5] [古罗马]西塞罗.国家篇法律篇[M].沈叔平、苏力译.北京:商务印书馆,2005.251.
[6]夏征农.辞海缩印本[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,1999.3466-3467.
[7] [英]洛克.政府论下篇[M].叶启芳等译.北京:商务印书馆,2007.3.
[8] Lindhqvis.T.Extended ProducerResponsibility[EB/OL]. http//www.1u.se/IIIEE/research/products/epr/epr-seminar-1992/epr-1992 lindhqvis.html.2002.2005-01-02.
[9]李艳萍.论延伸生产者责任制度[J].环境保护,2005,(7):13-15.
[10]钱勇.OECD国家扩大生产者责任政策对市场结构与企业行为的影响[J].产业经济研究,2004,(2):9-18.
[11]赵震江.法律社会学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1998.214.
[12]张文显.法理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2003.348.
[13]付子堂.法律功能论[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999.44-47.
[14] [美]庞德.通过法律的社会控制—法律的任务[M].沈宗灵、董世忠译.北京:商务印书馆,1984.75.
[15]张才国.生态文明:一种新的和谐发展理念[J].重庆大学学报(社会科学版),2005,(4):26-29.
[16]秦鹏.生态消费法[M].北京:法律出版社,2007.61.
[17] [德]马克思,恩格斯.马克思恩格斯全集[M].第6卷.北京:人民出版社,1961.292.
[18] [英]彼得·斯坦.西方社会的法律价值[M].王献平译.北京:中国法制出版社,2004.17.
[19]陈泉生、张梓太.宪法与行政法的生态化[M].北京:法律出版社,2001.114.
[20] [英]简·汉考克.环境人权:权力、伦理与法律[M].李隼译.重庆:重庆出版社,2007.81.
[21]周训芳.欧洲发达国家公民环境权的发展趋势[J].比较法研究,2004,(5):93-105.
[22] [美]霍尔姆斯·罗斯顿.环境伦理学[M].杨通进译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000.2-3.
[23] [法]阿尔贝特·施韦泽.敬畏生命[M].陈泽环译.上海:上海社会科学出版社,1992.9.
[24]李世涌等.外部性理论及其内部化研究综述[J].中国市场,2007,(31):117-119.
[25]王干.论我国生产者责任延伸制度的完善[J].现代法学,2006,(4):167-173.
[26]关于欧洲“生产者责任延伸制度”的回顾[J].中国粉体技术,2005,(1):4-5.
[27]吕静.生产者延伸责任及国外相关立法综述[J].中国发展,2007,(1):43-46.
[28]徐伟敏.德国废物管理立法的制度特色与启示[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2007,(5):143-147.
[29]罗宇等.我国废弃电子电器产品的回收体系研究[J].再生资源研究,2006,(1):31-34.
[30]海热提等.生产者责任延伸制在汽车回收中的实施手段研究[J].汽车与配件,2006,(49):18-19.
[31]国家环境保护总局污染控制司.固体废物管理与法规—各国废物管理体制与实践[M].化学工业出版社,2004.158.
[32]马娜.生产者责任延伸制度对环保和贸易的作用[J].上海标准化,2006,(5):18-23.
[33]赵建林.固体废物污染环境防治法修订的新亮点[J].中国环境管理,2005,(2):6-8.
[34] [美]约翰·罗尔斯.正义论[M].何怀宏等译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988.226.
[35] [法]孟德斯鸠.论法的精神上册[M].张雁深译.北京:商务印书馆,2005.384.
[36] [法]孟德斯鸠.论法的精神下册[M].张雁深译.北京:商务印书馆,2005.329-330.
[37]孙佑海.循环经济法的基本构架和主要制度论纲[J].法商研究,2007,(3):31-39.
[38]祝融.生产者责任延伸制度立法的探讨[J].环境保护,2005,(10):46-48.
[39]张晓华等.“扩大生产者责任”原则及其在循环经济发展的作用[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2005,(2):19-22.
[40] OECD(2001).Extended Producer Responsibility: A Guidance Manual for Governments [M].53-54.
[41]王兆华等.基于生产者责任延伸制度的我国电子废弃物管理研究[J].北京:北京理工大学学报(社会科学版),2006,(4):49-51.
[42]任文举等.生产者责任延伸制度理论及其实践[J].经济师,2006,(4):29-30.
[43]吴丹等.报废汽车回收体系结构模型研究[J].物流科技,2007,(3):44-46.
[44]黄锡生等.论生产者责任延伸制度[J].法学论坛,2006,(3):111-114.
[45]电子废弃物循环体系的实现与政策研究课题组.中国生产者责任延伸机制探讨[J].中国市场,2007,(1):79-80.
[46]吕忠梅.超越与保守:可持续发展视野下的环境法创新[M].北京:法律出版社,2003.78.
[2]陈德敏,张孝烈.资源经济法学[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2005.128.
[3] [美]道格拉斯·C·诺斯.制度、制度变迁与经济效益[M].刘守英译.上海:上海三联书店,1990.3.
[4] [英]尼尔·麦考密克.制度法论[M].周叶谦译.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004.66.
[5] [古罗马]西塞罗.国家篇法律篇[M].沈叔平、苏力译.北京:商务印书馆,2005.251.
[6]夏征农.辞海缩印本[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,1999.3466-3467.
[7] [英]洛克.政府论下篇[M].叶启芳等译.北京:商务印书馆,2007.3.
[8] Lindhqvis.T.Extended ProducerResponsibility[EB/OL]. http//www.1u.se/IIIEE/research/products/epr/epr-seminar-1992/epr-1992 lindhqvis.html.2002.2005-01-02.
[9]李艳萍.论延伸生产者责任制度[J].环境保护,2005,(7):13-15.
[10]钱勇.OECD国家扩大生产者责任政策对市场结构与企业行为的影响[J].产业经济研究,2004,(2):9-18.
[11]赵震江.法律社会学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1998.214.
[12]张文显.法理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2003.348.
[13]付子堂.法律功能论[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999.44-47.
[14] [美]庞德.通过法律的社会控制—法律的任务[M].沈宗灵、董世忠译.北京:商务印书馆,1984.75.
[15]张才国.生态文明:一种新的和谐发展理念[J].重庆大学学报(社会科学版),2005,(4):26-29.
[16]秦鹏.生态消费法[M].北京:法律出版社,2007.61.
[17] [德]马克思,恩格斯.马克思恩格斯全集[M].第6卷.北京:人民出版社,1961.292.
[18] [英]彼得·斯坦.西方社会的法律价值[M].王献平译.北京:中国法制出版社,2004.17.
[19]陈泉生、张梓太.宪法与行政法的生态化[M].北京:法律出版社,2001.114.
[20] [英]简·汉考克.环境人权:权力、伦理与法律[M].李隼译.重庆:重庆出版社,2007.81.
[21]周训芳.欧洲发达国家公民环境权的发展趋势[J].比较法研究,2004,(5):93-105.
[22] [美]霍尔姆斯·罗斯顿.环境伦理学[M].杨通进译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000.2-3.
[23] [法]阿尔贝特·施韦泽.敬畏生命[M].陈泽环译.上海:上海社会科学出版社,1992.9.
[24]李世涌等.外部性理论及其内部化研究综述[J].中国市场,2007,(31):117-119.
[25]王干.论我国生产者责任延伸制度的完善[J].现代法学,2006,(4):167-173.
[26]关于欧洲“生产者责任延伸制度”的回顾[J].中国粉体技术,2005,(1):4-5.
[27]吕静.生产者延伸责任及国外相关立法综述[J].中国发展,2007,(1):43-46.
[28]徐伟敏.德国废物管理立法的制度特色与启示[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2007,(5):143-147.
[29]罗宇等.我国废弃电子电器产品的回收体系研究[J].再生资源研究,2006,(1):31-34.
[30]海热提等.生产者责任延伸制在汽车回收中的实施手段研究[J].汽车与配件,2006,(49):18-19.
[31]国家环境保护总局污染控制司.固体废物管理与法规—各国废物管理体制与实践[M].化学工业出版社,2004.158.
[32]马娜.生产者责任延伸制度对环保和贸易的作用[J].上海标准化,2006,(5):18-23.
[33]赵建林.固体废物污染环境防治法修订的新亮点[J].中国环境管理,2005,(2):6-8.
[34] [美]约翰·罗尔斯.正义论[M].何怀宏等译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988.226.
[35] [法]孟德斯鸠.论法的精神上册[M].张雁深译.北京:商务印书馆,2005.384.
[36] [法]孟德斯鸠.论法的精神下册[M].张雁深译.北京:商务印书馆,2005.329-330.
[37]孙佑海.循环经济法的基本构架和主要制度论纲[J].法商研究,2007,(3):31-39.
[38]祝融.生产者责任延伸制度立法的探讨[J].环境保护,2005,(10):46-48.
[39]张晓华等.“扩大生产者责任”原则及其在循环经济发展的作用[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2005,(2):19-22.
[40] OECD(2001).Extended Producer Responsibility: A Guidance Manual for Governments [M].53-54.
[41]王兆华等.基于生产者责任延伸制度的我国电子废弃物管理研究[J].北京:北京理工大学学报(社会科学版),2006,(4):49-51.
[42]任文举等.生产者责任延伸制度理论及其实践[J].经济师,2006,(4):29-30.
[43]吴丹等.报废汽车回收体系结构模型研究[J].物流科技,2007,(3):44-46.
[44]黄锡生等.论生产者责任延伸制度[J].法学论坛,2006,(3):111-114.
[45]电子废弃物循环体系的实现与政策研究课题组.中国生产者责任延伸机制探讨[J].中国市场,2007,(1):79-80.
[46]吕忠梅.超越与保守:可持续发展视野下的环境法创新[M].北京:法律出版社,2003.78.