高真空多层绝热低温容器完全真空丧失实验及传热机理研究
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摘要
高真空多层绝热低温容器发生突然、完全的真空丧失(下称“低温容器真空丧失”),是其在使用过程中遇到的一种极端工况。发生该类事故后,其绝热夹层内部的传热过程复杂,对低温液体贮存的影响也非常大。以往针对低温容器发生真空丧失事故后的研究大多是验证设备的安全性与可靠性,研究结果的通用性较差,难以推广应用;同时以往研究的重点集中在低温容器真空丧失后宏观量(容器的蒸发率、漏热量、升压速度等)的获取上,对其内在传热机理的分析与研究很少。为了全面了解发生完全真空丧失事故对高真空多层绝热低温容器绝热夹层绝热及低温液体贮存过程的影响规律,本论文对这一可能引发重大安全事故的极限工况采用实验研究与理论分析、数值模拟相结合的方法进行更系统、更深入的研究,主要完成了以下研究内容:
(1)提出了低温容器真空丧失后绝热夹层的非冷凝逐层传热计算模型。全面讨论了可能影响低温容器绝热夹层传热的各项参数对其真空丧失后绝热夹层传热造成的影响。结果表明,低温容器外筒体壁面温度、绝热材料层数、破空气体性质以及绝热材料包扎密度都是影响其完全真空丧失后绝热夹层传热的关键因素;间隔物导热系数对低温容器真空丧失后绝热夹层传热的影响较小;低温容器的高度则对真空丧失后低温容器绝热夹层的传热没有影响。
(2)实验研究了低温容器初始充满率及绝热材料层数对低温容器真空丧失后绝热夹层传热的影响。结果表明,绝热材料层数对低温容器真空丧失后液相区内筒体外壁面的热流密度有重要影响,而低温容器初始充满率对其却没有显著影响。实验结果与本文建立的传热模型所得到计算结果的变化趋势完全一致,验证了计算模型的正确性。
(3)实验研究了不凝结气体、可凝结气体、可凝华气体及混合气体分别作为破空介质时,对低温容器真空丧失后绝热夹层传热的影响。结果表明,可凝结气体、可凝华气体及混合气体进入低温容器的绝热夹层后从两个方面影响夹层内的传热:一是气体的凝结和凝华放热使绝热夹层的传热在真空丧失初始阶段急剧增强;二是由凝结和凝华生成的液体和固体附着于容器的内筒体和绝热材料上而加强了真空丧失稳定后的传热。提出了凝结和凝华气体进入低温容器绝热夹层后传热过程中综合导热系数(λcom)的概念,根据实验结果获取了二氧化碳和氧气进入液氮容器绝热夹层后,λcom随时间及绝热材料层数的变化关系式。
(4)实验研究了低温容器初始充满率及绝热材料层数对其真空丧失后贮存过程的影响。结果表明,低温容器初始充满率和绝热材料层数都是影响低温容器真空丧失后贮存过程的重要因素。结合实验结果对АгафоновИ.М.提出的低温容器升压计算模型进行了拓展,使其适用于较高热流密度(180～220W/m2及280～320W/m2)条件下的低温容器无排放升压过程计算。拓展后的计算模型可以较好的计算出低温容器真空丧失后的升压过程(两者间的最大相对误差低于23%)。
(5)采用双流体模型对低温容器真空丧失后贮存过程中的液体流动及温度分层现象进行了数值模拟。利用该模型获得的计算结果与实验结果有较好的吻合度(两者间的最大相对误差低于3%),能够较为准确的描述低温容器真空丧失后贮存介质的瞬时流动及温度分层现象,弥补了实验测量技术的不足,为更深入的研究低温容器真空丧失后液体的流动传热过程提供了新的方法和手段。
The sudden, catastrophic loss of insulating vacuum (SCLIV) is one of the most extremely severe conditions that may be encountered during the using process of a HVMLI cryogenic tank. When it occurs, heat transfer across the insulation jacket is very complicated and has significant effects on the thermal performance of the tank. Previous studies focused mainly on the security and reliability of SCLIV cryogenic tanks, and their conclusions were poor in universality and had little practical value in the industrial applications. At the same time, most of previous studies were aimed at obtaining macro-scale parameters such as the evaporation rate, heat flux and pressure increase, but focused rarely on the heat-transfer mechanisms. For the purpose of pursuing an in-depth understanding of the heat transfer process across the insulation jacket with SCLIV and its impact on the stored cryogenic liquid, the present study takes synthetic methods including experimental measurements, theoretical analyses and numerical simulations to investigate HVMLI cryogenic tanks with SCLIV. The main research activities include:
(1) A heat transfer model is proposed for heat transfer analysis of HVMLI cryogenic tank with SCLIV. Some important parameters affecting heat transfer across the insulation jacket are comprehensively discussed. The results show that the outer wall temperature, the number of insulating layers, the leaking gas and the package density of the insulating layers are key factors affecting heat transfer across insulation jacket after SCLIV. The thermal conductivity of spacer mateials has little effect on the heat transfer process and the height of the tank has no visible effects on it.
(2) The effects of the initial liquid level and the insulation layer number on the HVMLI cryogenic tank with SCLIV are experimentally investigated. The results demonstrate that the insulation layer number play an important role in impacting the heat transfer process in the HVMLI cryogenic tank with SCLIV, whereas the initial liquid level rarely affects the heat transfer process. The calculated results using the heat transfer model agree well with the experimental data, which verifies the effectiveness of the model.
(3) The effects of different gases, including non-condensable gas, condensable gas, sublimated gas and mixed gas on the HVMLI cryogenic tank with SCLIV are experimentally investigated. The results proved that the heat transfer process is significantly affected by two major factors: one is gas condensation and sublimation make heat flux increase sharply at the initial stage of the SCLIV; the other is the liquid or solid adhering to the inner vessel and insulation materials makes the heat transfer enhanced. The composited thermal conductivityλcom has been proposed for the heat transfer process of insulation jacket with condesable and sublimated gases. According to the experimental results from the insulation jacket with carbon dioxide and oxygen, the correlation ofλcom changing with time and the number of insulating layers has been proposed.
(4) The effects of the initial liquid level and insulation layer number on liquid storage of the HVMLI cryogenic tank with SCLIV are experimentally investigated. The results show that the both factors significantly affect the liquid storage. TheАгафоновИ.М. calculation model has been improved so that it can calculate accurately the pressurization process under high heat flux conditions (180～220W/m2 and 280～320W/m2). The calculated results agree well with the experimental data (the maximum relative error is less than 23%).
(5) The liquid flow and temperature stratification in the HVMLI cryogenic tank with SCLIV are numerically simulated using the two-fluid model. The predicted results agree well with the experimental data (the maximum relative error is less than 3%), especially for the instantaneous flow of cryogenic liquid and its temperature stratification was described in detail. The simulated results make up for the lack of experimental techniques and provide a new methods and means to the study of the liquid flow and heat transfer after SCLIV deeply.
(1)提出了低温容器真空丧失后绝热夹层的非冷凝逐层传热计算模型。全面讨论了可能影响低温容器绝热夹层传热的各项参数对其真空丧失后绝热夹层传热造成的影响。结果表明,低温容器外筒体壁面温度、绝热材料层数、破空气体性质以及绝热材料包扎密度都是影响其完全真空丧失后绝热夹层传热的关键因素;间隔物导热系数对低温容器真空丧失后绝热夹层传热的影响较小;低温容器的高度则对真空丧失后低温容器绝热夹层的传热没有影响。
(2)实验研究了低温容器初始充满率及绝热材料层数对低温容器真空丧失后绝热夹层传热的影响。结果表明,绝热材料层数对低温容器真空丧失后液相区内筒体外壁面的热流密度有重要影响,而低温容器初始充满率对其却没有显著影响。实验结果与本文建立的传热模型所得到计算结果的变化趋势完全一致,验证了计算模型的正确性。
(3)实验研究了不凝结气体、可凝结气体、可凝华气体及混合气体分别作为破空介质时,对低温容器真空丧失后绝热夹层传热的影响。结果表明,可凝结气体、可凝华气体及混合气体进入低温容器的绝热夹层后从两个方面影响夹层内的传热:一是气体的凝结和凝华放热使绝热夹层的传热在真空丧失初始阶段急剧增强;二是由凝结和凝华生成的液体和固体附着于容器的内筒体和绝热材料上而加强了真空丧失稳定后的传热。提出了凝结和凝华气体进入低温容器绝热夹层后传热过程中综合导热系数(λcom)的概念,根据实验结果获取了二氧化碳和氧气进入液氮容器绝热夹层后,λcom随时间及绝热材料层数的变化关系式。
(4)实验研究了低温容器初始充满率及绝热材料层数对其真空丧失后贮存过程的影响。结果表明,低温容器初始充满率和绝热材料层数都是影响低温容器真空丧失后贮存过程的重要因素。结合实验结果对АгафоновИ.М.提出的低温容器升压计算模型进行了拓展,使其适用于较高热流密度(180～220W/m2及280～320W/m2)条件下的低温容器无排放升压过程计算。拓展后的计算模型可以较好的计算出低温容器真空丧失后的升压过程(两者间的最大相对误差低于23%)。
(5)采用双流体模型对低温容器真空丧失后贮存过程中的液体流动及温度分层现象进行了数值模拟。利用该模型获得的计算结果与实验结果有较好的吻合度(两者间的最大相对误差低于3%),能够较为准确的描述低温容器真空丧失后贮存介质的瞬时流动及温度分层现象,弥补了实验测量技术的不足,为更深入的研究低温容器真空丧失后液体的流动传热过程提供了新的方法和手段。
The sudden, catastrophic loss of insulating vacuum (SCLIV) is one of the most extremely severe conditions that may be encountered during the using process of a HVMLI cryogenic tank. When it occurs, heat transfer across the insulation jacket is very complicated and has significant effects on the thermal performance of the tank. Previous studies focused mainly on the security and reliability of SCLIV cryogenic tanks, and their conclusions were poor in universality and had little practical value in the industrial applications. At the same time, most of previous studies were aimed at obtaining macro-scale parameters such as the evaporation rate, heat flux and pressure increase, but focused rarely on the heat-transfer mechanisms. For the purpose of pursuing an in-depth understanding of the heat transfer process across the insulation jacket with SCLIV and its impact on the stored cryogenic liquid, the present study takes synthetic methods including experimental measurements, theoretical analyses and numerical simulations to investigate HVMLI cryogenic tanks with SCLIV. The main research activities include:
(1) A heat transfer model is proposed for heat transfer analysis of HVMLI cryogenic tank with SCLIV. Some important parameters affecting heat transfer across the insulation jacket are comprehensively discussed. The results show that the outer wall temperature, the number of insulating layers, the leaking gas and the package density of the insulating layers are key factors affecting heat transfer across insulation jacket after SCLIV. The thermal conductivity of spacer mateials has little effect on the heat transfer process and the height of the tank has no visible effects on it.
(2) The effects of the initial liquid level and the insulation layer number on the HVMLI cryogenic tank with SCLIV are experimentally investigated. The results demonstrate that the insulation layer number play an important role in impacting the heat transfer process in the HVMLI cryogenic tank with SCLIV, whereas the initial liquid level rarely affects the heat transfer process. The calculated results using the heat transfer model agree well with the experimental data, which verifies the effectiveness of the model.
(3) The effects of different gases, including non-condensable gas, condensable gas, sublimated gas and mixed gas on the HVMLI cryogenic tank with SCLIV are experimentally investigated. The results proved that the heat transfer process is significantly affected by two major factors: one is gas condensation and sublimation make heat flux increase sharply at the initial stage of the SCLIV; the other is the liquid or solid adhering to the inner vessel and insulation materials makes the heat transfer enhanced. The composited thermal conductivityλcom has been proposed for the heat transfer process of insulation jacket with condesable and sublimated gases. According to the experimental results from the insulation jacket with carbon dioxide and oxygen, the correlation ofλcom changing with time and the number of insulating layers has been proposed.
(4) The effects of the initial liquid level and insulation layer number on liquid storage of the HVMLI cryogenic tank with SCLIV are experimentally investigated. The results show that the both factors significantly affect the liquid storage. TheАгафоновИ.М. calculation model has been improved so that it can calculate accurately the pressurization process under high heat flux conditions (180～220W/m2 and 280～320W/m2). The calculated results agree well with the experimental data (the maximum relative error is less than 23%).
(5) The liquid flow and temperature stratification in the HVMLI cryogenic tank with SCLIV are numerically simulated using the two-fluid model. The predicted results agree well with the experimental data (the maximum relative error is less than 3%), especially for the instantaneous flow of cryogenic liquid and its temperature stratification was described in detail. The simulated results make up for the lack of experimental techniques and provide a new methods and means to the study of the liquid flow and heat transfer after SCLIV deeply.
引文
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