北京山区典型流域森林植被多样性研究
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摘要
北京山区由于多年治理,森林覆盖率不断增加,然而,目前该地区森林仍以人工林为主,树种较单一,中幼林、纯林比例较高,生物多样性也较低。因此,如何按照森林植被演替规律提高森林植被的物种多样性,进而提高森林的健康水平成为该地区面临的新问题。本文以密云县古北口潮关西沟流域天然次生林植被为研究对象。在对主要群落进行数量分类和排序的基础上,综合演替梯度分析法、演替度法和各群落中龄级分配分析法,三种演替研究方法,结合群落的生态位研究,对天然林的次生演题,及演替片段上的多样性进行了较深入的研究,并提出多样性的保育措施。
本研究应用数量学分类方法TWINSPAN,在六级水平上对潮关西沟森林植被进行类型划分。结合《中国植被》的3级分类系统,建立了潮关西沟流域的植被分类系统,将主要森林植被被划分为10个群系、17个群丛。在调查的14个环境因子中,海拔高度、土壤含水量、土壤速效N含量、全N含量、坡向、坡度等,对植被分布的影响较大;而全K、速效K含量,以及全P、速效P、坡位等,对植被分布的影响相对不明显。
由潮关西沟森林植被乔灌木的生态位研究可知,白蜡、臭椿、蒙古栎、胡桃楸,荆条、胡枝子、薄皮木、孩儿拳头、酸枣、土庄绣线菊等,生态位宽度很大,为泛化种;而臭檀、黑桦、山荆子,六道木、接骨木等,为特化种。北京丁香、鹅耳枥为白蜡的伴生种,桑树、山桃、小叶朴为臭椿的伴生种,杜梨、鹅耳枥为臭檀的伴生种。薄皮木、孩儿拳头、胡枝子、花木蓝、酸枣等为荆条的伴生种,平榛多为土庄绣线菊的伴生种,杭子梢、南蛇藤、溲疏等常为雀儿舌头的伴生种。而与其他物种生态位重叠度都不高的油松、蒙古栎、蒙椴、土庄绣线菊,在自然演替中,其资源占用率比较高,竞争优势较大。
通过对潮关西沟流域天然次生林的调查,分别采用演替梯度分析法、演替度法和各群落中龄级分配分析法,及枯树和幼树更新状况分析,最后结合生态位研究和分类结果,得出此典型流域森林植被的演替规律。阳坡演替趋势为:灌丛—→栾树—→山杏—→臭椿—→臭檀—→蒙古栎;阴坡演替趋势为:灌丛—→胡桃楸—→小叶朴、臭椿、山杏—→山杨、白榆、桑树—→白蜡、北京丁香—→黑桦—→蒙椴、糠椴—→蒙古栎、油松;沟底的演替趋势为:灌丛—→栾树—→臭椿—→臭檀。总体演替趋势为:荆条灌丛—→荆条、土庄绣线菊混交灌丛—→栾树林—→小叶朴、山杏、臭椿林—→臭檀林—→鹅耳枥、胡桃楸林—→山杨、白榆、桑树林—→白蜡、大果榆、元宝槭、色木槭林—→黑桦、蒙椴—→蒙古栎、油松林。
应用3大类、8种生物多样性测度指标,对潮关西沟流域处于不同演替阶段的群落进行多样性分析,最终得出群落各层次多样性随演替规律的变化趋势,以及各层次之间物种多样性变化的规律,和多样性指数之间的关系。物种丰富度方面,群落乔木层随着演替进展的变化呈现出逐渐上升的变化趋势;而灌木层呈现出先升高后降低的单峰变化;草本层则为先降低后升高的变化趋势。草本层的丰富度则与乔木、灌木层表现为明显的负相关关系。人工干扰的群落中,丰富度值均小于天然群落。物种均匀度方面,群落乔木层随着演替进展的变化呈现出先升高后降低的单峰变化;各群落中灌木层均匀度相差不大;草本层的变化趋势则变化规律复杂。灌木层的均匀度不受乔木层的影响;而草本层的均匀度,受到乔木层和灌木层的双重影响,表现较为凌乱。而在有人工干扰的群落中,混交林各层次均匀度均要比纯林要高。物种综合多样性方面,群落乔木层随着演替进展的变化呈现先升高后降低的单峰变化;灌木层各群落相互间变化不大;草本层则表现为先降低后升高的变化趋势。灌木层的多样性并没有受到乔木层的太多影响;而草本层的多样性与乔木层表现为较明显的负相关关系。在有人工干扰的群落中,乔木和草本层均显示具有较低的多样性。
在以上三类多样性测度指标对比中,丰富度指数与综合多样性指数,总体而言呈显著相关,随着丰富度指数的增加多样性指数也呈增长的趋势;丰富度指数与均匀度指数的相关性很小,甚至出现负相关;而综合多样性指教与均匀度指数间存在极显著的相关性,且为正相关关系。
对于生物多样性的保育,不仅应当加强保护区建设,保护濒危物种和种质资源,防卫外来种入侵,从而维护合理的群落结构促进植物物种的天然更新和发展,而且应当加强科研工作,重视水土保持工作,为生物多样性保育提供更多的理论指导和技术支撑。同时,还应当建立健全生物多样性保育的法律法规保障体系,加强生态教育宣传,以及加强区域间的合作和国际间的交流,并制定相应的生物多样性保育规划。
In the rocky mountain area of Beijing, forest coverage has increased continuously after soil and water treatment. However,some new problems have appeared. For example, the afforestration area is too large compared with natura1 forest; and planted tree species are less; proportions of pure forest, and half-mature, sapling forest are too high; forest biodiversity is low. Therefore, we have to solve the new problem in this region about how to raise forest vegetation biodiversity and then the 1evel of forest healthy according to forest vegetation succession law.
In this research, we mainly research on natural secondary forest succession rule, and biodiversity in succession series. With natural secondary forest of Chaoguanxigou in Miyun county Gubeikou town as the research object, we applied three kinds of succession methods are, such as, the succession gradient analytic method, degree succession method, and the analytic method of the age grade distribution in the community, and combined with ecological niche study. Finally puts forward the biodiversity conservation measures.
In this research, application quantity classification method TWINSPAN, classify to Chaoguanxigou forest vegetation in six grades. Combining 3 grades of classification systems in“China vegetation”, and has built the vegetation classification system of Chaoguanxigou watershed. The forest vegetation is divided and is tied into 10 groups and 17 groups of clusters.
The influence that to the vegetation distributes is bigger to altitude, soil moisture, hydrolyable N, total N and slope aspect and slope gradient etc in 14 environment factors investigated. And total K and available K, as well as total P, available P and slope position etc, and the influence that distributes to the vegetation opposites to each other unknownly to be apparent.
Acoording to the research of ecological niche in Chaoguanxigou: the ecological niche is very greatly to Vitex negundo, Lespedeza bicolor, Leptodermis oblonga, Grewia biloba vra. parviflora, Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa and Spiraea pubescens etc to Fraxinus chinensis, Ailanthus altissima, Quercus mongolica and Juglans mandshurica, for generalization plant, and Evodia daneillii, Betula dahurica malus baccata, Abelia biflora and Sambucus williamsii etc, for specialization plant.
Companion that Syringa pekinensis and Carpainus turczaninowii is the Fraxinus chinensis is living and plants, and companion that Morus alba, Amygdalus davidiana and Celtis bungeana serve as the Ailanthus altissima is living and plants, Pyrus betulifolia and Carpainus turczaninowii serve as the companion of Evodia daneillii living plant . Companion for the Vitex negundo such as Leptodermis oblonga and Grewia biloba vra. parviflora, Lespedeza bicolor, Indigofera kirilowii and Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa etc is living and is planted, puts down Corylus heterophylla mostly for Spiraea pubescens living plants, the companion of Leptopus Chinensis such as Campylotropis macrocarpa, Celastrus orbiculatus and Deutzia scabra etc living plant. Rather than and the high Pinus tabulaeformis of species niche overlap, Quercus mongolica, Tilia mongolica and Spiraea pubescens, its resources occupying rate is fairly higher in nature succession, and the competitive advantage is than greatly.
By way of the investigation to the natural secondary forest in Chaoguanxigou watershed, uses the succession gradient analytic method, degree succession method, and the analytic method of the age grade distribution in the community, reaches withered tree and young tree renews condition analysis, finally combine ecological niche study and classify result ,reaches the succession law of this typical watershed forest vegetation.
Succession trend on sunny slope is: The shrubbery—Koelreuteria paniculata—Prunus armeniaca var. ansu—Ailanthus altissima—Evodia daneillii—Quercus mongolica. Shady slope succession trend is: The shrubbery—Juglans mandshurica—Celtis bungeana, Ailanthus altissima, Prunus armeniaca var. ansu,—Populus davidiana, Ulmus pumila, Morus alba—Fraxinus chinensis, Syringa pekinensis—Betula dahurica—Tilia mongolica, Tilia mandshurica—Quercus mongolica, Pinus tabulaeformis. The ditch bottom succession trend is: The shrubbery—Koelreuteria paniculata—Ailanthus altissima—Evodia daneillii.
Overall succession trend is: Vitex negundo—Vitex negundo, Spiraea pubescens—Koelreuteria paniculata—Celtis bungeana, Prunus armeniaca var. ansu, Ailanthus altissima—Evodia daneillii—Carpainus turczaninowii, Juglans mandshurica—Populus davidiana, Ulmus pumila, Morus alba—Fraxinus chinensis, Ulmus macrocarpa, Acer truncatum, Acer mono—Betula dahurica, Tilia mongolica—Quercus mongolica, Pinus tabulaeformis.
Applying eight kinds of biodiversity measure indexes, and analysis is carried on in the community to what tide Chaoguanxigou watershed was in different succession stage. Finally, the change trend that the succession law was followed to biodiversity of each hierarchy of community is reached, as well as the law of diversity of species change between each hierarchy, and the relation between diversity indexes.
In the aspects of species richness: Change a trend that moves upward is gradually appeared along with the change that succession makes progress in the community arbor layer. And the shrub layer is appeared to go up first and reduce after. But the herbaceous layer reduces back change trend that goes up for first. The richness of the arbor and shrub layer show of herbaceous layer is the clear negative correlation relation. In the community of man-made interference, the degree the richness value all is smaller than the natural community .
In the aspects of species evenness: a single peak change that a change that along with succession makes progress on the community arbor layer reduces after appearing to go up first. The shrub layer evenness differs not very in each community. But the change trend of herbaceous layer is apparent in disorderly slightly. The influence not receiving the arbor layer of evenness of shrub layer And herbaceous layer the evenness suffering arbor the double influence with the bush layer of layer, and shows comparatively in disorderly. And each hierarchy of mixed forest is even degree all high than the pure forest is wanted in the community that someone worker disturbed. In the aspects of synthetical diversity: a single peak change that a change that along with succession makes progress on the community arbor layer reduces after appearing to go up first. The mutual change of each community of shrub layer is not very. That but the herbaceous layer shows reduces back change trend that goes up for first. Diversified nature of shrub layer does not suffer too many influences of arbor layer. And diversified nature of herbaceous layer shows to the clearer negative correlation relation with the arbor layer. The arbor all shows and possesses lower diversified nature with the herbaceous layer in the community that someone worker disturbed.
At above three kinds of diversified nature estimate in the quota contrast, the richness index and syntheticals diversity index, assumes the notable correlation, along with diversity of increase index of the richness index also assumes the trend of increase. The richness index is very small with the correlation of evenness index, negative correlation has even to the extent that appeared. And synthetical diversity is instructed with existing the extremely notable correlation between evenness, just for the positive correlation relation .
As for biodiversity conservation, not only should strengthen protecting area build, and protects species in imminent danger and kind nature resources, and defend outside kind invading, thus the community structure safeguarded reasonably promotes natural regeneration and the development of plant species, and should strengthen scientific research work, and attach importance to water and soil conservation work, theory guidances that diversified nature of thing child care made a living provides even more and the technology is put up. At the same time, still should build the law regulations guarantees systems of perfect diversified nature of living things child care, and strengthen ecology education conducing propaganda, as well as the exchange strengthened between the region between cooperation and internation, and corresponding diversified nature of the living things child care planning of formulation.
本研究应用数量学分类方法TWINSPAN,在六级水平上对潮关西沟森林植被进行类型划分。结合《中国植被》的3级分类系统,建立了潮关西沟流域的植被分类系统,将主要森林植被被划分为10个群系、17个群丛。在调查的14个环境因子中,海拔高度、土壤含水量、土壤速效N含量、全N含量、坡向、坡度等,对植被分布的影响较大;而全K、速效K含量,以及全P、速效P、坡位等,对植被分布的影响相对不明显。
由潮关西沟森林植被乔灌木的生态位研究可知,白蜡、臭椿、蒙古栎、胡桃楸,荆条、胡枝子、薄皮木、孩儿拳头、酸枣、土庄绣线菊等,生态位宽度很大,为泛化种;而臭檀、黑桦、山荆子,六道木、接骨木等,为特化种。北京丁香、鹅耳枥为白蜡的伴生种,桑树、山桃、小叶朴为臭椿的伴生种,杜梨、鹅耳枥为臭檀的伴生种。薄皮木、孩儿拳头、胡枝子、花木蓝、酸枣等为荆条的伴生种,平榛多为土庄绣线菊的伴生种,杭子梢、南蛇藤、溲疏等常为雀儿舌头的伴生种。而与其他物种生态位重叠度都不高的油松、蒙古栎、蒙椴、土庄绣线菊,在自然演替中,其资源占用率比较高,竞争优势较大。
通过对潮关西沟流域天然次生林的调查,分别采用演替梯度分析法、演替度法和各群落中龄级分配分析法,及枯树和幼树更新状况分析,最后结合生态位研究和分类结果,得出此典型流域森林植被的演替规律。阳坡演替趋势为:灌丛—→栾树—→山杏—→臭椿—→臭檀—→蒙古栎;阴坡演替趋势为:灌丛—→胡桃楸—→小叶朴、臭椿、山杏—→山杨、白榆、桑树—→白蜡、北京丁香—→黑桦—→蒙椴、糠椴—→蒙古栎、油松;沟底的演替趋势为:灌丛—→栾树—→臭椿—→臭檀。总体演替趋势为:荆条灌丛—→荆条、土庄绣线菊混交灌丛—→栾树林—→小叶朴、山杏、臭椿林—→臭檀林—→鹅耳枥、胡桃楸林—→山杨、白榆、桑树林—→白蜡、大果榆、元宝槭、色木槭林—→黑桦、蒙椴—→蒙古栎、油松林。
应用3大类、8种生物多样性测度指标,对潮关西沟流域处于不同演替阶段的群落进行多样性分析,最终得出群落各层次多样性随演替规律的变化趋势,以及各层次之间物种多样性变化的规律,和多样性指数之间的关系。物种丰富度方面,群落乔木层随着演替进展的变化呈现出逐渐上升的变化趋势;而灌木层呈现出先升高后降低的单峰变化;草本层则为先降低后升高的变化趋势。草本层的丰富度则与乔木、灌木层表现为明显的负相关关系。人工干扰的群落中,丰富度值均小于天然群落。物种均匀度方面,群落乔木层随着演替进展的变化呈现出先升高后降低的单峰变化;各群落中灌木层均匀度相差不大;草本层的变化趋势则变化规律复杂。灌木层的均匀度不受乔木层的影响;而草本层的均匀度,受到乔木层和灌木层的双重影响,表现较为凌乱。而在有人工干扰的群落中,混交林各层次均匀度均要比纯林要高。物种综合多样性方面,群落乔木层随着演替进展的变化呈现先升高后降低的单峰变化;灌木层各群落相互间变化不大;草本层则表现为先降低后升高的变化趋势。灌木层的多样性并没有受到乔木层的太多影响;而草本层的多样性与乔木层表现为较明显的负相关关系。在有人工干扰的群落中,乔木和草本层均显示具有较低的多样性。
在以上三类多样性测度指标对比中,丰富度指数与综合多样性指数,总体而言呈显著相关,随着丰富度指数的增加多样性指数也呈增长的趋势;丰富度指数与均匀度指数的相关性很小,甚至出现负相关;而综合多样性指教与均匀度指数间存在极显著的相关性,且为正相关关系。
对于生物多样性的保育,不仅应当加强保护区建设,保护濒危物种和种质资源,防卫外来种入侵,从而维护合理的群落结构促进植物物种的天然更新和发展,而且应当加强科研工作,重视水土保持工作,为生物多样性保育提供更多的理论指导和技术支撑。同时,还应当建立健全生物多样性保育的法律法规保障体系,加强生态教育宣传,以及加强区域间的合作和国际间的交流,并制定相应的生物多样性保育规划。
In the rocky mountain area of Beijing, forest coverage has increased continuously after soil and water treatment. However,some new problems have appeared. For example, the afforestration area is too large compared with natura1 forest; and planted tree species are less; proportions of pure forest, and half-mature, sapling forest are too high; forest biodiversity is low. Therefore, we have to solve the new problem in this region about how to raise forest vegetation biodiversity and then the 1evel of forest healthy according to forest vegetation succession law.
In this research, we mainly research on natural secondary forest succession rule, and biodiversity in succession series. With natural secondary forest of Chaoguanxigou in Miyun county Gubeikou town as the research object, we applied three kinds of succession methods are, such as, the succession gradient analytic method, degree succession method, and the analytic method of the age grade distribution in the community, and combined with ecological niche study. Finally puts forward the biodiversity conservation measures.
In this research, application quantity classification method TWINSPAN, classify to Chaoguanxigou forest vegetation in six grades. Combining 3 grades of classification systems in“China vegetation”, and has built the vegetation classification system of Chaoguanxigou watershed. The forest vegetation is divided and is tied into 10 groups and 17 groups of clusters.
The influence that to the vegetation distributes is bigger to altitude, soil moisture, hydrolyable N, total N and slope aspect and slope gradient etc in 14 environment factors investigated. And total K and available K, as well as total P, available P and slope position etc, and the influence that distributes to the vegetation opposites to each other unknownly to be apparent.
Acoording to the research of ecological niche in Chaoguanxigou: the ecological niche is very greatly to Vitex negundo, Lespedeza bicolor, Leptodermis oblonga, Grewia biloba vra. parviflora, Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa and Spiraea pubescens etc to Fraxinus chinensis, Ailanthus altissima, Quercus mongolica and Juglans mandshurica, for generalization plant, and Evodia daneillii, Betula dahurica malus baccata, Abelia biflora and Sambucus williamsii etc, for specialization plant.
Companion that Syringa pekinensis and Carpainus turczaninowii is the Fraxinus chinensis is living and plants, and companion that Morus alba, Amygdalus davidiana and Celtis bungeana serve as the Ailanthus altissima is living and plants, Pyrus betulifolia and Carpainus turczaninowii serve as the companion of Evodia daneillii living plant . Companion for the Vitex negundo such as Leptodermis oblonga and Grewia biloba vra. parviflora, Lespedeza bicolor, Indigofera kirilowii and Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa etc is living and is planted, puts down Corylus heterophylla mostly for Spiraea pubescens living plants, the companion of Leptopus Chinensis such as Campylotropis macrocarpa, Celastrus orbiculatus and Deutzia scabra etc living plant. Rather than and the high Pinus tabulaeformis of species niche overlap, Quercus mongolica, Tilia mongolica and Spiraea pubescens, its resources occupying rate is fairly higher in nature succession, and the competitive advantage is than greatly.
By way of the investigation to the natural secondary forest in Chaoguanxigou watershed, uses the succession gradient analytic method, degree succession method, and the analytic method of the age grade distribution in the community, reaches withered tree and young tree renews condition analysis, finally combine ecological niche study and classify result ,reaches the succession law of this typical watershed forest vegetation.
Succession trend on sunny slope is: The shrubbery—Koelreuteria paniculata—Prunus armeniaca var. ansu—Ailanthus altissima—Evodia daneillii—Quercus mongolica. Shady slope succession trend is: The shrubbery—Juglans mandshurica—Celtis bungeana, Ailanthus altissima, Prunus armeniaca var. ansu,—Populus davidiana, Ulmus pumila, Morus alba—Fraxinus chinensis, Syringa pekinensis—Betula dahurica—Tilia mongolica, Tilia mandshurica—Quercus mongolica, Pinus tabulaeformis. The ditch bottom succession trend is: The shrubbery—Koelreuteria paniculata—Ailanthus altissima—Evodia daneillii.
Overall succession trend is: Vitex negundo—Vitex negundo, Spiraea pubescens—Koelreuteria paniculata—Celtis bungeana, Prunus armeniaca var. ansu, Ailanthus altissima—Evodia daneillii—Carpainus turczaninowii, Juglans mandshurica—Populus davidiana, Ulmus pumila, Morus alba—Fraxinus chinensis, Ulmus macrocarpa, Acer truncatum, Acer mono—Betula dahurica, Tilia mongolica—Quercus mongolica, Pinus tabulaeformis.
Applying eight kinds of biodiversity measure indexes, and analysis is carried on in the community to what tide Chaoguanxigou watershed was in different succession stage. Finally, the change trend that the succession law was followed to biodiversity of each hierarchy of community is reached, as well as the law of diversity of species change between each hierarchy, and the relation between diversity indexes.
In the aspects of species richness: Change a trend that moves upward is gradually appeared along with the change that succession makes progress in the community arbor layer. And the shrub layer is appeared to go up first and reduce after. But the herbaceous layer reduces back change trend that goes up for first. The richness of the arbor and shrub layer show of herbaceous layer is the clear negative correlation relation. In the community of man-made interference, the degree the richness value all is smaller than the natural community .
In the aspects of species evenness: a single peak change that a change that along with succession makes progress on the community arbor layer reduces after appearing to go up first. The shrub layer evenness differs not very in each community. But the change trend of herbaceous layer is apparent in disorderly slightly. The influence not receiving the arbor layer of evenness of shrub layer And herbaceous layer the evenness suffering arbor the double influence with the bush layer of layer, and shows comparatively in disorderly. And each hierarchy of mixed forest is even degree all high than the pure forest is wanted in the community that someone worker disturbed. In the aspects of synthetical diversity: a single peak change that a change that along with succession makes progress on the community arbor layer reduces after appearing to go up first. The mutual change of each community of shrub layer is not very. That but the herbaceous layer shows reduces back change trend that goes up for first. Diversified nature of shrub layer does not suffer too many influences of arbor layer. And diversified nature of herbaceous layer shows to the clearer negative correlation relation with the arbor layer. The arbor all shows and possesses lower diversified nature with the herbaceous layer in the community that someone worker disturbed.
At above three kinds of diversified nature estimate in the quota contrast, the richness index and syntheticals diversity index, assumes the notable correlation, along with diversity of increase index of the richness index also assumes the trend of increase. The richness index is very small with the correlation of evenness index, negative correlation has even to the extent that appeared. And synthetical diversity is instructed with existing the extremely notable correlation between evenness, just for the positive correlation relation .
As for biodiversity conservation, not only should strengthen protecting area build, and protects species in imminent danger and kind nature resources, and defend outside kind invading, thus the community structure safeguarded reasonably promotes natural regeneration and the development of plant species, and should strengthen scientific research work, and attach importance to water and soil conservation work, theory guidances that diversified nature of thing child care made a living provides even more and the technology is put up. At the same time, still should build the law regulations guarantees systems of perfect diversified nature of living things child care, and strengthen ecology education conducing propaganda, as well as the exchange strengthened between the region between cooperation and internation, and corresponding diversified nature of the living things child care planning of formulation.
引文
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