黄土半干旱区主要造林树种耗水量研究
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摘要
本研究针对干旱半干旱地区植被建设中植被与水资源关系不协调的问题,以土壤-植物-大气连续系统(SPAC)理论为基础,在2005年的生长季期间选择黄土高原主要造林树种侧柏、油松、刺槐、新疆杨、紫穗槐、仁用杏作为研究对象,利用先进的仪器和设备,运用多种方法和手段,分析不同水分环境条件与林木生长的关系,系统地研究该地区主要造林树种蒸腾耗水的水分生理生态学特征和耗水规律,其结果为今后该地区进行植被建设与恢复的抗旱节水树种选择、提高造林成活率、林地水分平衡基础上的森林营造提供了理论依据。
主要研究结果如下:
在充分供水盆栽试验条件下,苗木蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化曲线呈单峰型;针叶树种的蒸腾速率和气孔导度最低,阔叶树种最高,灌木树种位于中间。对不同土壤水分条件下树种苗木的各项生理指标研究表明:随着土壤含水量的增加,大部分树种苗木的蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率随着增加。
不同树种之间的耗水规律趋同,但耗水量差异却很大,新疆杨的耗水量最大,属于高耗水树种,侧柏和油松耗水量最小,为低耗水树种,刺槐、仁用杏、紫穗槐耗水量居中,为中耗水树种。针叶树种的耗水速率远低于阔叶树种,高耗水阔叶树种(新疆杨、刺槐)的耗水速率是针叶树种(油松、侧柏)的5-10倍,灌木树种(仁用杏、紫穗槐)是油松、侧柏的2-3倍。树木的耗水量与其耗水速率和叶面积有关,进行植被建设时应选择抗旱节水的树种和合理的密度。
不同的土壤水分含量对各树种耗水量和生物量有明显的影响,6个树种的总耗水量、总生物量呈现相同的变化趋势,均为充分供水条件下最高,中度水分胁迫下最低。土壤水分对苗木蒸腾耗水具有决定性作用,两者之间呈极显著正相关,其中新疆杨的相关性最大(r=0.944),其次为侧柏(r=0.886)、刺槐(r=0.837)、仁用杏(r=0.751)、紫穗槐(r=0.746),油松无显著相关。
采用综合法和称重法计算林木的实际蒸散量并将两种方法的计算结果进行了比较,两者的变化趋势基本一致,但综合法的数值偏大,结果相对差值基本上在20%左右,在蒸发旺盛的7、8月份两者相对差值较大,达到25%以上。
Aiming to solve the contradiction between demand for the extension of forest vegetation and the limited water supply in arid and semi-arid area and based on the theory of soil-plant-atmosphere continuum, the dissertation chose the main afforestation tree species Patycladus orientalis ,Pinus tabulaeformis ,Robinia pseudoacacia ,Populus pekinensis,Ulmus macrocarpa and Prunus armeniaca on Loess Plateaus in Growing Seasons of 2005, utilized advanced apparatus, equipments and various approaches, systematically analyzed of relationship between wood production with water consumption and studied the ecophysiological characteristics of tree transpiration and water consumption. Target of the researches is to meet the need in choice of tree species with drought-tolerance and lower water consumption, higher survival rates, and afforestation and reconstruction of forest vegetation in the arid and semi-arid areas of China.
Main research results are as follows:
Under the condition of free soil water stress, the diurnal changes of transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of eight main afforestation tree species display a signal-peak curve. The transpiration rate of coniferous trees was the lowest, whilst the broad leaved trees were the highest, and the shrub species fell between coniferous species and broad leaved species. With the increase of soil water content ,the transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and water use efficiency increase under the different soil water content.
The water consumption proportion of different seedlings was in the same trend, but the factual data was very different. Populus alba had the highest water consumption, Patycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis were the lower water consumption plants, Robinia pseudoacacia, Prunus armeniaca, Amorpha fruticosa were in the middle. The water consumption rates of coniferous species were less obviously than that of the broadleaf tree species. Also, The water consumption rates of broadleaf tree species, like as Populus alba,Robinia pseudoacacia were 5 to 10 times as much as that of Patycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis. While the water consumption rates of shrubbery species like as Amorpha fruticos and Prunus armeniaca were 2 to 3 times as much as that of Patycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis. The water consumption of trees was relevant to their water consumption rate and leaf area, accordingly, it is very important to select tree species, which has lower water consumption and drought tolerance, and set reasonable stand density in recovery and reconstruction of forest vegetation.
The soil water content had obvious affect on water consumption and biomass. The water consumption and biomass of six tree species had the same proportion, which was the highest in
主要研究结果如下:
在充分供水盆栽试验条件下,苗木蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化曲线呈单峰型;针叶树种的蒸腾速率和气孔导度最低,阔叶树种最高,灌木树种位于中间。对不同土壤水分条件下树种苗木的各项生理指标研究表明:随着土壤含水量的增加,大部分树种苗木的蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率随着增加。
不同树种之间的耗水规律趋同,但耗水量差异却很大,新疆杨的耗水量最大,属于高耗水树种,侧柏和油松耗水量最小,为低耗水树种,刺槐、仁用杏、紫穗槐耗水量居中,为中耗水树种。针叶树种的耗水速率远低于阔叶树种,高耗水阔叶树种(新疆杨、刺槐)的耗水速率是针叶树种(油松、侧柏)的5-10倍,灌木树种(仁用杏、紫穗槐)是油松、侧柏的2-3倍。树木的耗水量与其耗水速率和叶面积有关,进行植被建设时应选择抗旱节水的树种和合理的密度。
不同的土壤水分含量对各树种耗水量和生物量有明显的影响,6个树种的总耗水量、总生物量呈现相同的变化趋势,均为充分供水条件下最高,中度水分胁迫下最低。土壤水分对苗木蒸腾耗水具有决定性作用,两者之间呈极显著正相关,其中新疆杨的相关性最大(r=0.944),其次为侧柏(r=0.886)、刺槐(r=0.837)、仁用杏(r=0.751)、紫穗槐(r=0.746),油松无显著相关。
采用综合法和称重法计算林木的实际蒸散量并将两种方法的计算结果进行了比较,两者的变化趋势基本一致,但综合法的数值偏大,结果相对差值基本上在20%左右,在蒸发旺盛的7、8月份两者相对差值较大,达到25%以上。
Aiming to solve the contradiction between demand for the extension of forest vegetation and the limited water supply in arid and semi-arid area and based on the theory of soil-plant-atmosphere continuum, the dissertation chose the main afforestation tree species Patycladus orientalis ,Pinus tabulaeformis ,Robinia pseudoacacia ,Populus pekinensis,Ulmus macrocarpa and Prunus armeniaca on Loess Plateaus in Growing Seasons of 2005, utilized advanced apparatus, equipments and various approaches, systematically analyzed of relationship between wood production with water consumption and studied the ecophysiological characteristics of tree transpiration and water consumption. Target of the researches is to meet the need in choice of tree species with drought-tolerance and lower water consumption, higher survival rates, and afforestation and reconstruction of forest vegetation in the arid and semi-arid areas of China.
Main research results are as follows:
Under the condition of free soil water stress, the diurnal changes of transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of eight main afforestation tree species display a signal-peak curve. The transpiration rate of coniferous trees was the lowest, whilst the broad leaved trees were the highest, and the shrub species fell between coniferous species and broad leaved species. With the increase of soil water content ,the transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and water use efficiency increase under the different soil water content.
The water consumption proportion of different seedlings was in the same trend, but the factual data was very different. Populus alba had the highest water consumption, Patycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis were the lower water consumption plants, Robinia pseudoacacia, Prunus armeniaca, Amorpha fruticosa were in the middle. The water consumption rates of coniferous species were less obviously than that of the broadleaf tree species. Also, The water consumption rates of broadleaf tree species, like as Populus alba,Robinia pseudoacacia were 5 to 10 times as much as that of Patycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis. While the water consumption rates of shrubbery species like as Amorpha fruticos and Prunus armeniaca were 2 to 3 times as much as that of Patycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis. The water consumption of trees was relevant to their water consumption rate and leaf area, accordingly, it is very important to select tree species, which has lower water consumption and drought tolerance, and set reasonable stand density in recovery and reconstruction of forest vegetation.
The soil water content had obvious affect on water consumption and biomass. The water consumption and biomass of six tree species had the same proportion, which was the highest in
引文
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