岷江（外江）流域新津县境段水质模拟
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摘要
水质模型(water quality model)是依据物质守恒原理用数学的语言和方法的数学模型,它描述的是参加水循环的水体中水质组分所发生的物理、化学、生物学和生态学诸方面的变化、内在规律和相互关系。它是水环境研究的重要工具,在水污染防治和水环境质量规划、水质预测、水环境容量计算和水质预警预报中起着重要作用。
本文采用由美国环保局开发的QUAL2K水质模型对岷江(外江)流域新津县境段河流水质进行了模拟。
本论文先通过分析流域出境断面“新津岳店子”水质监测数据,采用单因子指数对断面水质进行了水环境质量评价,得知出境断面水质主要污染因子为TN、TP。然后调查收集岷江(外江)流域新津县境段污染物排放情况,对流域河流污染物输入与水量输出点位进行概化,根据水文水质资料确定模型参数,模拟出境断面CODcr、TN、TP水体指标的数值,并与断面监测数据对比,率定校正模型参数,验证了QUAL2K模型在岷江(外江)流域新津县境段河流水质模型中的适用性、准确性。最后预测了流域干流2013年沿程水质指标TN、TP的变化情况,分析了出境断面水质达标条件。
研究结果显示：QUAL2K模型能较好地模拟出境断面的水质,模拟结果与监测数据的相对误差均小于15%；在流域干流流经新津县城段时,水质的TN、TP均处于峰值位置,此段河流污染物的排入对出境断面水质影响最大。在通过完善城区污水管网,提高城区、乡镇生活污水处理率；减少人为垃圾入河及削减工业、企业TN、TP的排放量等方面可以实现出境断面水质达标。
Water quality model is a mathematical model which accord to the principle of conservation of substance the language of mathematics and methods to descripte the changes that Physics, chemistry, biology and ecology aspects of the changes in the water quality component of the water column, the inherent law and the in-terrelation.Is a water environment research tools which plays an important role during the water pollution control and water environment quality planning, prediction of water quality, water environment capacity calculation and water quality early warning and forecas-ting.
First,the paper uses QUAL2K water quality model which developed by the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency to simulate river water quality in Min-jiang river (outside the river) basin Xinjin section. This article was informed that the exit section of water pollution factors is TN,TP by analysising the water quality monitoring data of basin exit section "the Xinjin Yue Dianzi",and useing single factor index to evaluate section of water. Second, Collected and surveyrd emissions of pollution sources in this river basin.Generalized the points of pollutants in river basin input and water output. Simulated the value of exit section's water indicators such as CODcr,TN,TP. Calibrated and correctde model parameters by contrasting monitoring data.Then verificated the applicability and accuracy of the simulation in river basin water quality by QUAL2K model.Last, forecasted the changes of TN,TP in the river mainstream along.Analysised conditions of exit section's water quality compliance.
The results show that QUAL2K model can better simulate the water quality. The relative error between simulation results of monitoring data are less than15%.When the river Mainstream flows through the Xinjin County,the values of TN and TP are maximum.lt can be seen that pollutants discharged into the seg-ment of river greatest impact on exit section water quality. It can be achieved that the exit section's water quality satisfy criteria through perfecting urban sewage pipe network, improving the rate of domestic sewage treatment in city and town, reduction of emissions of industrial enterprises'TN,TP and so on.
本文采用由美国环保局开发的QUAL2K水质模型对岷江(外江)流域新津县境段河流水质进行了模拟。
本论文先通过分析流域出境断面“新津岳店子”水质监测数据,采用单因子指数对断面水质进行了水环境质量评价,得知出境断面水质主要污染因子为TN、TP。然后调查收集岷江(外江)流域新津县境段污染物排放情况,对流域河流污染物输入与水量输出点位进行概化,根据水文水质资料确定模型参数,模拟出境断面CODcr、TN、TP水体指标的数值,并与断面监测数据对比,率定校正模型参数,验证了QUAL2K模型在岷江(外江)流域新津县境段河流水质模型中的适用性、准确性。最后预测了流域干流2013年沿程水质指标TN、TP的变化情况,分析了出境断面水质达标条件。
研究结果显示：QUAL2K模型能较好地模拟出境断面的水质,模拟结果与监测数据的相对误差均小于15%；在流域干流流经新津县城段时,水质的TN、TP均处于峰值位置,此段河流污染物的排入对出境断面水质影响最大。在通过完善城区污水管网,提高城区、乡镇生活污水处理率；减少人为垃圾入河及削减工业、企业TN、TP的排放量等方面可以实现出境断面水质达标。
Water quality model is a mathematical model which accord to the principle of conservation of substance the language of mathematics and methods to descripte the changes that Physics, chemistry, biology and ecology aspects of the changes in the water quality component of the water column, the inherent law and the in-terrelation.Is a water environment research tools which plays an important role during the water pollution control and water environment quality planning, prediction of water quality, water environment capacity calculation and water quality early warning and forecas-ting.
First,the paper uses QUAL2K water quality model which developed by the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency to simulate river water quality in Min-jiang river (outside the river) basin Xinjin section. This article was informed that the exit section of water pollution factors is TN,TP by analysising the water quality monitoring data of basin exit section "the Xinjin Yue Dianzi",and useing single factor index to evaluate section of water. Second, Collected and surveyrd emissions of pollution sources in this river basin.Generalized the points of pollutants in river basin input and water output. Simulated the value of exit section's water indicators such as CODcr,TN,TP. Calibrated and correctde model parameters by contrasting monitoring data.Then verificated the applicability and accuracy of the simulation in river basin water quality by QUAL2K model.Last, forecasted the changes of TN,TP in the river mainstream along.Analysised conditions of exit section's water quality compliance.
The results show that QUAL2K model can better simulate the water quality. The relative error between simulation results of monitoring data are less than15%.When the river Mainstream flows through the Xinjin County,the values of TN and TP are maximum.lt can be seen that pollutants discharged into the seg-ment of river greatest impact on exit section water quality. It can be achieved that the exit section's water quality satisfy criteria through perfecting urban sewage pipe network, improving the rate of domestic sewage treatment in city and town, reduction of emissions of industrial enterprises'TN,TP and so on.
引文
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[10]孙佳颖,徐卫东.河流水质预测模型研究进展[J].山西建筑,2010,36(36)：360-361.
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[28]Hossien Riahi-Madvar,Seyed Ali Ayyoubzadeh,Ehsan Khadangi,Mohamnad Mehdi Ebadazdeh.An Expert System for Predicting longitudinal Dispersion Coefficient in Natural Streams by Using ANFIS[J].Expert Systems with Applications,2009,36(4): 8589-8596.
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[32]Pedersen J A,Yeager M A,Suffet I H.Organophosphorus Insecticides in Agricultural and Residential Run off:Field Observations and Imp lications for Total Maximum Daily Load Development[J].Environmental Science & Technology.2006,40(7)2120-2127.
[33]陈月,席北斗,何连生等QUAL2K模型在西苕溪干流梅溪段水质模拟中的应用[J].环境工程学报,2008,2(7)：1000-1003.
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[42]张荔,孙程,林金辉等WASP6水质模型在渭河流域水环境容量解析中的应用[J].水资源与水工程学报,2006,17(6)：12-14.
[43]黄学平,万金保QUAL2K模型及其在乐安河CODcr和NH3-N水环境容量的应用研究[J].中国农村水利水电,2013,(1)：19-22.
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[2]叶常明.水环境数学模型的研究进展[J].环境科学进展,1993,1(1)：74-78.
[3]鲁晓阳.岷江上游生态环境质量对策探讨[J].四川环境,1999,18(1)：72-74.
[4]王渺林.岷江流域水资源安全问题探讨[J].四川水利,2005,(4)：32-34.
[5]梁荫.岷江流域水污染防治对策浅谈[J].四川环境,2000,19(2)：60-63.
[6]杨朋,宋述军.岷江流域地表水水质的模糊综合评价[J].资源开发与市场,2007,23(2)：101-105.
[7]徐祖信.水质数学模型研究的发展阶段及空间层次[J].上海环境科学,2003,22(2)79-86.
[8]韦鹤平.环境系统工程[M].上海：同济大学出版社,1993：128-140.
[9]宋国浩,张云怀.水质模型研究进展及发展趋势[J].装备环境工程,2008,5(2)：32-36.
[10]孙佳颖,徐卫东.河流水质预测模型研究进展[J].山西建筑,2010,36(36)：360-361.
[11]戴树桂.环境化学[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2006.
[12]李云生,刘伟江,吴悦颖等.美国水质模型研究进展综述[J].水利水电技术,2006,37(2)：68-73.
[13]田一平QUAL-Ⅱ综合水质模型及其使用方法[J].环境监测管理与技术,1990,01：32-35.
[14]周华.河流综合水质模型QUAL2K应用研究[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2010,8(1)：71-75.
[15]Wool T A,Ambrose R B,Martin J L,et al.Water quality analysis simulation program (WASP) Version6.0:Draft User's Manual[M]. U.S. Atlanta G.A:Environmental Prot-ection Agency,2001.
[16]唐大元WASP水质模型国内外应用研究进展[J].安微农业科学,2011,39(34)：21265-21267.
[17]Jae Heon Cho. Water quality modeling of a lake considering rainfall-runoff pollution loads and water quality improvement by diffuse pollution control[J].BALWOIS,2010, 25(5):1-10.
[18]TimA.Wool,RobertB. Ambrose,JamesL. Martin,et al.Water Quality Analysis Simu-lation Program (WASP) Version 6.0 DRAFT:User's Manual[Z].Atlanta:US Environ-mental Protection Agency.MS Tetre Tech.2001.
[19]Whitehead P G,Williams R J,Lewis D R.Quality simulation along river systems (QUASAR):model theory and development[J].Sci Total En-viron 1997(194):447-456.
[20]Lewis D R,Williams R J,Whitehead P G.Quality simulation along rivers(QUASAR):an application to the Yorkshire Ouse[J].Sci Total Environ 1997(194/195):399-418.
[21]潘日华.水环境模型评价综述[J].广东化工,2010,37(5)：299-300.
[22]曹晓静,张航.地表水质模型研究综述[J].水利与建筑工程学报,2006,04(04)：18-21.
[23]US Army Corps of Engineers,Waterways Experiment Station CE-QUAL-W2:A Nu-mercal Tow-Dimensional,Laterally Averaged Model of Hydrodynamics and Water Quality,User's Manual[Z].Vicksburg Misissippi:Environmental and Hydraulics Labo-ratory,1986.
[24]P Duda,J Kittle Jr,M Gray,P Hummel,et al.Win HSPF Version 2.0, An interactive windows interface to HSPF (Win HSPF) user's manual[R].Health protection and Modeling Branch Standards and Health Protection Dicision Office of Science and Technology Office of Water,United States.
[25]Robert L Runkel.One-Dimensional Transport with Inflow and Storage (OTIS):A Sol-ute Transport Model for Streams and Rivers[R].U.S.Geological Survey water-Resources Investigat-ions Report98-4018,1998.
[26]Prakashgaj Kannel,S Lee,Y S Lee,S R Kanel.G J Pelletier.Application of Auto-mated QUAL2Kw for water quality modeling and management in the Bagmati River,Nepal[J].Ec-ological Modelling.2007,202(3/4):503-517.
[27]Jae Heon Cho,Sung Ryong Ha.Science of the Total Environment.2010,408:1985-1991.
[28]Hossien Riahi-Madvar,Seyed Ali Ayyoubzadeh,Ehsan Khadangi,Mohamnad Mehdi Ebadazdeh.An Expert System for Predicting longitudinal Dispersion Coefficient in Natural Streams by Using ANFIS[J].Expert Systems with Applications,2009,36(4): 8589-8596.
[29]Chihhao Fan,Chun-Han Ko,Wei-Shen Wang.Journal of Environmental Management. 2009,90:1824-1832.
[30]Lewis D R,Williams R J,Whitehead P G.Quality simulation along rivers(QUASAR): anapplication to the Yorkshire Ouse[J].The Science of the Total Environment.1997, 194:399-418.
[31]Brown.L,Barnwell,T.O.The Enhanced Stream Water Quality Models QUAL2E and QUAL2E-UNCAS:Documentation and UserManual.Report EPA/600/3-87/007/.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,Athens,GA. Jr,1987.
[32]Pedersen J A,Yeager M A,Suffet I H.Organophosphorus Insecticides in Agricultural and Residential Run off:Field Observations and Imp lications for Total Maximum Daily Load Development[J].Environmental Science & Technology.2006,40(7)2120-2127.
[33]陈月,席北斗,何连生等QUAL2K模型在西苕溪干流梅溪段水质模拟中的应用[J].环境工程学报,2008,2(7)：1000-1003.
[34]田英.QUAL2K模型在大凌河流域水资源保护管理中的应用[J].东北水利水电,2011,(5)：52-53.
[35]戴凌全,李华,陈小燕QUAL2K模型及其主要参数确定[J].灾害与防治工程,2009(2)：69-74.
[36]郭永彬,王焰新.汉江中下游水质模拟与预测——QUAL2K模型的应用[J].安全与环境工程,2003,10(1)：4-7.
[37]刘永,郭怀成.湖泊-流域生态系统管理研究[M].北京：科学出版社,2008.
[38]Pieter H,Joost D J,Koos W.Transboundary cooperation in shared river basins,ex-perience from Rhine,Meuse and North Sea[C].//Lesotho:EU-SADC Conference Ma-seru,1997:84-92.
[39]王同生.莱茵河的水资源保护和流域治理[J].水资源保护,2002(4)：60-62.
[40]王卫平.九龙江流域水环境容量变化模拟及污染物总量控制措施研究[D].福建：厦门大学,2007.
[41]方晓波,张建英,陈伟等.基于QUAL2K模型的钱塘江流域安全纳污能力研究[J].环境科学学报,2007,27(8)：1402-1407.
[42]张荔,孙程,林金辉等WASP6水质模型在渭河流域水环境容量解析中的应用[J].水资源与水工程学报,2006,17(6)：12-14.
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