基于Aster G-DEM的金沙江白鹤滩河段河谷地貌特征研究
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摘要
The lower reaches of the Jinsha River range from Shigu of Yunnan Province to Xinshi of Sichuan Province, are about 1305 km long. Drainage evolution history of the upper Yangtze River, which records the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, has drawn much attention. Caused by river capture or not? The genesis of the Jinsha River has been controversial for a long time. The Jinsha River flows northward in Baihetan reach which connects the Chuan River to its east, and is the last part of the "W" shape of drainage structure. Previous studies mainly focused on Shigu, Panzhihua and other regions, while few studies have been made on this area.
Previous studies mostly relied on topographic map. geological map and field survey, analyzed the evolution of the lower reaches of Jinsha River according to its drainage structure, landform of river valley, characteristics of terraces and alluvial sediments. This study will download the topographic data at a 30m resolution from Aster G-DEM and adopt the ArcGIS spatial analysis technique. I extracted and analyzed several terrain factors from the DEM in the area of Baihetan reach, for example, relief, slope, cross-section.
I found that there are several planar landforms developed in the study area, of which the one in height of～2500m represents a well developed denudation surface consisting of straths. The main characteristics of the Baihetan canyon includes:(1) the height of the valley shoulder equals to the～2500 m denudation surface. (2) Transverse sections of the Jinsha River show the valley is in asymmetric "V" shape, valley slope on the right bank is steeper, of average slope about 40°, the average slope on left bank is about 20°, and a number of terraces developed on left bank; (3) Baihetan reach can be further divided into southern and northern segments.
I also found sedimentological evidences indicating a southward-flowing paleo-drainage, such as alluvial sand and gravels, in Dongchuan and Gongshan. And there are very thick fluvial or lacustrine sediments in Songming region, south of Gongshan, suggesting the existence of a large river at that time.
The evidences implying intensive and rapid incision of the Jinsha River are:(1) There are hanging valleys on steep valley side; (2) Headward erosion occurred on tributaries, and knickpoints have risen to～2500 m; (3) There are wide spread gravitational landforms along canyon valley. I estimated the incision rate of Baihetan Section based on the special terraces. The onset of the incision is approximately 4-5Ma ago by extrapolation.
In summary, in the area near Baihetan reach of Jinsha river, the river flowed southward on the denudation surface during the early stage. About 4--5Ma ago, headward erosion of Chuan River occurred after the regional tectonic uplift. The Chuan River captured the southward-flowing river, and thus turned it to be one part of the primal Jinsha River. This result will help us understand the evolution history of the Jinsha River and its relationship with the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau.
引文
[1]杨达源,李徐生.金沙江东流的研究.南京大学学报(自然科学).2001,37(3)：317～322
[2]杨达源等.长江地貌过程.北京：地质出版社.2006.1-71
[3]任雪梅,杨达源,韩志勇.长江上游水系变迁的河流阶地证据.第四纪研究,2006,26(3)：413～420
[4]胥勤勉,杨达源,葛兆帅等.金沙江三堆子-乌东德河段阶地研究.地理科学,2006,26(5)：609～615
[5]杨达源,韩志勇,葛兆帅等.金沙江石鼓-宜宾河段的贯通与深切地貌过程的研究.第四纪研究,2008,28(4)：564～568
[6]李郎平,杨达源,黄典等.金沙江巧家—新市镇河段的水系变迁.第四纪研究,2009,29(2)：327～333
[7]杨达源,李郎平,黄典,葛兆帅,胥勤勉,李徐生,韩志勇.云南高原隆升特点的初步研究.第四纪研究,2010,30(5)：864-871.
[8]黄典,杨达源,李郎平,石安池,陆飞,葛兆帅,胥勤勉.金沙江白鹤滩河段下切速率初步研究.第四纪研究,2010,30(5)：872-876.
[9]汤国安,刘学军,阊国年.数字高程模型及地学分析的原理与方法.北京：科学出版社,2006.
[10]周启鸣,刘学军。数字地形分析,北京：科学出版社,2006.
[11]李志林,朱庆.数字高程模型.武汉：武汉测绘科技大学出版社,2000.
[12]汤国安,杨听ArcGIS地理信息系统空间分析.北京：科学出版社,2006.
[13]Oberlander, T. M. (1985), Origin of drainage transverse to structures in orogens. in Tectonic Geomorphology, Proceedings of the 15th Annual Binghamton Geomorphology Symposium, edited by M. Morisawa and J. T. Hack, pp. 155-182. Allen and Unwin, Concord. Mass.
[14]Jackson, J., and M. Leeder (1994), Drainage systems and the development of normal faults:An example from Pleasant Valley, Nevada, J. Struct. Geol.,16, 1041-1059.
[15]Cox, R. T. (1994), Analysis of drainage-basin symmetry as a rapid technique to identify areas of possible Quaternary tilt-block tectonics:An example from the Mississippi Embayment, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull.,106,571-581.
[16]Potter. P. E. (1978), Significance and origin of big rivers, J. Geol.,86,13-33.
[17]Cox, K. G. (1989). The role of mantle plumes in the development of continental drainage patterns. Nature.342,873-877.
[18]Summerfield, M. (1991), Global Geomorphology,537 pp., Addison-Wesley-Longman, Reading. Mass.
[19]Ollier, C. D., and C. F. Pain (1997), Equating the basal unconformity with the paleoplain:A model for passive margins, Geomorphology,19,1-15.
[20]Brookfield, M.E.,1998. The evolution of the great river systems of southern Asia during the Cenozoic India-Asia collision:river draining southwards. Geomorphology 22,285-312.
[21]Hallet, B., Molner, P.,2001. Distorted drainage basins as markers of crustal strain east of the Himalaya. J. Geophys. Res.106,13697-13709.
[22]Koons, P. O. (1995), Modeling the topographic evolution of collisional belts, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci.,23,375-408.
[23]Metivier, F., Y. Gaudemer, P. Tapponnier, and M. Klein (1999), Mass. accumulation rates in Asia during the Cenozoic, Geophys. J. Int.,137,280-318.
[24]任美锷,包浩生,韩同春等.云南西北部金沙江河谷地貌与河流袭夺问题.地理学报,1959,25(2)：135～155.
[25]沈玉昌，杨逸畴.滇西北金沙江袭夺问题的新探讨.地理学报,1963,29(2)：87-104.
[26]许仲路,李行健。滇西北丽江鸿文-剑川甸南纵谷成因与金沙江袭夺问题之探讨.地理学报,1982.37(3)：325～334.
[27]何浩生.何科昭,朱祥民等.滇西北金沙江河流袭夺的研究.现代地质,1989,(7)：31-59.
[28]曾昭漩.金沙江袭夺地形探讨.云南地理环境研究,1995,3(2)：44～48.
[29]曾普胜.滇西北地区岩浆活动与长江第一弯形成的关系.地理学报,2002,57(3)：310～316.
[30]Clark. M.K.. Schoenbohm, L.M., Royden, L.H.,Whipple, K.X., Burchfiel, B.C., Zhang, X., Tang. W.,Wang, E., Chen, L.,2004. Surface uplift, tectonics, and erosion of eastern Tibet from large-scale drainage patterns. Tectonics 23, TC1006. doi:10.1029/2002TC001402.
[31]Ping Kong, Darryl E. Granger, Fu-Yuan Wu, Marc W. Caffee, Ya-Jun Wang, Xi-Tao Zhao, Yong Zheng,2004. Cosmogenic nuclide burial ages and provenance of the Xigeda paleo-lake:Implications for evolution of the Middle Yangtze River. Earth Planet. Sci.,178,131-141
[32]张会平,杨农,张岳桥.岷江水系流域地貌特征及其构造指示意义[J].第四纪研究,2006,26(1)126～133
[33]张会平,杨农,刘少峰,张岳桥.数字高程模型(DEM)在构造地貌研究中的应用[J].新进展地质通报,2006,,25(6)660～669
[34]冯金良,崔之久,张威等.云南东川地区层状地貌面的成因[J].2004,22(2)165～174.
[35]沈玉昌.长江上游河谷地貌.北京：科学出版社,1965.1～181
[36]张叶春,李吉均,朱俊杰等.晚新生代金沙江形成时代与过程研究[J].云南地理环境研究,1998,10(2)：43～48
[37]张叶春,李吉均,朱俊杰等.晚新生代元谋盆地演化与河谷发育研究[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),1999,35(1)：199～205
[38]蒋复初,吴锡浩,王书兵,等.金沙江巧家段河谷黄土状堆积的时代问题.地质力学学报,1999,5(4)：35-40.
[39]周荣军,黎小刚,黄祖智等.四川大凉山断裂带的晚第四纪平均滑动速率[J].2003,2：192-196.
[40]康来迅.云南嵩明地区发生强震的地质背景.见：国家地震局西南烈度队.川滇强震区地震地质调查汇编.北京：地震出版社,1979.196-205
[41]李祥根.云南巧家地区的地质构造、地貌特征与地震.见：国家地震局西南烈度队.川滇强震区地震地质调查汇编.北京：地震出版社,1979.180-187
[42]Clift P D, Blusztajn J, Duc N A. Large-scale drainage capture and surface uplift in Eastern Tibet-SW China before 24 Ma inferred from sediments of the Hanoi Basin, Vietnam. Geophysical Research Letters,2006,33:L19403, doi:1011029 /2006GL027772
[43]康来迅.云南东川强震区发震构造的分析.见：国家地震局西南烈度队.川滇强震区地震地质调查汇编.北京：地震出版社,1979.188-195
[44]程捷,刘学清,高振纪等.青藏高原隆升对云南高原环境的影响.现代地质,2001,15(3)：290-296
[45]王国芝,王成善,曾允孚等.滇西高原的隆升与莺歌海盆地的沉积响应.沉积学报,2000,18(2)：234～240
[2]杨达源等.长江地貌过程.北京：地质出版社.2006.1-71
[3]任雪梅,杨达源,韩志勇.长江上游水系变迁的河流阶地证据.第四纪研究,2006,26(3)：413～420
[4]胥勤勉,杨达源,葛兆帅等.金沙江三堆子-乌东德河段阶地研究.地理科学,2006,26(5)：609～615
[5]杨达源,韩志勇,葛兆帅等.金沙江石鼓-宜宾河段的贯通与深切地貌过程的研究.第四纪研究,2008,28(4)：564～568
[6]李郎平,杨达源,黄典等.金沙江巧家—新市镇河段的水系变迁.第四纪研究,2009,29(2)：327～333
[7]杨达源,李郎平,黄典,葛兆帅,胥勤勉,李徐生,韩志勇.云南高原隆升特点的初步研究.第四纪研究,2010,30(5)：864-871.
[8]黄典,杨达源,李郎平,石安池,陆飞,葛兆帅,胥勤勉.金沙江白鹤滩河段下切速率初步研究.第四纪研究,2010,30(5)：872-876.
[9]汤国安,刘学军,阊国年.数字高程模型及地学分析的原理与方法.北京：科学出版社,2006.
[10]周启鸣,刘学军。数字地形分析,北京：科学出版社,2006.
[11]李志林,朱庆.数字高程模型.武汉：武汉测绘科技大学出版社,2000.
[12]汤国安,杨听ArcGIS地理信息系统空间分析.北京：科学出版社,2006.
[13]Oberlander, T. M. (1985), Origin of drainage transverse to structures in orogens. in Tectonic Geomorphology, Proceedings of the 15th Annual Binghamton Geomorphology Symposium, edited by M. Morisawa and J. T. Hack, pp. 155-182. Allen and Unwin, Concord. Mass.
[14]Jackson, J., and M. Leeder (1994), Drainage systems and the development of normal faults:An example from Pleasant Valley, Nevada, J. Struct. Geol.,16, 1041-1059.
[15]Cox, R. T. (1994), Analysis of drainage-basin symmetry as a rapid technique to identify areas of possible Quaternary tilt-block tectonics:An example from the Mississippi Embayment, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull.,106,571-581.
[16]Potter. P. E. (1978), Significance and origin of big rivers, J. Geol.,86,13-33.
[17]Cox, K. G. (1989). The role of mantle plumes in the development of continental drainage patterns. Nature.342,873-877.
[18]Summerfield, M. (1991), Global Geomorphology,537 pp., Addison-Wesley-Longman, Reading. Mass.
[19]Ollier, C. D., and C. F. Pain (1997), Equating the basal unconformity with the paleoplain:A model for passive margins, Geomorphology,19,1-15.
[20]Brookfield, M.E.,1998. The evolution of the great river systems of southern Asia during the Cenozoic India-Asia collision:river draining southwards. Geomorphology 22,285-312.
[21]Hallet, B., Molner, P.,2001. Distorted drainage basins as markers of crustal strain east of the Himalaya. J. Geophys. Res.106,13697-13709.
[22]Koons, P. O. (1995), Modeling the topographic evolution of collisional belts, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci.,23,375-408.
[23]Metivier, F., Y. Gaudemer, P. Tapponnier, and M. Klein (1999), Mass. accumulation rates in Asia during the Cenozoic, Geophys. J. Int.,137,280-318.
[24]任美锷,包浩生,韩同春等.云南西北部金沙江河谷地貌与河流袭夺问题.地理学报,1959,25(2)：135～155.
[25]沈玉昌，杨逸畴.滇西北金沙江袭夺问题的新探讨.地理学报,1963,29(2)：87-104.
[26]许仲路,李行健。滇西北丽江鸿文-剑川甸南纵谷成因与金沙江袭夺问题之探讨.地理学报,1982.37(3)：325～334.
[27]何浩生.何科昭,朱祥民等.滇西北金沙江河流袭夺的研究.现代地质,1989,(7)：31-59.
[28]曾昭漩.金沙江袭夺地形探讨.云南地理环境研究,1995,3(2)：44～48.
[29]曾普胜.滇西北地区岩浆活动与长江第一弯形成的关系.地理学报,2002,57(3)：310～316.
[30]Clark. M.K.. Schoenbohm, L.M., Royden, L.H.,Whipple, K.X., Burchfiel, B.C., Zhang, X., Tang. W.,Wang, E., Chen, L.,2004. Surface uplift, tectonics, and erosion of eastern Tibet from large-scale drainage patterns. Tectonics 23, TC1006. doi:10.1029/2002TC001402.
[31]Ping Kong, Darryl E. Granger, Fu-Yuan Wu, Marc W. Caffee, Ya-Jun Wang, Xi-Tao Zhao, Yong Zheng,2004. Cosmogenic nuclide burial ages and provenance of the Xigeda paleo-lake:Implications for evolution of the Middle Yangtze River. Earth Planet. Sci.,178,131-141
[32]张会平,杨农,张岳桥.岷江水系流域地貌特征及其构造指示意义[J].第四纪研究,2006,26(1)126～133
[33]张会平,杨农,刘少峰,张岳桥.数字高程模型(DEM)在构造地貌研究中的应用[J].新进展地质通报,2006,,25(6)660～669
[34]冯金良,崔之久,张威等.云南东川地区层状地貌面的成因[J].2004,22(2)165～174.
[35]沈玉昌.长江上游河谷地貌.北京：科学出版社,1965.1～181
[36]张叶春,李吉均,朱俊杰等.晚新生代金沙江形成时代与过程研究[J].云南地理环境研究,1998,10(2)：43～48
[37]张叶春,李吉均,朱俊杰等.晚新生代元谋盆地演化与河谷发育研究[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),1999,35(1)：199～205
[38]蒋复初,吴锡浩,王书兵,等.金沙江巧家段河谷黄土状堆积的时代问题.地质力学学报,1999,5(4)：35-40.
[39]周荣军,黎小刚,黄祖智等.四川大凉山断裂带的晚第四纪平均滑动速率[J].2003,2：192-196.
[40]康来迅.云南嵩明地区发生强震的地质背景.见：国家地震局西南烈度队.川滇强震区地震地质调查汇编.北京：地震出版社,1979.196-205
[41]李祥根.云南巧家地区的地质构造、地貌特征与地震.见：国家地震局西南烈度队.川滇强震区地震地质调查汇编.北京：地震出版社,1979.180-187
[42]Clift P D, Blusztajn J, Duc N A. Large-scale drainage capture and surface uplift in Eastern Tibet-SW China before 24 Ma inferred from sediments of the Hanoi Basin, Vietnam. Geophysical Research Letters,2006,33:L19403, doi:1011029 /2006GL027772
[43]康来迅.云南东川强震区发震构造的分析.见：国家地震局西南烈度队.川滇强震区地震地质调查汇编.北京：地震出版社,1979.188-195
[44]程捷,刘学清,高振纪等.青藏高原隆升对云南高原环境的影响.现代地质,2001,15(3)：290-296
[45]王国芝,王成善,曾允孚等.滇西高原的隆升与莺歌海盆地的沉积响应.沉积学报,2000,18(2)：234～240