马尾松响应松材线虫侵染的CaM和CaMBP钙信号转导特征
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摘要
松材线虫病是由松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)侵染引起、松属树种上最具破坏性的病害之一,目前在全球范围内已造成了严重的经济、生态损失。松材线虫病是多元复杂的病害系统,其致病机理一直存在争议,分析松材线虫侵染后,松树的病理学响应分子机制,是松材线虫致病机理和寄主松树抗病研究难关的重要途径。信号转导是病原-寄主互作的早期事件,Ca2+作为胞内重要的第二信使,在植物防御反应信号转导中具有重要作用。本研究,围绕松树响应松材线虫侵染的钙信号转导特征进行了系列工作。结果如下：
建立了马尾松--松材线虫互作研究体系：分离、鉴定了松材线虫虫株,测定了松材线虫致病性,筛选获得强致病力松材线虫虫株NXY61,并测定了松材线虫侵染马尾松幼苗过程中的迁移扩散特征及其时间进程,为研究马尾松响应松材线虫侵染的早期钙信号转导特征奠定了基础。
采用非损伤微测技术测定了NXY61接种后,在30min-180min时间序列中,马尾松苗根、茎、叶胞外Ca2+流变化特征。研究发现,马尾松幼苗在钙瞬变和钙振荡特征上均表现出响应松材线虫侵染的特异性特征。钙瞬变特征表现为：松材线虫侵染早期,马尾松苗根茎叶均发生瞬时Ca2+内流；呈现明显Ca2+内流的早晚时间依次为茎(7min)=叶(7min)>根(15min)；Ca2+内流最大流速分别为根(3700pmolcm-2s-1)>叶(1300pmolcm-2s-1)>茎(250pmolcm-2s-1); Ca2+内流持续时间则分别为茎(大于48min)>叶(43min)>根(20min)。钙振荡特征表现为：松材线虫侵染,Ca2+内流流速呈现显著变化前,马尾松根茎叶钙振荡振幅和频率无显著变化；而Ca2+内流流速降至平稳期后,尽管钙振荡频率变化不显著,但马尾松茎处振幅却极显著减少,叶部显著增大,并且叶部振幅显著大于茎部。因此,本研究证实了松材线虫侵染早期,马尾松苗胞外Ca2+流变化响应松材线虫侵染,根、茎、叶均出现特异响应松材线虫侵染的钙瞬变和钙振荡特征。
基于生物信息学方法,利用马尾松响应松材线虫侵染差减文库(SSH)数据,分析了马尾松响应松材线虫侵染早期的分子特征,及其可能的信号转导特征。通过对马尾松响应松材线虫侵染差减文库(SSH)的144个有效克隆序列的深入分析,发现：松材线虫侵染早期(24h、72h),大量钙相关蛋白基因受诱导表达,包括EFh家族蛋白,钙网蛋白,以及预测的钙调素结合蛋白(CaMBPs)。其中发现的6类CaMBPs,包括防卫响应相关的热激蛋白HSP70.HSP101,病程相关蛋白PR-14,Bcl-2家族蛋白BAG6;解毒和氧化还原相关的乙二醛酶Ⅰ,以及信号传导过程相关的NPG1.此外,本研究同时发现：松材线虫侵染早期,编码受体抗病蛋白RPS2,病程相关蛋白PR-3、PR-4、PR-5、PR-14以及类黄酮类合成相关的CHS等大量防卫相关蛋白基因诱导表达；编码木质素合成相关的蛋氨酸合酶2、PCBER、CAD、 CoMT、CCoAOMT以及dirigen-like等基因均上调表达；而参与H202还原过程的GPX、Cyt_b561_FRRSl_like-containing protein以及活性碳催化还原过程的AER等基因也表达上调。因此,松材线虫侵染早期,马尾松表现出对松材线虫侵染的特异性互作特征,同时发现的大量钙相关蛋白基因诱导表达,暗示了松材线虫-马尾松互作早期,可能经由CaMBPs的一条重要的钙信号转导途径存在,参与调控松树早期的互作反应。
马尾松钙调素(CaM)作为Ca2+的主要受体蛋白,在传递Ca2+信号转导过程中发挥了重要作用,它可能经由CaMBPs进行Ca2+信号传递。本研究采用分了克隆技术,克隆了CaM和CaMBPs基因,证实了马尾松中该系列基因的存在,暗示了Ca2+信号经由CaM转导的可能性。基于普通PCR和RACE技术,首次从马尾松上克隆获得CaM基因(pmCaM),以及钙结合蛋白基因pmCBP100、pmCBP153, CaMBP基因(CaMBP)其中,pmCBP100、pmCBP153以及pmCaM隶属EFh家族蛋白,具有直接与Ca2+结合的EFh结构域；而pmCaMBP是一类跨膜蛋白,其钙调素结合结构域(CaMBD)位于该蛋白的543-554氨基酸位置处,三个TPR结构域(428-509,573-673，606-707氨基酸位置处),功能涉及在植物细胞信号转导过程中的蛋白间互作。
采用qRT-PCR技术,对松材线虫侵染后,马尾松pmCaM, pmCaMBP表达模式进行测定分析。利用NXY61接种半年生马尾松苗,选择在松材线虫侵染初期(接种后30-180min)的30min、45min、60min、90min、180min五个时间点,以及在松材线虫侵染早期(接种后12h-96h)的12h、24h、48h、72h、96h,测定马尾松根、茎、叶的pmCaM, pmCaMBP响应特征。发现马尾松响应松材线虫侵染,CaM, CaMBP表达产生显著变化,不同器官CaM, CaMBP基因上调或者下调表达的时间点,以及随时间的变化趋势、程度均存在差异,揭示了松材线虫侵染早期,马尾松pmCaM, pmCaMBP的特异的时序表达特征和表达器官的特异性。结合松材线虫侵染后,马尾松钙流特征表现的特异性,认为pmCaM\pmCaMBP参与了马尾松响应松材线虫侵染的钙信号转导。因此,马尾松在响应松材线虫侵染早期,应该存在"Ca2+-CaM-CaMBP"信号转导途径,参与了松树响应松材线虫侵染的早期钙信号传递,及对松树早期抗病防卫反应的调控。
Pine wilt disease (PWD) is caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which is believed to be the most destructive diseases to pine tree species, resulting in economic and ecological loss in the global scope. PWD is the multiple complex disease systems, its pathogenic mechanism has been controversial. At present, analysis of pine's pathological response to related molecular mechanisms after PWN invasion has become an important way to conquer the pathogenesis of PWN and disease resistance of pine trees. Signal transduction is the initial event of the resistance reaction in plants, Ca2+as an important intracellular second messenger, plays an important role in signal transduction of plant defense response. In the study, we did a set of work on the calcium signal transduction characteristics of pine response to PWD infection. The results is as followed:
The experiment system study on the interactions of Pinus massoniana and B. xylophilus was established: high virulence PWN strain NXY61was obtained by separation, identification and screening in the study. The migration rule of B. xylophilus in P. massoniana followed time development was determined. The result would provide the foundation for studing calcium signal transduction characteristics in pine in the early of PWD infection.
Extracellular Ca2+flux profiles in different organs of Masson pine30-180min after B. xylophilus NXY61inoculation was observed by non-invasive micro-test technique (NMT). This study confirms that specific calcium transient and calcium oscillation characteristics appear in masson pine root, stem and leaf in the early of PWN infection; and the calcium transient and calcium oscillation characteristics have significant differences among different organs. Calcium transient characteristics is as followed:transient Ca2+inflow in masson pine root, stem and leave happens in the early of PWN infection and significant changes of Ca2+inflow velocity started to appear in15min,7min,7min after inoculation, respectively; the respective maximum velocity of Ca2+inflow is root (3700pmolcm-2s-1)> leaf (1300pmolcm-2s-1)> stem (250pmolcm-2s-1), and the respective duration of Ca2+inflow is stem (more than48min)> leave (43min)> root (20min). And the calcium oscillation characteristics is as followed: before velocity of Ca2+inflow shows significant changes after PWN infection, the amplitude and frequency of calcium oscillation in masson pine root, stem and leaf does not change significantly; while velocity of Ca2+inflow reduces to the stationary stage, the frequency of calcium oscillation does not change significantly, but the amplitude is significantly reduced in stem, significantly increased in leaf, and amplitude in leaf is significantly greater than that in stem. In a word, this study reveals that the Ca2+change in masson pine is response to PWN infection, and specific calcium signals produce in masson pine root, stem and leaf due to the PWN infection.
In the study, based on the bioinformatics methods and the constructed four subtractive suppression hybridization cDNA libraries (SSH) by taking time-course samples from PWN-inoculated Masson pine trees, we studied the molecular characteristics and signal transduction characteristics of pine early after PWD infection. One-hundred forty-four differential expression sequence tags (ESTs) were in-depth analysis. It is found that:in the early stage of pine wood nematode infection (24h,72h), lots of calcium related protein genes expression are induced, including EFh family proteins, calreticulin, and prediction calmodulin-binding protein (CaMBPs). Combined with bioinformatics analysis as well as the previous reported studies,6types of CaMBPs,which exercise different functions in the early stage of PWN infection, including heat shock protein HSP70, HSP101, pathogenesis related protein PR-14and Bcl-2family protein BAG6participate in defense response process; aldehyde enzyme I is involved in the detoxification and redox process; NPG1is involved in the signal transduction process. In addition, based on SSH, It is found that: in the early stage of pine wood nematode infection (24h,72h), a lot of defense related protein genes expression are induced, including encoding receptor resistant protein RPS, pathogenesis related protein PR-3, PR-4, PR-5, PR-14and flavonoid synthesis related CHS gene; at the same time, lignin biosynthesis related protein genes including methionine synthase expression2, PCBER, CAD, CoMT, CCoAOMT and dirigen-like protein genes are all up-regulated expression; GPX and Cyt_b561FRRS1like-containing protein genes participating in the reduction process of H2O2and AER participating in catalytic reduction process of activated carbon are also upregulated expression. The results of this study reveals that early during pine wood nematode infection, masson pine got especial interactions characteristics, and massive calcium related protein genes, including6kinds of CaMBP genes, are induced expression early after PWN infection, suggesting that a important calcium signal transduction pathway mediated by CaMBPs may exist, and involves in regulation of masson pine defense response.
Calmodulin (CaM) is the key node protein locating upstream CaMBPs, and CaM, as the main receptor protein Ca2+, plays an important role in the transmission of Ca2+signals, it may transmit Ca2+signaling via CaMBPs. Based on the ordinary PCR and RACE technology, combined with the predicted protein structure and phylogenetic tree analysis, CaM and CaMBPs are approved to be in pine and it may transmit Ca2+signaling via CaM. in our study, CaM gene (pmCaM) was cloned from masson pine for the first time; and calcium binding protein genes pmCBP100, pmCBP'153and CaMBP gene (pmCaMBP), which are response to PWN infection, were also cloned from masson pine in this study. Among them, pmCBP100, pmCBP153and pmCaM belonged to EFh family protein, had EFh domains, directly combining with Ca2+While pmCaMBP is a kind of transmembrane protein, has CaMBD and TPR domains. Its CaMBD located543-554amino acid position in the protein; three TPRs located428-509,573-673,606-707amino acid positions in the protein, and the function of TPRs is involved in protein-protein interaction for cell signal transduction in plant.
Based on Real time fluorescence quantitative PCR technology, expression pattern of pmCaM and pmCaMBP in half a year old masson pine seedlings30min,45min,60min,90min,180min and12h,24h,48h,72h,96h after inoculation with strain NXY61was studied. The results showed that after PWN inoculation, the expression of pmCaM, pmCaMBP is significantly changed; and the time points for significant changes and the change trend and degree at the same point of CaM, CaMBP expression are different among organs. In a word, this study reveales that in the early of PWN infection, the pmCaM, pmCaMBP expression of masson pine are in response to PWN infection, and have specific temporal and spatial expression characteristics. Combining with the confirmed calcium signal generated in PWN infection aove, it is confirmed that pmCaM and pmCaMBP participated in the regulation of calcium signaling transmission. In conclusion, the results of this study reveales that the "Ca2+-CaM-CaMBP" signal transduction pathway may exist, participating in the regulation of calcium signaling transmission and involve in the regulation of the early defense responses in pine early after PWN infection.
建立了马尾松--松材线虫互作研究体系：分离、鉴定了松材线虫虫株,测定了松材线虫致病性,筛选获得强致病力松材线虫虫株NXY61,并测定了松材线虫侵染马尾松幼苗过程中的迁移扩散特征及其时间进程,为研究马尾松响应松材线虫侵染的早期钙信号转导特征奠定了基础。
采用非损伤微测技术测定了NXY61接种后,在30min-180min时间序列中,马尾松苗根、茎、叶胞外Ca2+流变化特征。研究发现,马尾松幼苗在钙瞬变和钙振荡特征上均表现出响应松材线虫侵染的特异性特征。钙瞬变特征表现为：松材线虫侵染早期,马尾松苗根茎叶均发生瞬时Ca2+内流；呈现明显Ca2+内流的早晚时间依次为茎(7min)=叶(7min)>根(15min)；Ca2+内流最大流速分别为根(3700pmolcm-2s-1)>叶(1300pmolcm-2s-1)>茎(250pmolcm-2s-1); Ca2+内流持续时间则分别为茎(大于48min)>叶(43min)>根(20min)。钙振荡特征表现为：松材线虫侵染,Ca2+内流流速呈现显著变化前,马尾松根茎叶钙振荡振幅和频率无显著变化；而Ca2+内流流速降至平稳期后,尽管钙振荡频率变化不显著,但马尾松茎处振幅却极显著减少,叶部显著增大,并且叶部振幅显著大于茎部。因此,本研究证实了松材线虫侵染早期,马尾松苗胞外Ca2+流变化响应松材线虫侵染,根、茎、叶均出现特异响应松材线虫侵染的钙瞬变和钙振荡特征。
基于生物信息学方法,利用马尾松响应松材线虫侵染差减文库(SSH)数据,分析了马尾松响应松材线虫侵染早期的分子特征,及其可能的信号转导特征。通过对马尾松响应松材线虫侵染差减文库(SSH)的144个有效克隆序列的深入分析,发现：松材线虫侵染早期(24h、72h),大量钙相关蛋白基因受诱导表达,包括EFh家族蛋白,钙网蛋白,以及预测的钙调素结合蛋白(CaMBPs)。其中发现的6类CaMBPs,包括防卫响应相关的热激蛋白HSP70.HSP101,病程相关蛋白PR-14,Bcl-2家族蛋白BAG6;解毒和氧化还原相关的乙二醛酶Ⅰ,以及信号传导过程相关的NPG1.此外,本研究同时发现：松材线虫侵染早期,编码受体抗病蛋白RPS2,病程相关蛋白PR-3、PR-4、PR-5、PR-14以及类黄酮类合成相关的CHS等大量防卫相关蛋白基因诱导表达；编码木质素合成相关的蛋氨酸合酶2、PCBER、CAD、 CoMT、CCoAOMT以及dirigen-like等基因均上调表达；而参与H202还原过程的GPX、Cyt_b561_FRRSl_like-containing protein以及活性碳催化还原过程的AER等基因也表达上调。因此,松材线虫侵染早期,马尾松表现出对松材线虫侵染的特异性互作特征,同时发现的大量钙相关蛋白基因诱导表达,暗示了松材线虫-马尾松互作早期,可能经由CaMBPs的一条重要的钙信号转导途径存在,参与调控松树早期的互作反应。
马尾松钙调素(CaM)作为Ca2+的主要受体蛋白,在传递Ca2+信号转导过程中发挥了重要作用,它可能经由CaMBPs进行Ca2+信号传递。本研究采用分了克隆技术,克隆了CaM和CaMBPs基因,证实了马尾松中该系列基因的存在,暗示了Ca2+信号经由CaM转导的可能性。基于普通PCR和RACE技术,首次从马尾松上克隆获得CaM基因(pmCaM),以及钙结合蛋白基因pmCBP100、pmCBP153, CaMBP基因(CaMBP)其中,pmCBP100、pmCBP153以及pmCaM隶属EFh家族蛋白,具有直接与Ca2+结合的EFh结构域；而pmCaMBP是一类跨膜蛋白,其钙调素结合结构域(CaMBD)位于该蛋白的543-554氨基酸位置处,三个TPR结构域(428-509,573-673，606-707氨基酸位置处),功能涉及在植物细胞信号转导过程中的蛋白间互作。
采用qRT-PCR技术,对松材线虫侵染后,马尾松pmCaM, pmCaMBP表达模式进行测定分析。利用NXY61接种半年生马尾松苗,选择在松材线虫侵染初期(接种后30-180min)的30min、45min、60min、90min、180min五个时间点,以及在松材线虫侵染早期(接种后12h-96h)的12h、24h、48h、72h、96h,测定马尾松根、茎、叶的pmCaM, pmCaMBP响应特征。发现马尾松响应松材线虫侵染,CaM, CaMBP表达产生显著变化,不同器官CaM, CaMBP基因上调或者下调表达的时间点,以及随时间的变化趋势、程度均存在差异,揭示了松材线虫侵染早期,马尾松pmCaM, pmCaMBP的特异的时序表达特征和表达器官的特异性。结合松材线虫侵染后,马尾松钙流特征表现的特异性,认为pmCaM\pmCaMBP参与了马尾松响应松材线虫侵染的钙信号转导。因此,马尾松在响应松材线虫侵染早期,应该存在"Ca2+-CaM-CaMBP"信号转导途径,参与了松树响应松材线虫侵染的早期钙信号传递,及对松树早期抗病防卫反应的调控。
Pine wilt disease (PWD) is caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which is believed to be the most destructive diseases to pine tree species, resulting in economic and ecological loss in the global scope. PWD is the multiple complex disease systems, its pathogenic mechanism has been controversial. At present, analysis of pine's pathological response to related molecular mechanisms after PWN invasion has become an important way to conquer the pathogenesis of PWN and disease resistance of pine trees. Signal transduction is the initial event of the resistance reaction in plants, Ca2+as an important intracellular second messenger, plays an important role in signal transduction of plant defense response. In the study, we did a set of work on the calcium signal transduction characteristics of pine response to PWD infection. The results is as followed:
The experiment system study on the interactions of Pinus massoniana and B. xylophilus was established: high virulence PWN strain NXY61was obtained by separation, identification and screening in the study. The migration rule of B. xylophilus in P. massoniana followed time development was determined. The result would provide the foundation for studing calcium signal transduction characteristics in pine in the early of PWD infection.
Extracellular Ca2+flux profiles in different organs of Masson pine30-180min after B. xylophilus NXY61inoculation was observed by non-invasive micro-test technique (NMT). This study confirms that specific calcium transient and calcium oscillation characteristics appear in masson pine root, stem and leaf in the early of PWN infection; and the calcium transient and calcium oscillation characteristics have significant differences among different organs. Calcium transient characteristics is as followed:transient Ca2+inflow in masson pine root, stem and leave happens in the early of PWN infection and significant changes of Ca2+inflow velocity started to appear in15min,7min,7min after inoculation, respectively; the respective maximum velocity of Ca2+inflow is root (3700pmolcm-2s-1)> leaf (1300pmolcm-2s-1)> stem (250pmolcm-2s-1), and the respective duration of Ca2+inflow is stem (more than48min)> leave (43min)> root (20min). And the calcium oscillation characteristics is as followed: before velocity of Ca2+inflow shows significant changes after PWN infection, the amplitude and frequency of calcium oscillation in masson pine root, stem and leaf does not change significantly; while velocity of Ca2+inflow reduces to the stationary stage, the frequency of calcium oscillation does not change significantly, but the amplitude is significantly reduced in stem, significantly increased in leaf, and amplitude in leaf is significantly greater than that in stem. In a word, this study reveals that the Ca2+change in masson pine is response to PWN infection, and specific calcium signals produce in masson pine root, stem and leaf due to the PWN infection.
In the study, based on the bioinformatics methods and the constructed four subtractive suppression hybridization cDNA libraries (SSH) by taking time-course samples from PWN-inoculated Masson pine trees, we studied the molecular characteristics and signal transduction characteristics of pine early after PWD infection. One-hundred forty-four differential expression sequence tags (ESTs) were in-depth analysis. It is found that:in the early stage of pine wood nematode infection (24h,72h), lots of calcium related protein genes expression are induced, including EFh family proteins, calreticulin, and prediction calmodulin-binding protein (CaMBPs). Combined with bioinformatics analysis as well as the previous reported studies,6types of CaMBPs,which exercise different functions in the early stage of PWN infection, including heat shock protein HSP70, HSP101, pathogenesis related protein PR-14and Bcl-2family protein BAG6participate in defense response process; aldehyde enzyme I is involved in the detoxification and redox process; NPG1is involved in the signal transduction process. In addition, based on SSH, It is found that: in the early stage of pine wood nematode infection (24h,72h), a lot of defense related protein genes expression are induced, including encoding receptor resistant protein RPS, pathogenesis related protein PR-3, PR-4, PR-5, PR-14and flavonoid synthesis related CHS gene; at the same time, lignin biosynthesis related protein genes including methionine synthase expression2, PCBER, CAD, CoMT, CCoAOMT and dirigen-like protein genes are all up-regulated expression; GPX and Cyt_b561FRRS1like-containing protein genes participating in the reduction process of H2O2and AER participating in catalytic reduction process of activated carbon are also upregulated expression. The results of this study reveals that early during pine wood nematode infection, masson pine got especial interactions characteristics, and massive calcium related protein genes, including6kinds of CaMBP genes, are induced expression early after PWN infection, suggesting that a important calcium signal transduction pathway mediated by CaMBPs may exist, and involves in regulation of masson pine defense response.
Calmodulin (CaM) is the key node protein locating upstream CaMBPs, and CaM, as the main receptor protein Ca2+, plays an important role in the transmission of Ca2+signals, it may transmit Ca2+signaling via CaMBPs. Based on the ordinary PCR and RACE technology, combined with the predicted protein structure and phylogenetic tree analysis, CaM and CaMBPs are approved to be in pine and it may transmit Ca2+signaling via CaM. in our study, CaM gene (pmCaM) was cloned from masson pine for the first time; and calcium binding protein genes pmCBP100, pmCBP'153and CaMBP gene (pmCaMBP), which are response to PWN infection, were also cloned from masson pine in this study. Among them, pmCBP100, pmCBP153and pmCaM belonged to EFh family protein, had EFh domains, directly combining with Ca2+While pmCaMBP is a kind of transmembrane protein, has CaMBD and TPR domains. Its CaMBD located543-554amino acid position in the protein; three TPRs located428-509,573-673,606-707amino acid positions in the protein, and the function of TPRs is involved in protein-protein interaction for cell signal transduction in plant.
Based on Real time fluorescence quantitative PCR technology, expression pattern of pmCaM and pmCaMBP in half a year old masson pine seedlings30min,45min,60min,90min,180min and12h,24h,48h,72h,96h after inoculation with strain NXY61was studied. The results showed that after PWN inoculation, the expression of pmCaM, pmCaMBP is significantly changed; and the time points for significant changes and the change trend and degree at the same point of CaM, CaMBP expression are different among organs. In a word, this study reveales that in the early of PWN infection, the pmCaM, pmCaMBP expression of masson pine are in response to PWN infection, and have specific temporal and spatial expression characteristics. Combining with the confirmed calcium signal generated in PWN infection aove, it is confirmed that pmCaM and pmCaMBP participated in the regulation of calcium signaling transmission. In conclusion, the results of this study reveales that the "Ca2+-CaM-CaMBP" signal transduction pathway may exist, participating in the regulation of calcium signaling transmission and involve in the regulation of the early defense responses in pine early after PWN infection.
引文
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