建设项目隐性环境影响评价的量化研究
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摘要
随着我国建设资源节约、环境友好两型社会的进程，建筑行业对环境保护和资源节约开展了广泛的研究，但建设项目的建造过程中所带来的资源消耗和环境影响一直以来都难以进行量化评价。
从生命周期评价的角度出发，建设项目的环境影响可划分为使用过程中直观的、外露的显性环境影响和建造过程中内含的、潜在的隐性环境影响。当前我国对建设项目环境影响评价主要是评价显性环境影响，未能全面、客观的反映建设项目的全生命周期环境影响，因此，本文主要从工程管理的角度，结合环境影响评价理论，定量研究了建设项目的隐性环境影响评价。
在查阅了各种类型建设项目的环境影响报告书的基础上，分析归纳了建设项目的环境影响指标体系，建立了包括16个中点影响指标和3个终点影响指标(环境负荷影响、资源耗竭影响和能源耗竭影响)的建设项目隐性环境影响综合量化评价模型。
在环境负荷影响的定量评价方面，采用美国标准和技术研究院开发的BEES评价软件作为环境负荷影响的清单数据库；根据国际环境毒理和化学学会(SETAC)的环境影响评价体系确定了建设项目环境影响负荷的定量评价方法，包括清单分析、分类与特征化、标准化和加权四个步骤；以武汉某大学的一个餐厅工程为例，计算了其1m~2建筑面积所造成的环境影响负荷指数，提出了具体的降低环境影响负荷的建议。
在资源耗竭影响的定量评价方面，根据生命周期影响评价和当量系数法，建立了资源耗竭影响的定量评价方法，并确定了以煤为基准资源的资源当量系数；通过对几种不同强度等级的掺与不掺粉煤灰混凝土的分析，定量评价了混凝土的原料消耗及资源耗竭指数，并提出了相应的降低其影响的建议。
在能源耗竭影响的定量评价方面，运用建设项目的分解图和集成图，结合BEES软件确定了建设项目的隐性能源耗竭影响的定量评价方法，并以上述大学餐厅工程为例进行了定量计算和分析。此外，还计算了不同强度等级的掺与不掺粉煤灰混凝土的物化能耗值。
根据以上环境影响评价指标构建了建设项目绿色风险评价模型。研究了建设项目的绿色风险概念、风险识别、风险分类和定量分析，运用模糊数学和熵权法建立了建设项目的绿色风险评价模型，将上述隐性环境影响评价的量化结果绘制成风险雷达图，可作为建设项目绿色风险及可持续发展的参考依据。
最后，本文探讨了低碳经济及低碳建筑技术，分析了提高混凝土强度等级、选择低碳建筑材料对减少CO_2排放的效果。
Along with the process of constructing the resource-conserving and environment-friendly society, there have been broad research in environmental protection, resources conservation for construction industry, but it's still difficult to make quantitative assessment on the resources consumption and environmental impact in projects construction.
From the perspective of life cycle assessment, the environmental impact of construction projects can be divided into the explicit environmental impact and the implicit environmental impact, the explicit environmental impact mainly refers to the intuitive and exposed impact in utilization, and the implicit environmental impact refers to the embodied and potential impact in construction. At present, the evaluation of environmental effects about construction projects mainly assesses the explicit environmental impacts, that it can not reflect the whole life cycle impacts comprehensively and objectively. So mainly from the viewpoint of engineering management, and combining with the theory of environmental impact assessment, the thesis makes a quantitative assessment on the implicit environmental impact of construction projects.
The system of environmental impact indicators was summarized on the basis of reviewing environmental impact assessment reports of various kinds of construction projects, and the quantitative assessment method for the implicit environmental impacts was established, in which includes sixteen midpoint impact indicators and three endpoint impact indicators (environmental load impact, resources consumption impact and energy consumption impact).
In the part of quantitative assessment of environmental load impact (ELI), the evaluation software Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES) that was developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) was chosen as inventory database of ELI. According to the life cycle assessment system of Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), the quantitative analysis method of calculating ELI is established, in which includes four procedures, that is inventory analysis, impact category, normalization and weighted analysis. Furthermore, the thesis calculates 1m~2 of ELI indicator of a university refectory project in Wuhan, and then puts forward some particular advice to reduce the ELI.
In the part of quantitative assessment of resources consumption impact (RCI), the quantitative method of calculating RCI indicator is established according to the life cycle assessment and equivalency factors, and equivalency factors with coal-based is determined. Moreover, the raw materials consumption and RCI indicator are quantitative evaluation through analyze several different strength grades of concrete and fly ash concrete, and also give some corresponding suggestion to reduce the RCI.
In the part of quantitative assessment of energy consumption impact (ECI), the quantitative method of calculating ECI indicator is established by combining the decomposition map, integration map of construction projects and BEES software, and the quantitative calculation and analysis is carried in the refectory project. In addition, the embodied energy of several different strength grades of concrete and fly ash concrete is calculated.
Green risk assessment model of construction projects is conceived based on the above environmental impact indicators. The green risk conception, risk identification, risk classification and quantitative analysis are all studied, and the green risk assessment model of construction projects is set up according to fuzzy mathematics and entropy weight method. Lastly, the results of quantitative assessment on the implicit environmental impact are drawn into a radar-graph, which can be a reference to green risk and sustainable development of construction projects.
Finally, low-carbon economy and low-carbon technology is discussed, and the effect of reducing CO_2 emission through increasing the grade of concrete and selecting low carbon building materials is also analyzed in the thesis.
从生命周期评价的角度出发，建设项目的环境影响可划分为使用过程中直观的、外露的显性环境影响和建造过程中内含的、潜在的隐性环境影响。当前我国对建设项目环境影响评价主要是评价显性环境影响，未能全面、客观的反映建设项目的全生命周期环境影响，因此，本文主要从工程管理的角度，结合环境影响评价理论，定量研究了建设项目的隐性环境影响评价。
在查阅了各种类型建设项目的环境影响报告书的基础上，分析归纳了建设项目的环境影响指标体系，建立了包括16个中点影响指标和3个终点影响指标(环境负荷影响、资源耗竭影响和能源耗竭影响)的建设项目隐性环境影响综合量化评价模型。
在环境负荷影响的定量评价方面，采用美国标准和技术研究院开发的BEES评价软件作为环境负荷影响的清单数据库；根据国际环境毒理和化学学会(SETAC)的环境影响评价体系确定了建设项目环境影响负荷的定量评价方法，包括清单分析、分类与特征化、标准化和加权四个步骤；以武汉某大学的一个餐厅工程为例，计算了其1m~2建筑面积所造成的环境影响负荷指数，提出了具体的降低环境影响负荷的建议。
在资源耗竭影响的定量评价方面，根据生命周期影响评价和当量系数法，建立了资源耗竭影响的定量评价方法，并确定了以煤为基准资源的资源当量系数；通过对几种不同强度等级的掺与不掺粉煤灰混凝土的分析，定量评价了混凝土的原料消耗及资源耗竭指数，并提出了相应的降低其影响的建议。
在能源耗竭影响的定量评价方面，运用建设项目的分解图和集成图，结合BEES软件确定了建设项目的隐性能源耗竭影响的定量评价方法，并以上述大学餐厅工程为例进行了定量计算和分析。此外，还计算了不同强度等级的掺与不掺粉煤灰混凝土的物化能耗值。
根据以上环境影响评价指标构建了建设项目绿色风险评价模型。研究了建设项目的绿色风险概念、风险识别、风险分类和定量分析，运用模糊数学和熵权法建立了建设项目的绿色风险评价模型，将上述隐性环境影响评价的量化结果绘制成风险雷达图，可作为建设项目绿色风险及可持续发展的参考依据。
最后，本文探讨了低碳经济及低碳建筑技术，分析了提高混凝土强度等级、选择低碳建筑材料对减少CO_2排放的效果。
Along with the process of constructing the resource-conserving and environment-friendly society, there have been broad research in environmental protection, resources conservation for construction industry, but it's still difficult to make quantitative assessment on the resources consumption and environmental impact in projects construction.
From the perspective of life cycle assessment, the environmental impact of construction projects can be divided into the explicit environmental impact and the implicit environmental impact, the explicit environmental impact mainly refers to the intuitive and exposed impact in utilization, and the implicit environmental impact refers to the embodied and potential impact in construction. At present, the evaluation of environmental effects about construction projects mainly assesses the explicit environmental impacts, that it can not reflect the whole life cycle impacts comprehensively and objectively. So mainly from the viewpoint of engineering management, and combining with the theory of environmental impact assessment, the thesis makes a quantitative assessment on the implicit environmental impact of construction projects.
The system of environmental impact indicators was summarized on the basis of reviewing environmental impact assessment reports of various kinds of construction projects, and the quantitative assessment method for the implicit environmental impacts was established, in which includes sixteen midpoint impact indicators and three endpoint impact indicators (environmental load impact, resources consumption impact and energy consumption impact).
In the part of quantitative assessment of environmental load impact (ELI), the evaluation software Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES) that was developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) was chosen as inventory database of ELI. According to the life cycle assessment system of Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), the quantitative analysis method of calculating ELI is established, in which includes four procedures, that is inventory analysis, impact category, normalization and weighted analysis. Furthermore, the thesis calculates 1m~2 of ELI indicator of a university refectory project in Wuhan, and then puts forward some particular advice to reduce the ELI.
In the part of quantitative assessment of resources consumption impact (RCI), the quantitative method of calculating RCI indicator is established according to the life cycle assessment and equivalency factors, and equivalency factors with coal-based is determined. Moreover, the raw materials consumption and RCI indicator are quantitative evaluation through analyze several different strength grades of concrete and fly ash concrete, and also give some corresponding suggestion to reduce the RCI.
In the part of quantitative assessment of energy consumption impact (ECI), the quantitative method of calculating ECI indicator is established by combining the decomposition map, integration map of construction projects and BEES software, and the quantitative calculation and analysis is carried in the refectory project. In addition, the embodied energy of several different strength grades of concrete and fly ash concrete is calculated.
Green risk assessment model of construction projects is conceived based on the above environmental impact indicators. The green risk conception, risk identification, risk classification and quantitative analysis are all studied, and the green risk assessment model of construction projects is set up according to fuzzy mathematics and entropy weight method. Lastly, the results of quantitative assessment on the implicit environmental impact are drawn into a radar-graph, which can be a reference to green risk and sustainable development of construction projects.
Finally, low-carbon economy and low-carbon technology is discussed, and the effect of reducing CO_2 emission through increasing the grade of concrete and selecting low carbon building materials is also analyzed in the thesis.
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