多星模拟器的设计与研究
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摘要
本文介绍的小型多星模拟器是在地面上模拟真实星空的一种设备,它为星敏感器提供在无穷远处的星空图像,以便对星敏感器的成像、星图识别、星跟踪等进行功能测试。
论文主要根据小型多星模拟器的工程使用实际需要,结合用户星敏感器的技术指标要求,提出了采用高分辨率、小型TFT-LCD液晶光阀器件(LCX023CMT)作为星图显示的核心器件,从工程应用的角度阐明了小型多星模拟器整个系统的研制方法和相关技术。本文详述了整个系统的工作原理及设计工作,对光学系统准直物镜、液晶显示电路及接口电路等关键单元技术进行了重点分析,并对影响精度的各种因素进行了理论分析。
在光学设计方面,提出一种结构紧凑的透镜结构实现了用户需求的星模拟器的视场(25°)的要求。同时在权衡各种指标后,对像差指标进行了论证,最终实现对星间角距的误差控制在用户允许的范围内,并且对实现满足视场要求的两种光学结构进行了比较和验证。
在电路设计上,按照任务要求,能够实现将计算机输出的视频信号直接输出在液晶光阀上;能够在上位机(模拟星图生成计算机)实现对液晶光阀显示亮度、对比度、显示顺序的调整,并能够存储;电路稳定可靠,经测试满足用户实际需要。
在机械设计方面,综合考虑用户的要求以及光学、电路设计,实现了投影物镜光轴与液晶光阀显示屏垂直、投影物镜与液晶光阀间距可调,保证液晶光阀显示屏位于物镜镜头焦面上,且投影镜头拆卸快速、方便。液晶光阀、电路板固定可靠,拆卸方便,便于维修。整个模拟器的体积小,重量轻,固定到星敏感器上不会对星敏感器产生不良影响。整个模拟器固定到星敏感器端面上,安装后结合紧密,无漏光,有一定的抗冲击、振动能力,接口可靠,满足了用户需求。
The miniature multi-star simulator introduced in this thesis is a testing equipment simulating the sky on the ground laboratory, in this way the functional testing for star map recognition of a star sensor can be carried out and the simulated star map can be given at real-time.
Based on the practical demands in miniature multi-star simulator project and combining with the technical specifications of star sensor for user, this thesis proposes to use miniature high-resolution module LCX023CMT TFT-LCD liquid crystal light valve device as the core elements for displaying star map and describes development methods and development technologies for the whole system of the miniature multi-star simulator from the view of project application. An analysis for various factors effecting measuring accuracy is carried out in theory.
The optical design presents a kind of compactness optical configuration. And the field of view of the collimating objective in this design is 25°which is determined by the users. At the same time, by balancing all kinds of qualifications, we carried on the demonstration of the collimating objective’s aberration requirement. Finally the errors of angular distance between stars are controlled in a range which can be allowed by users.
According the design of circuit, the lightness, contrast and display order, storage are controlled by the main computer. The circuit is stable and dependable. By testing, this miniature multi-star simulator satisfies the user.
In the machine design, after considering the user’s requests, the optical design and the circuit design, it achieve that the optical axis of the collimating objective is plumb the display screen of the liquid crystal light valve, the distance between the collimating objective and the liquid crystal light valve is adjustable, it ensures that the liquid crystal light valve is on the focal plane of the collimating objective. Besides, the collimating objective disassembles easily and quickly. The liquid crystal light valve and the circuit board is stable, low weight and dependable adjustable. When they are fixed on the star sensor, there won’t be bad affection .The whole star-simulator is fixed on the end face of the star sensor. It combine compact and has no light leak after fixing. It is anti-impact and anti-vibrancy. By testing, this miniature multi-star simulator satisfies the user.
论文主要根据小型多星模拟器的工程使用实际需要,结合用户星敏感器的技术指标要求,提出了采用高分辨率、小型TFT-LCD液晶光阀器件(LCX023CMT)作为星图显示的核心器件,从工程应用的角度阐明了小型多星模拟器整个系统的研制方法和相关技术。本文详述了整个系统的工作原理及设计工作,对光学系统准直物镜、液晶显示电路及接口电路等关键单元技术进行了重点分析,并对影响精度的各种因素进行了理论分析。
在光学设计方面,提出一种结构紧凑的透镜结构实现了用户需求的星模拟器的视场(25°)的要求。同时在权衡各种指标后,对像差指标进行了论证,最终实现对星间角距的误差控制在用户允许的范围内,并且对实现满足视场要求的两种光学结构进行了比较和验证。
在电路设计上,按照任务要求,能够实现将计算机输出的视频信号直接输出在液晶光阀上;能够在上位机(模拟星图生成计算机)实现对液晶光阀显示亮度、对比度、显示顺序的调整,并能够存储;电路稳定可靠,经测试满足用户实际需要。
在机械设计方面,综合考虑用户的要求以及光学、电路设计,实现了投影物镜光轴与液晶光阀显示屏垂直、投影物镜与液晶光阀间距可调,保证液晶光阀显示屏位于物镜镜头焦面上,且投影镜头拆卸快速、方便。液晶光阀、电路板固定可靠,拆卸方便,便于维修。整个模拟器的体积小,重量轻,固定到星敏感器上不会对星敏感器产生不良影响。整个模拟器固定到星敏感器端面上,安装后结合紧密,无漏光,有一定的抗冲击、振动能力,接口可靠,满足了用户需求。
The miniature multi-star simulator introduced in this thesis is a testing equipment simulating the sky on the ground laboratory, in this way the functional testing for star map recognition of a star sensor can be carried out and the simulated star map can be given at real-time.
Based on the practical demands in miniature multi-star simulator project and combining with the technical specifications of star sensor for user, this thesis proposes to use miniature high-resolution module LCX023CMT TFT-LCD liquid crystal light valve device as the core elements for displaying star map and describes development methods and development technologies for the whole system of the miniature multi-star simulator from the view of project application. An analysis for various factors effecting measuring accuracy is carried out in theory.
The optical design presents a kind of compactness optical configuration. And the field of view of the collimating objective in this design is 25°which is determined by the users. At the same time, by balancing all kinds of qualifications, we carried on the demonstration of the collimating objective’s aberration requirement. Finally the errors of angular distance between stars are controlled in a range which can be allowed by users.
According the design of circuit, the lightness, contrast and display order, storage are controlled by the main computer. The circuit is stable and dependable. By testing, this miniature multi-star simulator satisfies the user.
In the machine design, after considering the user’s requests, the optical design and the circuit design, it achieve that the optical axis of the collimating objective is plumb the display screen of the liquid crystal light valve, the distance between the collimating objective and the liquid crystal light valve is adjustable, it ensures that the liquid crystal light valve is on the focal plane of the collimating objective. Besides, the collimating objective disassembles easily and quickly. The liquid crystal light valve and the circuit board is stable, low weight and dependable adjustable. When they are fixed on the star sensor, there won’t be bad affection .The whole star-simulator is fixed on the end face of the star sensor. It combine compact and has no light leak after fixing. It is anti-impact and anti-vibrancy. By testing, this miniature multi-star simulator satisfies the user.
引文
1. Hua Z, Hongshi S and Xubang S. Expanding the usage of the star sensor in spacecraft. 2007. SPIE. 6795:679521
2. Natalie C. Intelligent star tracker. 2001. SPIE. 4592:216~226
3.李杰. APS星敏感器关键技术的研究.中科院长春光机所博士学位论文. 2005:2~4
4.张文明,王效才,马屹,段海峰.星敏感器单星模拟光源系统.光电工程. 1998. 25(增):74~78
5.潘平.单星模拟器数字光源研制技术:中科院西安光学精密机械研究所硕士学位论文. 2005:6
6. Thomas S, Immo A, Walter F, et al. Testing FORS: the first focal reducer for the ESO VLT. 1998. SPIE. 3355:20-27
7.许世文,龙夫年,付苓,付志宇.实时星场模拟中的坐标变换.哈尔滨工业大学学报. 1998. 30(5):118~120
8.唐建国,袁家虎,吴钦章.液晶光阀星图模拟设计与实现.光电工程. 1999. 26(5):75~78
9.张文明,林玲,郝永杰,唐敏.小型星模拟器中星图动态显示系统的设计.光电工程. 2000. 27(5):11~14
10. Remko S, Robin A, Bernard D, et al. ASSIST: the adaptive secondary setup and instrument stimulator. 2006. SPIE. 6272:1~8
11. Yekta G and Elizabeth A M. Attitude control system for the SIM interferometry testbed 3 (STB3). 2003. SPIE. 4852:764~777
12.张钧萍,林涛,周建林,钱国蕙.一种模拟CCD星图的方法.中国空间科学技术. 1999. 3):46~50
13.宋晓龙.全轨道实时星模拟器.系统仿真学报. 1995. 7(6):40~44
14.王兆魁,张育林.面向空间目标监视的星图模拟器设计与实现.系统仿真学报. 2006. 18(5):1195~1211
15.阚道宏.空间飞行器姿态确定用的CCD星敏感器.控制工程. 1990. 5:8~13
16. Smith J L.小卫星的低成本姿态确定与控制.控制工程. 1998. 2:41~53
17. J H B R S R C C T. CMOS Active Pixel Sensor Specific Performance Effect on Star Tracker/Imager Position Accuracy. SPIE. 2001. 4284:43~53
18. Dong Y, Xing F and You Z. APS star sensor performance assessment through real-sky observation experiments. 2005. SPIE. 5638:541~550
19. B L C C D E W H. Active Pixel Sensor (APS) Based Star Tracker. IEEE Proceedings. 1998. 1:119~127
20. Francis C W, III and Mark A V D. Star field simulator for the Spacelab instrument pointing system fixed-head star trackers. 1994. SPIE. 2221:116~127
21.李春霞.星模拟器光学系统的设计.哈尔滨工业大学学报. 1998. 30(3):115~117
22.张文明.小型星模拟器的研制方法和研制技术:电子科技大学工程硕士学位论文. 2003:6~9
23.全伟,房建成.天文导航系统半物理仿真研究.系统仿真学报. 2006. 18(2):353~358
24.全伟,房建成.高精度星图模拟及有效性验证新方法.光电工程. 2005. 32(7):22~26
25.田玉龙,王广君,房建成,柳建.星光模拟的半物理仿真技术.中国航天. 2004. 4:24~25
26.邢飞,武延鹏,董瑛,尤政.微型星敏感器实验室测试系统研究.光学技术. 2004. 30(6):703~709
27. Wan-bo Z, Zhi L and Zhihang H. Construction of hierarchically indexed guide star database. 2002. SPIE. 4919:301~305
28. Jie J, Xiao L, Guangjun Z, et al. Fast star tracking technology in star sensor. 2006. SPIE. 6358:63580A
29. Jian Y, Guang-jun Z, Jie J, et al. Semi-physical simulation test for micro CMOS star sensor. 2007. SPIE. 6622:66220E
30. Jean-Jacques P A. Star sensor baffle optimization: some helpful practical design rules. 1996. SPIE. 2864:333~338
31.朱耆祥.白天用CCD摄像机对天体目标的探测及实验.光电工程. 1995. 22(6):1~10
32.鞠雁志.星敏感器用CCD星等的近似计算方法.控制工程. 1986. 2:29~34
33.黄欣.星敏感器光学系统参数的确定.控制工程. 1999. 5:19~24
34.郭玉蛟.星模拟器概述.控制工程. 1986. 5:42~49
35. Hiroyuki K, Haruhiko S, Shoji Y, et al. Solar-light shielding using a near-hemispherical lens for a star sensor. Optical Engineering. 2006. 45(12):124403
36. Liebe C C. Star trackers for attitude determination. Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, IEEE. 1995. 10(6):10~16
37. Yan L, Lin L, Yifan H, et al. Application of conformal optical design in star sensor. 2007. SPIE. 6624:66240S
38. Sean L B. Star calibration of the pallet inertial sensor assembly for the High-Altitude Balloon Experiment. 1995. SPIE. 2468:219~230
39.刘洪波.太阳模拟技术.光学精密工程. 2001. 9(2):177~181
40.李刚,周彦平.卫星仿真测试用太阳模拟器和地球模拟器设计.红外技术. 2007. 29(5):283~287
41.陆明宇.一种实时红外地球敏感器信号源的研制.中国空间科学技术. 1996. 3:63~70
42.余张国,孙挺,李磊民,张世富.多星模拟器电路系统的设计.微计算机信息. 2007. 23(8-2):300~302
43. Guohui Z, Xiaodong W and Zhihang H. Design and DSP implementation of star image acquisition and star point fast acquiring and tracking. 2006. SPIE. 6150:61500Y1~8
44.谈新权,邓天平.视频技术基础,华中科技大学出版社. 2004:205~206
45. Xuetao H, Jie J and Guangjun Z. Star sensor image acquisition and preprocessing hardware system based on CMOS image sensor and FGPA. 2003. SPIE. 5253:207~210
46.兰巍,江洁,张广军.基于TMS320C6701的星敏感器电路系统的设计.微计算机信息. 2005. 21(8-1):144~146
47. Sony公司. LCX023CMT manual, Sony公司.
48. Boyd A F, Michael G, Janusz B, et al. Low-noise readout using active reset for CMOS APS. 2000. SPIE. 3965:126~135
2. Natalie C. Intelligent star tracker. 2001. SPIE. 4592:216~226
3.李杰. APS星敏感器关键技术的研究.中科院长春光机所博士学位论文. 2005:2~4
4.张文明,王效才,马屹,段海峰.星敏感器单星模拟光源系统.光电工程. 1998. 25(增):74~78
5.潘平.单星模拟器数字光源研制技术:中科院西安光学精密机械研究所硕士学位论文. 2005:6
6. Thomas S, Immo A, Walter F, et al. Testing FORS: the first focal reducer for the ESO VLT. 1998. SPIE. 3355:20-27
7.许世文,龙夫年,付苓,付志宇.实时星场模拟中的坐标变换.哈尔滨工业大学学报. 1998. 30(5):118~120
8.唐建国,袁家虎,吴钦章.液晶光阀星图模拟设计与实现.光电工程. 1999. 26(5):75~78
9.张文明,林玲,郝永杰,唐敏.小型星模拟器中星图动态显示系统的设计.光电工程. 2000. 27(5):11~14
10. Remko S, Robin A, Bernard D, et al. ASSIST: the adaptive secondary setup and instrument stimulator. 2006. SPIE. 6272:1~8
11. Yekta G and Elizabeth A M. Attitude control system for the SIM interferometry testbed 3 (STB3). 2003. SPIE. 4852:764~777
12.张钧萍,林涛,周建林,钱国蕙.一种模拟CCD星图的方法.中国空间科学技术. 1999. 3):46~50
13.宋晓龙.全轨道实时星模拟器.系统仿真学报. 1995. 7(6):40~44
14.王兆魁,张育林.面向空间目标监视的星图模拟器设计与实现.系统仿真学报. 2006. 18(5):1195~1211
15.阚道宏.空间飞行器姿态确定用的CCD星敏感器.控制工程. 1990. 5:8~13
16. Smith J L.小卫星的低成本姿态确定与控制.控制工程. 1998. 2:41~53
17. J H B R S R C C T. CMOS Active Pixel Sensor Specific Performance Effect on Star Tracker/Imager Position Accuracy. SPIE. 2001. 4284:43~53
18. Dong Y, Xing F and You Z. APS star sensor performance assessment through real-sky observation experiments. 2005. SPIE. 5638:541~550
19. B L C C D E W H. Active Pixel Sensor (APS) Based Star Tracker. IEEE Proceedings. 1998. 1:119~127
20. Francis C W, III and Mark A V D. Star field simulator for the Spacelab instrument pointing system fixed-head star trackers. 1994. SPIE. 2221:116~127
21.李春霞.星模拟器光学系统的设计.哈尔滨工业大学学报. 1998. 30(3):115~117
22.张文明.小型星模拟器的研制方法和研制技术:电子科技大学工程硕士学位论文. 2003:6~9
23.全伟,房建成.天文导航系统半物理仿真研究.系统仿真学报. 2006. 18(2):353~358
24.全伟,房建成.高精度星图模拟及有效性验证新方法.光电工程. 2005. 32(7):22~26
25.田玉龙,王广君,房建成,柳建.星光模拟的半物理仿真技术.中国航天. 2004. 4:24~25
26.邢飞,武延鹏,董瑛,尤政.微型星敏感器实验室测试系统研究.光学技术. 2004. 30(6):703~709
27. Wan-bo Z, Zhi L and Zhihang H. Construction of hierarchically indexed guide star database. 2002. SPIE. 4919:301~305
28. Jie J, Xiao L, Guangjun Z, et al. Fast star tracking technology in star sensor. 2006. SPIE. 6358:63580A
29. Jian Y, Guang-jun Z, Jie J, et al. Semi-physical simulation test for micro CMOS star sensor. 2007. SPIE. 6622:66220E
30. Jean-Jacques P A. Star sensor baffle optimization: some helpful practical design rules. 1996. SPIE. 2864:333~338
31.朱耆祥.白天用CCD摄像机对天体目标的探测及实验.光电工程. 1995. 22(6):1~10
32.鞠雁志.星敏感器用CCD星等的近似计算方法.控制工程. 1986. 2:29~34
33.黄欣.星敏感器光学系统参数的确定.控制工程. 1999. 5:19~24
34.郭玉蛟.星模拟器概述.控制工程. 1986. 5:42~49
35. Hiroyuki K, Haruhiko S, Shoji Y, et al. Solar-light shielding using a near-hemispherical lens for a star sensor. Optical Engineering. 2006. 45(12):124403
36. Liebe C C. Star trackers for attitude determination. Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, IEEE. 1995. 10(6):10~16
37. Yan L, Lin L, Yifan H, et al. Application of conformal optical design in star sensor. 2007. SPIE. 6624:66240S
38. Sean L B. Star calibration of the pallet inertial sensor assembly for the High-Altitude Balloon Experiment. 1995. SPIE. 2468:219~230
39.刘洪波.太阳模拟技术.光学精密工程. 2001. 9(2):177~181
40.李刚,周彦平.卫星仿真测试用太阳模拟器和地球模拟器设计.红外技术. 2007. 29(5):283~287
41.陆明宇.一种实时红外地球敏感器信号源的研制.中国空间科学技术. 1996. 3:63~70
42.余张国,孙挺,李磊民,张世富.多星模拟器电路系统的设计.微计算机信息. 2007. 23(8-2):300~302
43. Guohui Z, Xiaodong W and Zhihang H. Design and DSP implementation of star image acquisition and star point fast acquiring and tracking. 2006. SPIE. 6150:61500Y1~8
44.谈新权,邓天平.视频技术基础,华中科技大学出版社. 2004:205~206
45. Xuetao H, Jie J and Guangjun Z. Star sensor image acquisition and preprocessing hardware system based on CMOS image sensor and FGPA. 2003. SPIE. 5253:207~210
46.兰巍,江洁,张广军.基于TMS320C6701的星敏感器电路系统的设计.微计算机信息. 2005. 21(8-1):144~146
47. Sony公司. LCX023CMT manual, Sony公司.
48. Boyd A F, Michael G, Janusz B, et al. Low-noise readout using active reset for CMOS APS. 2000. SPIE. 3965:126~135