土壤自净化特性及公路导排系统关键技术研究
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摘要
公路路面的径流污染是交通运输引起的环境污染的一个重要方面,其严重影响周边环境与水体的安全,破坏周边的生态环境,对人类的健康和安全构成威胁,部分污染物甚至会严重影响周边环境的动植物的生存。目前利用土壤自净化特性设计公路导排系统可对其影响进行有效削减,为此,本文对土壤自净化特性及公路导排系统的关键技术进了理论与试验研究,获得了一些有益的结论,为设计更为有效的公路导排系统以削减路面径流污染,保护公路周边生态环境提供一定的理论基础。
首先,本文以前人的研究成果为基础,探讨了土壤自净化特性的机理,同时结合导排系统的构造特点得到了其净化路面径流污染物的机制,并开展了土壤自净化特性的土柱单元体模型试验。在此基础上,引入土壤溶质运移理论对导排系统进行理论分析并用HYDRUS系列软件对其数值仿真模拟,其中数值模拟包括土柱单元体模拟和导排系统的模拟。在数值模拟中,先验证了HYDRUS-1D模型的可靠性,再用HYDRUS-1D得到的第二期试验出水口氨氮模拟值与实测值对比,从对比结果得到HYDRUS-1D模型能较好地模拟土壤溶质运移过程,接下来用HYDRUS-1D模型分析溶质运移的三个主要参数—(弥散系数、吸附因子、速率反应参数)对土壤溶质运移的影响。最后用HYDRUS(2D/3D)程序模拟了导排系统中溶质运移过程,得到了溶质在导排系统中的迁移与转化特征,并通过该软件分析了坡角与坡长对导排系统净化功能的影响。
由本文试验与理论分析结果可知:①土壤类型是影响污染物迁移与转化的主要原因之一,粉质粘土柱对污染物指标(CODcr、NH4-N、TN)的去除情况优于粉土柱和砂土柱;②含有粘粒组的土柱对氨氮的去除率达到58%以上,而不含粘粒组的土柱不到20%,粘粒组行为对化学耗氧量和总氮的去除的影响相对较小;③红土对TN和CODcr净化效果随孔隙比增大而增大,而孔隙比条件对净化NH4-N的效果影响较小;④从变化趋势来看,孔隙比条件对净化CODcr效果的影响较大;⑤三个溶质运移关键参数中,一级反应参数对处理水浓度影响最大,吸附因子次之,弥散系数最小;⑥溶质沿公路导排系统坡面方向向下运移速度逐渐减小,越靠近坡面顶端,溶质峰值浓度越大,达到平衡时间越短;⑦坡度变化对导排系统中的溶质运移无影响,坡长在一定范围内对导排系统溶质运移影响较大,达到一定值后影响较小,其中存在一个最佳坡长值使导排系统净化效果最好。
With the continuous increase of highway mileage and the rapid development of automototive industry,the environmental pollution caused by highway transportation is more and more got attentions of people. The runoff pollution of road surface is an important aspect of environmental pollution caused by transportation.Presently the road guid-drainage system devised with soil's self-purification can effectively reduce its impact. The paper does the experimental and theoretical research for the key technologies of Road's Guided-drainage System's and the characteristic of soil's self-purification,and acquires some useful conclusions.It provides the theoretical basis for the design of road drainage systems to more effectively reduced runoff pollution, and protect the surrounding ecological environment of roads.
Firstly, this paper acquries the mechanism of its purification runoff pollutants, and carries out the soil column unit model test of the characteristics of the soil's self-purification based on the previous research results to discuss the mechanism of the soil self-purification characteristics, and combined with the structural features of guided-drainage systems.On this basis,the introduction of soil solute transport theory conducts the theoretical analysis for guided-drainage systems and carries out numerical simulation with HYDRUS series software,which includes soil column element numerical simulation and physical modeling simulation of guided-drainage systems.In the numerical simulation,it first verifies the reliability of the model HYDRUS-1D,then gets the comparing results between the simulated value and the measured value of ammonia in the second test the outlet with HYDRUS-1D.The comparing results shows the HYDRUS-1D model can better simulate soil solute transport process. Then it analyzes the impact of three main parameters(diffusion coefficient, absorption factor, the rate of reaction parameters) of solute transport on soil solute transport with HYDRUS-1D model.Finally,it simulates the solute transport process of guided-drainage systems with HYDRUS (2D/3D) program,then obtains the migration and transformation characteristics of solute in the guided-drainage systems,and analyzes the impacts of slope angle and slope length on the purification of the guided-drainage systems.
The tests and theoretical results shows:①the type of soil is one of the main indicators affecting pollutant migration and transformation, the silty clay column (CODcr, NH4-N, TN) is better for the removal of pollutants than silt and sand column;②The removal rate of soil column group with cosmid for the NH4-N reached more than 58%,while the non-cosmid soil column group is less than 20%.The removal effect of clay on chemical oxygen demand and total nitrogen was relatively small.③While purifying effect of red soil for CODcr and TN increases with void ratio increasing,the effect of the void ratio conditions on the purification of NH4-N is small.④From the trend of change,the effect of the void ratio conditions on the purification of CODcr is large.⑤The impact of the first reaction parameters on water treatment concentration is maximum in three key parameters of solute transport,followed by absorption factor,diffusion coefficient is minimum;⑥The movement speed of solute along the direction of slope of the road guided-drainage system decreases,the closer to the top of slope,the greater the concentration of the solute peak,and the shorter the time to reach equilibrium;⑦The change of slope has no effect on the solute transport of guided-drainage system,the impact of slope length on the solute transport of guided-drainage system is maximum within a certain range,the impact is small after a certain value,which there is an optimum slope length values making the purification efficiency of guided-drainage system best.
首先,本文以前人的研究成果为基础,探讨了土壤自净化特性的机理,同时结合导排系统的构造特点得到了其净化路面径流污染物的机制,并开展了土壤自净化特性的土柱单元体模型试验。在此基础上,引入土壤溶质运移理论对导排系统进行理论分析并用HYDRUS系列软件对其数值仿真模拟,其中数值模拟包括土柱单元体模拟和导排系统的模拟。在数值模拟中,先验证了HYDRUS-1D模型的可靠性,再用HYDRUS-1D得到的第二期试验出水口氨氮模拟值与实测值对比,从对比结果得到HYDRUS-1D模型能较好地模拟土壤溶质运移过程,接下来用HYDRUS-1D模型分析溶质运移的三个主要参数—(弥散系数、吸附因子、速率反应参数)对土壤溶质运移的影响。最后用HYDRUS(2D/3D)程序模拟了导排系统中溶质运移过程,得到了溶质在导排系统中的迁移与转化特征,并通过该软件分析了坡角与坡长对导排系统净化功能的影响。
由本文试验与理论分析结果可知:①土壤类型是影响污染物迁移与转化的主要原因之一,粉质粘土柱对污染物指标(CODcr、NH4-N、TN)的去除情况优于粉土柱和砂土柱;②含有粘粒组的土柱对氨氮的去除率达到58%以上,而不含粘粒组的土柱不到20%,粘粒组行为对化学耗氧量和总氮的去除的影响相对较小;③红土对TN和CODcr净化效果随孔隙比增大而增大,而孔隙比条件对净化NH4-N的效果影响较小;④从变化趋势来看,孔隙比条件对净化CODcr效果的影响较大;⑤三个溶质运移关键参数中,一级反应参数对处理水浓度影响最大,吸附因子次之,弥散系数最小;⑥溶质沿公路导排系统坡面方向向下运移速度逐渐减小,越靠近坡面顶端,溶质峰值浓度越大,达到平衡时间越短;⑦坡度变化对导排系统中的溶质运移无影响,坡长在一定范围内对导排系统溶质运移影响较大,达到一定值后影响较小,其中存在一个最佳坡长值使导排系统净化效果最好。
With the continuous increase of highway mileage and the rapid development of automototive industry,the environmental pollution caused by highway transportation is more and more got attentions of people. The runoff pollution of road surface is an important aspect of environmental pollution caused by transportation.Presently the road guid-drainage system devised with soil's self-purification can effectively reduce its impact. The paper does the experimental and theoretical research for the key technologies of Road's Guided-drainage System's and the characteristic of soil's self-purification,and acquires some useful conclusions.It provides the theoretical basis for the design of road drainage systems to more effectively reduced runoff pollution, and protect the surrounding ecological environment of roads.
Firstly, this paper acquries the mechanism of its purification runoff pollutants, and carries out the soil column unit model test of the characteristics of the soil's self-purification based on the previous research results to discuss the mechanism of the soil self-purification characteristics, and combined with the structural features of guided-drainage systems.On this basis,the introduction of soil solute transport theory conducts the theoretical analysis for guided-drainage systems and carries out numerical simulation with HYDRUS series software,which includes soil column element numerical simulation and physical modeling simulation of guided-drainage systems.In the numerical simulation,it first verifies the reliability of the model HYDRUS-1D,then gets the comparing results between the simulated value and the measured value of ammonia in the second test the outlet with HYDRUS-1D.The comparing results shows the HYDRUS-1D model can better simulate soil solute transport process. Then it analyzes the impact of three main parameters(diffusion coefficient, absorption factor, the rate of reaction parameters) of solute transport on soil solute transport with HYDRUS-1D model.Finally,it simulates the solute transport process of guided-drainage systems with HYDRUS (2D/3D) program,then obtains the migration and transformation characteristics of solute in the guided-drainage systems,and analyzes the impacts of slope angle and slope length on the purification of the guided-drainage systems.
The tests and theoretical results shows:①the type of soil is one of the main indicators affecting pollutant migration and transformation, the silty clay column (CODcr, NH4-N, TN) is better for the removal of pollutants than silt and sand column;②The removal rate of soil column group with cosmid for the NH4-N reached more than 58%,while the non-cosmid soil column group is less than 20%.The removal effect of clay on chemical oxygen demand and total nitrogen was relatively small.③While purifying effect of red soil for CODcr and TN increases with void ratio increasing,the effect of the void ratio conditions on the purification of NH4-N is small.④From the trend of change,the effect of the void ratio conditions on the purification of CODcr is large.⑤The impact of the first reaction parameters on water treatment concentration is maximum in three key parameters of solute transport,followed by absorption factor,diffusion coefficient is minimum;⑥The movement speed of solute along the direction of slope of the road guided-drainage system decreases,the closer to the top of slope,the greater the concentration of the solute peak,and the shorter the time to reach equilibrium;⑦The change of slope has no effect on the solute transport of guided-drainage system,the impact of slope length on the solute transport of guided-drainage system is maximum within a certain range,the impact is small after a certain value,which there is an optimum slope length values making the purification efficiency of guided-drainage system best.
引文
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