恒压超滤水处理过程的影响因素及膜污染特性的评价研究
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摘要
近年来,膜分离技术在水处理领域得到了快速的发展。在出水水质得以确保的基础上,保持稳定持久的透水性能已成为膜分离技术研究的中心课题。其中,核心问题是运行过程中膜污染的控制。有效地控制膜污染的形成,能降低膜分离技术的运行成本,实现膜分离技术的广泛普及应用。本文考察了恒压条件下处理有机污染水时跨膜压差、在线清洗频率、反洗压力、快洗压力、回收率、混凝预处理及运行模式(恒压模式和恒流模式)对超滤过程的影响,并采用膜结构参数模型对不同条件下的超滤过程进行了分析和评价。得出以下主要结论:
(1)通过研究操作条件对恒压超滤过程的影响,发现在一定的试验压力范围内,减小跨膜压差,增加在线清洗频率,增大反洗压力,减小回收率均可起到减缓膜通量下降、抑制膜污染的作用。而快洗压力的改变对缓解膜污染作用不明显。
(2)通过研究混凝预处理对恒压超滤过程的影响,发现混凝预处理能够一定程度地减缓膜通量下降、抑制膜污染。原水经切割分子量为100kDa的超滤膜过滤后,主要去除了分子量大于100kDa的物质,而对分子量小于100kDa物质的去除率较小。在超滤过程中,产生的膜污染是以分子量大于100kDa大分子物质为主的表面污染。同时,研究发现混凝预处理能够去除一部分分子量大于100kDa的物质,对缓解膜污染具有一定的作用。混凝、超滤工艺增加了对水中污染物的去除率,混凝预处理对进一步改善水质具有显著作用。
(3)通过对恒压模式和恒流模式超滤过滤过程的比较,发现在相同过滤时间、相同产水量条件下,恒压模式下的膜污染程度比恒流模式大,且随着跨膜压差的增大,恒压模式的膜阻力增加的更快,即恒压模式比恒流模式更容易被污染。膜过滤过程中,采用恒流模式过滤可一定程度减轻膜污染,能够提高膜的产水能力。
(4)利用膜结构参数模型对不同条件下的超滤过程进行了分析和评价。模型的表达式为(其中α_1为膜孔径影响因子,m~(-1);α_2为膜孔密度影响因子,m~(-1)):
结果发现:
①用模型评价跨膜压差、在线清洗频率、反洗压力对膜过滤影响时,膜孔径影响因子α_1和膜孔密度影响因子α_2随着跨膜压差的减小、清洗频率的加大、反洗压力的增加均逐渐减小,说明跨膜压差越小、清洗频率越大、反洗压力越大则膜孔窄化和膜面覆盖堵塞作用越弱,膜污染越轻。
②用模型评价快洗压力对膜过滤的影响时,膜孔径影响因子α_1和膜孔密度影响因子α_2基本没有变化,说明快洗压力的改变对缓解膜污染的作用不明显。
③用模型评价回收率和混凝预处理对膜过滤的影响时,膜孔密度影响因子α_2随回收率减小、混凝剂投加量加大而减小,而膜孔径影响因子α_1则增大,说明回收率越小、混凝剂投加量越大则膜面覆盖堵塞作用越弱而膜孔窄化作用越强,总体过滤过程的污染是由膜表面污染所控制,此时膜污染相对较轻。
④用模型评价恒压与恒流模式的膜过滤过程时,恒压过滤模式的膜孔径影响因子α_1和膜孔密度影响因子α_2均要比相应恒流过滤模式的大,表明恒压模式膜孔窄化和膜面覆盖堵塞作用均比恒流模式明显,恒压模式的膜污染相对严重。且随着跨膜压差的增大,恒压模式的膜孔密度影响因子变的更大,即恒压模式的膜阻力增加的更快,恒压模式比恒流模式更容易被污染。
膜结构参数模型得出的结论与前面的试验结果相一致,表明膜结构参数模型适合评价膜污染过程。
The membrane separation technology has obtained rapid development in water and wastewater treatment. Concerning the insurance of the water quality, controlling membrane fouling is the key to stable and lasting permeability performance, which has become the core of membrane separation technology research. Only if the membrane fouling has been controlled effectively, can operation cost of membrane separation technology be reduced, and can a wide application be achieved. In this paper the influences of trans-membrane pressure、on-line cleaning frequency、backwashing pressure、surface washing pressure、recovery rate and coagulation pretreatment as well as operation mode(constant pressure mode and constant flux mode)on ultrafiltration process were investigated and different ultrafiltration process was evaluated by the membrane structure parameter model in the condition of treating organic wastewater. The main results were shown as:
(1) By investigating the influence of operating conditions in constant pressure ultrafiltration process,it can be found that reducing trans-membrane pressure、increasing on-line cleaning frequency、increasing backwashing pressure and reducing recovery rate can slow down the membrane flux decline effectively and inhibit membrane pollution in a certain operation pressure range. However, the change of surface washing pressure played little role in alleviating membrane fouling.
(2) Coagulation pretreatment could slow down the decrease of membrane flux and inhibit membrane pollution during constant pressure ultrafiltration process.After filtered by ultrafiltration membrane(MWCO100kDa), organics whose molecular weights were more than 100kDa were mainly removed, but removal rate of organics whose molecular weights were less than 100kDa was low. Membrane fouling was mainly surface fouling of organics whose molecular weights were more than 100kDa in ultrafiltration process.While coagulation pretreatment could remove part of organics whose molecular weights were more than 100kDa,so it could slow down the extent of membrane fouling.Coagulation pretreatment combined with ultrafiltration technology could not only increase the rejection of pollutants in wastewater, but also improve the water quality.
(3) By comparison of constant pressure ultrafiltration mode with constant flux ultrafiltration mode with the same filtering time and same water production, the degree of membrane fouling was larger for constant pressure ultrafiltration process, and the larger trans-membrane pressure, the faster the membrane fouling of constant pressure ultrafiltration process which explained constant pressure ultrafiltration process was easily polluted. In the membrane filtration process, constant flux code could reduce membrane fouling in a certain degree and enhance water production.
(4) Different ultrafiltration process was evaluated by the membrane structure parameter model.The model equations are(α_1 is membrane pore size impact factor, m~(-1);α_2 is membrane pore density impact factor, m~(-1)):
The results shows:
①By researching the influences of trans-membrane pressure、on-line cleaning frequency and backwashing pressure on ultrafiltration process evaluated by the membrane structure parameter model,membrane pore size impact factorα_1 and membrane pore density impact factorα_2 decreased gradually with minor trans-membrane pressure, large cleaning frequency and large backwashing pressure, which explained membrane pore narrowing and membrane surface covering and blocking weakened and the degree of membrane fouling was small.
②By researching the influence of surface washing pressure on ultrafiltration process evaluated by the membrane structure parameter model,membrane pore size impact factorα_1 and membrane pore density impact factorα_2 were almost invariant,which explained the change of surface washing pressure played no role in alleviating membrane fouling.
③By researching the influences of recovery rate and coagulation pretreatment on ultrafiltration process evaluated by the membrane structure parameter model, membrane pore density impact factorα_2 decreased but membrane pore size impact factorα_1 increased with small recovery rate and big dosing quantity of coagulant,which explained membrane surface covering and blocking weakened but membrane pore narrowing enhanced,membrane fouling was determined by surface fouling and the degree of membrane fouling was light.
④By researching the influences of constant pressure ultrafiltration mode and constant flux ultrafiltration mode on ultrafiltration process evaluated by the membrane structure parameter model,membrane pore size impact factorα_1 and membrane pore density impact factorα_2 of constant pressure mode were bigger,which explained membrane pore narrowing and membrane surface covering and blocking were more obvious and membrane fouling of constant pressure mode was serious.Membrane pore density impact factorα_2 of constant pressure mode was bigger with large trans-membrane pressure,which explained membrane fouling increased faster and constant pressure model was easily polluted.
The conclusions of membrane structure parameter model were consistent to test conclusions, which indicated that the membrane structure parametric model was suitable for evaluating the process of membrane fouling.
(1)通过研究操作条件对恒压超滤过程的影响,发现在一定的试验压力范围内,减小跨膜压差,增加在线清洗频率,增大反洗压力,减小回收率均可起到减缓膜通量下降、抑制膜污染的作用。而快洗压力的改变对缓解膜污染作用不明显。
(2)通过研究混凝预处理对恒压超滤过程的影响,发现混凝预处理能够一定程度地减缓膜通量下降、抑制膜污染。原水经切割分子量为100kDa的超滤膜过滤后,主要去除了分子量大于100kDa的物质,而对分子量小于100kDa物质的去除率较小。在超滤过程中,产生的膜污染是以分子量大于100kDa大分子物质为主的表面污染。同时,研究发现混凝预处理能够去除一部分分子量大于100kDa的物质,对缓解膜污染具有一定的作用。混凝、超滤工艺增加了对水中污染物的去除率,混凝预处理对进一步改善水质具有显著作用。
(3)通过对恒压模式和恒流模式超滤过滤过程的比较,发现在相同过滤时间、相同产水量条件下,恒压模式下的膜污染程度比恒流模式大,且随着跨膜压差的增大,恒压模式的膜阻力增加的更快,即恒压模式比恒流模式更容易被污染。膜过滤过程中,采用恒流模式过滤可一定程度减轻膜污染,能够提高膜的产水能力。
(4)利用膜结构参数模型对不同条件下的超滤过程进行了分析和评价。模型的表达式为(其中α_1为膜孔径影响因子,m~(-1);α_2为膜孔密度影响因子,m~(-1)):
结果发现:
①用模型评价跨膜压差、在线清洗频率、反洗压力对膜过滤影响时,膜孔径影响因子α_1和膜孔密度影响因子α_2随着跨膜压差的减小、清洗频率的加大、反洗压力的增加均逐渐减小,说明跨膜压差越小、清洗频率越大、反洗压力越大则膜孔窄化和膜面覆盖堵塞作用越弱,膜污染越轻。
②用模型评价快洗压力对膜过滤的影响时,膜孔径影响因子α_1和膜孔密度影响因子α_2基本没有变化,说明快洗压力的改变对缓解膜污染的作用不明显。
③用模型评价回收率和混凝预处理对膜过滤的影响时,膜孔密度影响因子α_2随回收率减小、混凝剂投加量加大而减小,而膜孔径影响因子α_1则增大,说明回收率越小、混凝剂投加量越大则膜面覆盖堵塞作用越弱而膜孔窄化作用越强,总体过滤过程的污染是由膜表面污染所控制,此时膜污染相对较轻。
④用模型评价恒压与恒流模式的膜过滤过程时,恒压过滤模式的膜孔径影响因子α_1和膜孔密度影响因子α_2均要比相应恒流过滤模式的大,表明恒压模式膜孔窄化和膜面覆盖堵塞作用均比恒流模式明显,恒压模式的膜污染相对严重。且随着跨膜压差的增大,恒压模式的膜孔密度影响因子变的更大,即恒压模式的膜阻力增加的更快,恒压模式比恒流模式更容易被污染。
膜结构参数模型得出的结论与前面的试验结果相一致,表明膜结构参数模型适合评价膜污染过程。
The membrane separation technology has obtained rapid development in water and wastewater treatment. Concerning the insurance of the water quality, controlling membrane fouling is the key to stable and lasting permeability performance, which has become the core of membrane separation technology research. Only if the membrane fouling has been controlled effectively, can operation cost of membrane separation technology be reduced, and can a wide application be achieved. In this paper the influences of trans-membrane pressure、on-line cleaning frequency、backwashing pressure、surface washing pressure、recovery rate and coagulation pretreatment as well as operation mode(constant pressure mode and constant flux mode)on ultrafiltration process were investigated and different ultrafiltration process was evaluated by the membrane structure parameter model in the condition of treating organic wastewater. The main results were shown as:
(1) By investigating the influence of operating conditions in constant pressure ultrafiltration process,it can be found that reducing trans-membrane pressure、increasing on-line cleaning frequency、increasing backwashing pressure and reducing recovery rate can slow down the membrane flux decline effectively and inhibit membrane pollution in a certain operation pressure range. However, the change of surface washing pressure played little role in alleviating membrane fouling.
(2) Coagulation pretreatment could slow down the decrease of membrane flux and inhibit membrane pollution during constant pressure ultrafiltration process.After filtered by ultrafiltration membrane(MWCO100kDa), organics whose molecular weights were more than 100kDa were mainly removed, but removal rate of organics whose molecular weights were less than 100kDa was low. Membrane fouling was mainly surface fouling of organics whose molecular weights were more than 100kDa in ultrafiltration process.While coagulation pretreatment could remove part of organics whose molecular weights were more than 100kDa,so it could slow down the extent of membrane fouling.Coagulation pretreatment combined with ultrafiltration technology could not only increase the rejection of pollutants in wastewater, but also improve the water quality.
(3) By comparison of constant pressure ultrafiltration mode with constant flux ultrafiltration mode with the same filtering time and same water production, the degree of membrane fouling was larger for constant pressure ultrafiltration process, and the larger trans-membrane pressure, the faster the membrane fouling of constant pressure ultrafiltration process which explained constant pressure ultrafiltration process was easily polluted. In the membrane filtration process, constant flux code could reduce membrane fouling in a certain degree and enhance water production.
(4) Different ultrafiltration process was evaluated by the membrane structure parameter model.The model equations are(α_1 is membrane pore size impact factor, m~(-1);α_2 is membrane pore density impact factor, m~(-1)):
The results shows:
①By researching the influences of trans-membrane pressure、on-line cleaning frequency and backwashing pressure on ultrafiltration process evaluated by the membrane structure parameter model,membrane pore size impact factorα_1 and membrane pore density impact factorα_2 decreased gradually with minor trans-membrane pressure, large cleaning frequency and large backwashing pressure, which explained membrane pore narrowing and membrane surface covering and blocking weakened and the degree of membrane fouling was small.
②By researching the influence of surface washing pressure on ultrafiltration process evaluated by the membrane structure parameter model,membrane pore size impact factorα_1 and membrane pore density impact factorα_2 were almost invariant,which explained the change of surface washing pressure played no role in alleviating membrane fouling.
③By researching the influences of recovery rate and coagulation pretreatment on ultrafiltration process evaluated by the membrane structure parameter model, membrane pore density impact factorα_2 decreased but membrane pore size impact factorα_1 increased with small recovery rate and big dosing quantity of coagulant,which explained membrane surface covering and blocking weakened but membrane pore narrowing enhanced,membrane fouling was determined by surface fouling and the degree of membrane fouling was light.
④By researching the influences of constant pressure ultrafiltration mode and constant flux ultrafiltration mode on ultrafiltration process evaluated by the membrane structure parameter model,membrane pore size impact factorα_1 and membrane pore density impact factorα_2 of constant pressure mode were bigger,which explained membrane pore narrowing and membrane surface covering and blocking were more obvious and membrane fouling of constant pressure mode was serious.Membrane pore density impact factorα_2 of constant pressure mode was bigger with large trans-membrane pressure,which explained membrane fouling increased faster and constant pressure model was easily polluted.
The conclusions of membrane structure parameter model were consistent to test conclusions, which indicated that the membrane structure parametric model was suitable for evaluating the process of membrane fouling.
引文
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