槽道湍流中颗粒弥散及电除尘应用的数值研究
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摘要
流体-颗粒两相湍流与国民经济中的能源、化工、水利、环境等工业密切相关,已逐渐成为两相流研究中的热点问题。作为两相流的一个分支,流体-颗粒两相流的基础研究在过去30年来取得了很多可喜的成果,但对于壁剪切湍流-颗粒两相流的研究仍不充分,而对于其在工业应用中的理论研究则更为有限。
本文采用直接数值模拟方法研究了槽道两相湍流中颗粒的弥散特性,并以此为基础研究了电除尘器中颗粒物在空气流中的聚集规律。研究工作从单相槽道湍流模拟开始,分析了二维槽道湍流的湍流特性；进一步采用单向耦合模型,研究了Stokes数为0.01、1.3和11.4的三种颗粒在Re数为5500的槽道湍流中的弥散特性；最后结合工程实际,以静电除尘器为模型,研究了颗粒物在气流和电场耦合作用下的集尘规律。
对二维单相槽道湍流进行了直接数值模拟,采用拟谱方法直接求解流体相控制方程,并改进了流向和展向速度谱分量的求解方法。分析了二维槽道湍流的统计结果和瞬时特征,计算结果与前人结果吻合较好。对近壁涡量和壁面剪应力的两点互相关结果表明在距离壁面为0.03和0.2处(基于槽道半宽)近壁涡对于壁面阻力的影响最为强烈,为壁面减阻研究提供了理论解释。通过流场中旋涡的演化和能量的传输研究结果表明,二维槽道湍流中存在明显的旋涡自组织特性,并伴随着能量从小尺度结构向大尺度结构传递的逆级串过程。
颗粒-流体两相槽道湍流模拟的统计结果表明颗粒具有动量统计稳定性,但不具有浓度统计稳定性。颗粒达到动量稳定所需要的时间随着Stokes数的增大而增大,而浓度由槽道中心到壁面逐渐增大,说明颗粒具有壁面聚集效应。近壁区颗粒平均速度明显大于流体速度,且随着Stokes数而增大,说明颗粒惯性对颗粒平均运动的影响主要集中在近壁区域。颗粒的瞬时分布体现出了颗粒在全场中的富集特征,并且随着颗粒Stokes数的增大,富集现象愈明显。而对于离开壁面不同高度位置,颗粒富集程度随颗粒Stokes数的的变化规律并不相同。Stokes数为0.01的颗粒越靠近壁面位置,其局部富集程度越强,而Stokes数为1.3和11.4的颗粒,其局部富集程度在距离壁面高度为0.4和0.8之间最强。
在颗粒-流体两相槽道湍流模型中施加适当外加电场,以模拟静电除尘器中颗粒物在气流和电场耦合作用下的弥散特性。颗粒的瞬时分布和轨迹曲线表明在相同颗粒Stokes数下,颗粒壁面聚集程度随着外加电压的增大而增大；在相同外加电压下,颗粒壁面聚集程度随着Stokes数的增大而增大。颗粒横向扩散函数的计算结果进一步表明：在初始阶段,外加电压越大,颗粒横向扩散函数越大,颗粒横向运动越明显；同时横向扩散函数值随时间而逐渐减小,且外加电压越大,减小越快。颗粒数浓度的变化结果表明：在同一时刻,对于相同Stokes数的颗粒,外加电压越大,颗粒数浓度也越大,相应地集尘效率也越高；对于相同外加电压而言,颗粒Stokes数越大,颗粒数浓度也越大,相应地集尘效率同样也越高。
上述研究有助于理解壁剪切湍流中的颗粒弥散规律,并为工程中静电除尘应用提供指导,同时也为进一步研究多场耦合下的流体-颗粒两相流奠定基础。
Fluid-particle two-phase turbulent flows are closely related with energy, chemical industry, hydraulic engineering, environment, and other industrial fields in the national economy. In the past 30 years, a lot of research accomplishments on fluid-particle two-phase turbulent flows have been achieved, but the researches of fluid-particle two-phase flows in shear turbulence near wall are yet not sufficient, and the theoretical researches of which in engineering application are more limited.
In the present paper the particle dispersion in two-phase turbulent channel-flow is studied with direct numerical simulation (DNS), on the base of which the aggregation properties of particles are analysed in electrostatic precipitator. The research begins with the simulation of a single-phase turbulent channel-flow, and the turbulence characteristics of two-dimensional (2-D) channel are analysed. Then the particle dispersion with particle Stokes number Stk of 0.01、1.3 and 11.4 is studied in fluid-particle two-phase turbulent channel-flow with Reynolds number (Re) of 5500. At last the aggregation properties and collection efficiency of particles in flows and electric field in electrostatic precipitator are studied.
The 2-D turbulent channel-flow is simulated directly with pseudo-spectral method, and the solving methods of streamwise and spanwise velocities in the spectral space are improved, which saves the computing resource obviously. The statistical results of turbulence are consistent with the predecessor's achievements.The two-point correlation results of wall shear stress and near-wall vorticity indicate that the wall shear stress is associated with the near-wall vortices and the maximum correlation-value locations of the near-wall vortices are 0.03 and 1.2 (scaled with half-width of channel). The evolutionary process of vortices indicates that an obvious self-organization of vortices exists in 2-D turbulent channel-flow, and inverse energy transfer from small scale structures to larger ones is along with the self-organization process.
The statistical results of fluid-particle two-phase turbulent channel-flow indicate that the velocity of particles is stable but the concentration is unstable. The concentration of particle increases gradually from the centre to the wall, which shows preferential concentration near wall in wall shear two-phase flows. The effection on mean motions of particle by particle inertia is mainly in the near-wall region. The laws of particle preferential concentration at different locations away from the wall are different. The particle preferential concentrations are more obvious with the location closer to the wall when the Stk is 0.01. When the Stk is 1.3 and 11.4, the particle preferential concentrations are most obvious at the location between 0.4 and 0.8 away from the wall.
Based on the fluid-particle two-phase turbulent channel-flow, the particle dispersion and collection efficiency are studied with the fluid drag and electric field force in industrial electrostatic precipitator. The instantaneous distribution and motion curves of particle show that with the same Stk, the particle preferential concentration is more obvious near the wall with the increase of applied voltage. In the initial stage, when the applied voltage is larger, the value of transverse diffuse function is larger, and the transverse motion of particles is also more obvious. With the same Stk, the particle collection is more efficient if the applied voltage is larger; while with the same applied voltage, the particle collection is also more efficient if the Stk is larger.
The research in this paper has contributed to understand the particle dispersion in wall shear turbulence and provides guidance for its application in industrial electrostatic precipitator, and laies the foundation of the study for the fluid-particle two-phase flows in coupled multi-physics in the future.
本文采用直接数值模拟方法研究了槽道两相湍流中颗粒的弥散特性,并以此为基础研究了电除尘器中颗粒物在空气流中的聚集规律。研究工作从单相槽道湍流模拟开始,分析了二维槽道湍流的湍流特性；进一步采用单向耦合模型,研究了Stokes数为0.01、1.3和11.4的三种颗粒在Re数为5500的槽道湍流中的弥散特性；最后结合工程实际,以静电除尘器为模型,研究了颗粒物在气流和电场耦合作用下的集尘规律。
对二维单相槽道湍流进行了直接数值模拟,采用拟谱方法直接求解流体相控制方程,并改进了流向和展向速度谱分量的求解方法。分析了二维槽道湍流的统计结果和瞬时特征,计算结果与前人结果吻合较好。对近壁涡量和壁面剪应力的两点互相关结果表明在距离壁面为0.03和0.2处(基于槽道半宽)近壁涡对于壁面阻力的影响最为强烈,为壁面减阻研究提供了理论解释。通过流场中旋涡的演化和能量的传输研究结果表明,二维槽道湍流中存在明显的旋涡自组织特性,并伴随着能量从小尺度结构向大尺度结构传递的逆级串过程。
颗粒-流体两相槽道湍流模拟的统计结果表明颗粒具有动量统计稳定性,但不具有浓度统计稳定性。颗粒达到动量稳定所需要的时间随着Stokes数的增大而增大,而浓度由槽道中心到壁面逐渐增大,说明颗粒具有壁面聚集效应。近壁区颗粒平均速度明显大于流体速度,且随着Stokes数而增大,说明颗粒惯性对颗粒平均运动的影响主要集中在近壁区域。颗粒的瞬时分布体现出了颗粒在全场中的富集特征,并且随着颗粒Stokes数的增大,富集现象愈明显。而对于离开壁面不同高度位置,颗粒富集程度随颗粒Stokes数的的变化规律并不相同。Stokes数为0.01的颗粒越靠近壁面位置,其局部富集程度越强,而Stokes数为1.3和11.4的颗粒,其局部富集程度在距离壁面高度为0.4和0.8之间最强。
在颗粒-流体两相槽道湍流模型中施加适当外加电场,以模拟静电除尘器中颗粒物在气流和电场耦合作用下的弥散特性。颗粒的瞬时分布和轨迹曲线表明在相同颗粒Stokes数下,颗粒壁面聚集程度随着外加电压的增大而增大；在相同外加电压下,颗粒壁面聚集程度随着Stokes数的增大而增大。颗粒横向扩散函数的计算结果进一步表明：在初始阶段,外加电压越大,颗粒横向扩散函数越大,颗粒横向运动越明显；同时横向扩散函数值随时间而逐渐减小,且外加电压越大,减小越快。颗粒数浓度的变化结果表明：在同一时刻,对于相同Stokes数的颗粒,外加电压越大,颗粒数浓度也越大,相应地集尘效率也越高；对于相同外加电压而言,颗粒Stokes数越大,颗粒数浓度也越大,相应地集尘效率同样也越高。
上述研究有助于理解壁剪切湍流中的颗粒弥散规律,并为工程中静电除尘应用提供指导,同时也为进一步研究多场耦合下的流体-颗粒两相流奠定基础。
Fluid-particle two-phase turbulent flows are closely related with energy, chemical industry, hydraulic engineering, environment, and other industrial fields in the national economy. In the past 30 years, a lot of research accomplishments on fluid-particle two-phase turbulent flows have been achieved, but the researches of fluid-particle two-phase flows in shear turbulence near wall are yet not sufficient, and the theoretical researches of which in engineering application are more limited.
In the present paper the particle dispersion in two-phase turbulent channel-flow is studied with direct numerical simulation (DNS), on the base of which the aggregation properties of particles are analysed in electrostatic precipitator. The research begins with the simulation of a single-phase turbulent channel-flow, and the turbulence characteristics of two-dimensional (2-D) channel are analysed. Then the particle dispersion with particle Stokes number Stk of 0.01、1.3 and 11.4 is studied in fluid-particle two-phase turbulent channel-flow with Reynolds number (Re) of 5500. At last the aggregation properties and collection efficiency of particles in flows and electric field in electrostatic precipitator are studied.
The 2-D turbulent channel-flow is simulated directly with pseudo-spectral method, and the solving methods of streamwise and spanwise velocities in the spectral space are improved, which saves the computing resource obviously. The statistical results of turbulence are consistent with the predecessor's achievements.The two-point correlation results of wall shear stress and near-wall vorticity indicate that the wall shear stress is associated with the near-wall vortices and the maximum correlation-value locations of the near-wall vortices are 0.03 and 1.2 (scaled with half-width of channel). The evolutionary process of vortices indicates that an obvious self-organization of vortices exists in 2-D turbulent channel-flow, and inverse energy transfer from small scale structures to larger ones is along with the self-organization process.
The statistical results of fluid-particle two-phase turbulent channel-flow indicate that the velocity of particles is stable but the concentration is unstable. The concentration of particle increases gradually from the centre to the wall, which shows preferential concentration near wall in wall shear two-phase flows. The effection on mean motions of particle by particle inertia is mainly in the near-wall region. The laws of particle preferential concentration at different locations away from the wall are different. The particle preferential concentrations are more obvious with the location closer to the wall when the Stk is 0.01. When the Stk is 1.3 and 11.4, the particle preferential concentrations are most obvious at the location between 0.4 and 0.8 away from the wall.
Based on the fluid-particle two-phase turbulent channel-flow, the particle dispersion and collection efficiency are studied with the fluid drag and electric field force in industrial electrostatic precipitator. The instantaneous distribution and motion curves of particle show that with the same Stk, the particle preferential concentration is more obvious near the wall with the increase of applied voltage. In the initial stage, when the applied voltage is larger, the value of transverse diffuse function is larger, and the transverse motion of particles is also more obvious. With the same Stk, the particle collection is more efficient if the applied voltage is larger; while with the same applied voltage, the particle collection is also more efficient if the Stk is larger.
The research in this paper has contributed to understand the particle dispersion in wall shear turbulence and provides guidance for its application in industrial electrostatic precipitator, and laies the foundation of the study for the fluid-particle two-phase flows in coupled multi-physics in the future.
引文
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