红松与濒危植物前红松的比较研究
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摘要
本论文从结构植物学、植物生理生化和分子生物学等学科对红松(Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc. )及前红松(Pinus prokoraiensis Y. T. Zhao, J. M. Lu et A. G. GU)进行了比较研究。结构植物学采用二维透射的光学显微镜技术和三维立体的扫描电子显微镜技术相结合的研究方法对红松及前红松的根、茎、叶的解剖结构进行了系列的比较观察。在植物生理生化方面对红松及前红松的叶绿素含量、光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、水势、水分利用效率、过氧化物酶的活性及其同工酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性及其同工酶、酯酶同工酶等内容进行了试验测定。利用分子生物学技术分别对红松及前红松的叶绿体基因rbcL，线粒体基因nad5和核基因4CL的序列进行了研究。
实验结果表明：前红松叶横切面的背面叶下皮层细胞只有一层，而红松除一层下皮层外，还有间断的第二层下皮层。叶的纵切面，前红松叶脉维管束的管胞分子内壁有螺纹加厚，而红松的管胞分子无螺纹加厚。前红松角质层内表面胞间凸缘深波浪形，很明显，而红松的角质层内表面胞间凸缘浅波浪形，不明显。
前红松与红松茎的初生结构都有一层表皮，其上尘有毛状附属物，一种为腺毛，一种为针状毛，气孔均具有孔下室。皮层由薄壁细胞和含树脂、丹宁的细胞组成，期间分布2圈树脂道。前红松的皮层内的外圈树脂道平均直径39±0.24μm，内圈树脂道平均直径63±0.41μm；而红松的皮层内的外圈树脂道平均直径34±0.21μm，内圈树脂道平均直径55±0.31μm。髓山薄壁细胞及含树脂、丹宁的细胞构成。对茎次生结构的比较，前红松与红松的皮层内含有许多树脂道及含树脂的细胞，韧皮部中含有蛋白细胞，髓由薄壁细胞及含树脂、丹宁的细胞组成。红松的木质部的年轮比较规则，而前红松的年轮不规则。但二者年轮的早、晚材均为渐变形。
离析了的前红松与红松早材的管胞形态相似，管胞端部钝型或尖
削，前红松的管胞长2.65士0.12mm，宽37.52士0.22，m，
壁厚2.47士0.12 pm;红松的管胞端部尖削，平滑型，管胞长2.43
士0.1 lmm，宽37.12士0.23 pm，壁厚2.24士0.09 pm。比
较前红松与红松茎晚材的管胞，二者端部尖削，前红松的管胞长2.54
士0.Ostnfn，宽36.58土0.21协m，壁厚2.51士0.11 pm，胞壁
有螺纹加厚;红松的管胞长2.41士0.06llun，宽36.32士0.24 pm，
壁厚2.31士0.13 pm，胞壁光滑。
对茎交叉场纹孔的比较，红松的交叉场纹孔为窗格状，纹孔缘明
显，纹孔口主要为圆形，交叉场纹孔1一2个;前红松的交叉场纹孔也
是窗格状，纹孔缘明显，纹孔口主要是椭圆形，有时可见长条形，交
叉场纹孔1一4个。
从前红松与红松幼苗根的横切面可见，前红松根的维管柱初生木
质部为三原型，初生木质部中不含髓薄壁细胞。在三原初生木质部的
三个原生木质束脊外侧，相对伴有3个较大树脂道，其直径是远离根
中心的树脂道直径的3倍多。树脂道泌脂细胞为薄壁型。在前红松根
的树脂道中拟侵填体少见，根的次生木质部年轮明显。红松根维管柱
为五原型，在初生木质部的5个原生木质束脊的外侧，也都相对存在
5个直径较大的树脂道，其直径亦为远离根中心的树脂道直径的3倍
多。与前红松不同的是红松根中的树脂道内大多含有拟侵填体。在红
松根的维管柱内存在五角形的髓，髓细胞为薄壁型的基本组织，其中
有的髓细胞含有蛋白质，为蛋白细胞。根的次生木质部年轮的早材与
晚材为渐变形，年轮明显。
对前红松与红松根早材管胞的比较，前红松的管胞钝型端部，长
2.71士0.Ogmm，宽37.58士0.21 pm，壁厚2.44士0.13p
m;红松的管胞线形，端部尖削，平滑型，长2.52士0.08二，宽
37.19士0.19 pm，壁厚2.39土0.15 pm。前红松与红松晚材的管
胞端部平滑型，前红松的管胞长2.58士0.09mm，宽36.46士0.19
pm，壁厚2.45士0.11协m;红松的管胞长2.38士0.Osmm，
宽36.11士0.21 pm，壁厚2.21士0.09 pm。
比较前红松与红松根材，在横切面上，二者早材与晚材都为渐变，
区别不明显，年轮的宽窄相近。早材中的树脂道较多，前红松树脂道
8一10个/mfnZ;红松树脂道5一7个/二2，二者的树脂道都含有拟侵
填体;木射线多为一列细胞。径向切面上，前红松与红松根管胞的径
向壁上多含一列具缘纹孔，早材管胞径向壁上的纹孔比晚材多。前红
松的纹孔分布较密，而红松的纹孔分布稀疏。前红松的木射线管胞较
多，明显，内壁光滑，交叉场纹孔为窗格状，交叉场纹孔1一4个，纹
孔缘明显可见，纹孔口长椭圆形或近圆形;红松的木射线管胞较少，
内壁光滑，交叉场纹孔为典型的窗格状，纹孔缘较明显，纹孔口近圆
形，交叉场纹孔l一4个。切向切面上，前红松的单列木射线由1一13个
细胞构成，多数4一7个细胞，纺锤木射线O一2个/fI’IIn2;红松的单列
木射线由1一10个细胞构成，多数2一6个细胞，纺锤木射线O一1个
/mlnZ。前红松与红松都含横向树脂道，分泌细胞5一6个，为薄壁细
胞。
从管胞分子的形态看，前红松的管胞分子的长度、长宽比无论是
茎材，还是根材都比红松的管胞分子长、宽。但二者的壁腔比数值相
近或相等。
植物生理生化方面测定结果，前红松叶无论是叶绿素a，b，还是
类胡萝卜素含量都
A comparative study on Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.and P. prokoraiensis Y. T. Zhao, J. M. Lu et A. G. Gu. from three points of view-structural botany, plant physiological and biological chemistry, and molecular biology was carried out. Observe the structures of the roots, stems and leaves of P. koraiensis and P. prokoraiensis by photomicroscop and electric microscop for structural botany study. Measure chlorophyll contents, photosynthesis, transpirational rate, stomatal conductance, water patential, water use efficiency, peroxidase activities and its isozyme, superoxide dismutase activities and its isozyme, and esterase isozymes of P. koraiensis and P. prokoraiensis for plant physiological and biological chemistry study. Sequence the chloroplast rbcL gene, mitochondrial nad5 gene and nuclear 4CL gene of P. koraiensis and P. prokoraiensis for molecular biology study.The results of the structural botany were followed. The transverse section of hypodermis on the dorsal leaves of the needles only had one-layer cells in P. prokoraiensis, but there were another second discontinuous hypodermis in P. koraiensis. There were spiral thickenings on inner wall of tracheids of P. prokoraiensis, but there weren't in P. koraiensis. The intercellular flange in cuticle superficies interna of Pinus prokoraiensis leaves was superficial undulate and thick but that of Pinus koraiensis leaves was profound undulate and thin.The primary structure of their stems both had one layer epidermis on which there were glandular hairs and needle-shaped hairs. The pith was composed of parenchyma cells contained resin and tannin; cortex was also composed of parenchyma cells contained resin and tannin in which distributing tow circles of resin ducts. Outside resin ducts of P. prokoraiensis' cortex were 39 0.24 um in diameter on average, and inside resin ducts were 63 0.41 u m in diameter on average. Moreover, outside resin ducts of P. koraiensis' cortex were 34 0.21 u m in diameter
on average, and inside resin ducts were 55 0.31 um in diameter on average. Cortex of P. koraiensis and P. prokoraiensis contained many resin ducts and resin cells. Their phloems both contained albuminous cells. The annual ring of P. koraiensis s xylem was comparatively regular, but that of P. prokoraiensis s xylem was irregular.The tracheids configuration of early wood of P. koraiensis and P. prokoraiensis were similar. P. prokoraiensis's tracheids end were blunt or tine,and the tracheids were 2.65 0.12mm long, 37.52 + 0.22 u m wide, 2.47 + 0.12um in wall thickness; P. koraiensis's tracheids end were tine and smooth , tracheids were 2.43 + 0.11mm long, 37.12 + 0.23 w m wide, 2.24 +0.09 wm in wall thickness. The tracheids of later wood of P. koraiensis and P. prokoraiensis were all tine. The tracheids of P. prokoraiensis were 2.54 0.08mm long, 36.58+0.21 urn wide, 2.51 + 0.11 m in wall thickness and hade spiral thickenings.The P. koraiensis's tracheids were 2.41+0.06mm long, 36.32+0.24 u m wide, 2.31+0.13 m in wall thickness. The cross field pits of P. koraiensis was window-like and the number was from one to two, pit border was evidence, and pit aperture was mostly rotundity; P. prokoraiensis's cross field pit was window-like and the number was from one to four, pit border was distinct, and pit aperture was ellipse or strip- typed sometimes.Through the cross section of root, it clearly showed that the primary xylem was triarch and there was no thin-walled cells of pith in the center of primary xylem. At the side of three protoxylem bundles, there were resin ducks and the fat-secreting cells are thin-walled. There was no tylosoid in the resin ducks of P.prokoraiensis. The diameter of the resin duck opposite the triarch protoxylem ridge was big, as three times as of that of the resin duck far from the centure of the root. The annual rings were obvious. Through the cross section of root of P. koraiensis, it's easy to find that the primary xylem was pentarch. The diameter of the resin duck opposite the pentarch protoxylem ridge was big, as three times as that of the re
实验结果表明：前红松叶横切面的背面叶下皮层细胞只有一层，而红松除一层下皮层外，还有间断的第二层下皮层。叶的纵切面，前红松叶脉维管束的管胞分子内壁有螺纹加厚，而红松的管胞分子无螺纹加厚。前红松角质层内表面胞间凸缘深波浪形，很明显，而红松的角质层内表面胞间凸缘浅波浪形，不明显。
前红松与红松茎的初生结构都有一层表皮，其上尘有毛状附属物，一种为腺毛，一种为针状毛，气孔均具有孔下室。皮层由薄壁细胞和含树脂、丹宁的细胞组成，期间分布2圈树脂道。前红松的皮层内的外圈树脂道平均直径39±0.24μm，内圈树脂道平均直径63±0.41μm；而红松的皮层内的外圈树脂道平均直径34±0.21μm，内圈树脂道平均直径55±0.31μm。髓山薄壁细胞及含树脂、丹宁的细胞构成。对茎次生结构的比较，前红松与红松的皮层内含有许多树脂道及含树脂的细胞，韧皮部中含有蛋白细胞，髓由薄壁细胞及含树脂、丹宁的细胞组成。红松的木质部的年轮比较规则，而前红松的年轮不规则。但二者年轮的早、晚材均为渐变形。
离析了的前红松与红松早材的管胞形态相似，管胞端部钝型或尖
削，前红松的管胞长2.65士0.12mm，宽37.52士0.22，m，
壁厚2.47士0.12 pm;红松的管胞端部尖削，平滑型，管胞长2.43
士0.1 lmm，宽37.12士0.23 pm，壁厚2.24士0.09 pm。比
较前红松与红松茎晚材的管胞，二者端部尖削，前红松的管胞长2.54
士0.Ostnfn，宽36.58土0.21协m，壁厚2.51士0.11 pm，胞壁
有螺纹加厚;红松的管胞长2.41士0.06llun，宽36.32士0.24 pm，
壁厚2.31士0.13 pm，胞壁光滑。
对茎交叉场纹孔的比较，红松的交叉场纹孔为窗格状，纹孔缘明
显，纹孔口主要为圆形，交叉场纹孔1一2个;前红松的交叉场纹孔也
是窗格状，纹孔缘明显，纹孔口主要是椭圆形，有时可见长条形，交
叉场纹孔1一4个。
从前红松与红松幼苗根的横切面可见，前红松根的维管柱初生木
质部为三原型，初生木质部中不含髓薄壁细胞。在三原初生木质部的
三个原生木质束脊外侧，相对伴有3个较大树脂道，其直径是远离根
中心的树脂道直径的3倍多。树脂道泌脂细胞为薄壁型。在前红松根
的树脂道中拟侵填体少见，根的次生木质部年轮明显。红松根维管柱
为五原型，在初生木质部的5个原生木质束脊的外侧，也都相对存在
5个直径较大的树脂道，其直径亦为远离根中心的树脂道直径的3倍
多。与前红松不同的是红松根中的树脂道内大多含有拟侵填体。在红
松根的维管柱内存在五角形的髓，髓细胞为薄壁型的基本组织，其中
有的髓细胞含有蛋白质，为蛋白细胞。根的次生木质部年轮的早材与
晚材为渐变形，年轮明显。
对前红松与红松根早材管胞的比较，前红松的管胞钝型端部，长
2.71士0.Ogmm，宽37.58士0.21 pm，壁厚2.44士0.13p
m;红松的管胞线形，端部尖削，平滑型，长2.52士0.08二，宽
37.19士0.19 pm，壁厚2.39土0.15 pm。前红松与红松晚材的管
胞端部平滑型，前红松的管胞长2.58士0.09mm，宽36.46士0.19
pm，壁厚2.45士0.11协m;红松的管胞长2.38士0.Osmm，
宽36.11士0.21 pm，壁厚2.21士0.09 pm。
比较前红松与红松根材，在横切面上，二者早材与晚材都为渐变，
区别不明显，年轮的宽窄相近。早材中的树脂道较多，前红松树脂道
8一10个/mfnZ;红松树脂道5一7个/二2，二者的树脂道都含有拟侵
填体;木射线多为一列细胞。径向切面上，前红松与红松根管胞的径
向壁上多含一列具缘纹孔，早材管胞径向壁上的纹孔比晚材多。前红
松的纹孔分布较密，而红松的纹孔分布稀疏。前红松的木射线管胞较
多，明显，内壁光滑，交叉场纹孔为窗格状，交叉场纹孔1一4个，纹
孔缘明显可见，纹孔口长椭圆形或近圆形;红松的木射线管胞较少，
内壁光滑，交叉场纹孔为典型的窗格状，纹孔缘较明显，纹孔口近圆
形，交叉场纹孔l一4个。切向切面上，前红松的单列木射线由1一13个
细胞构成，多数4一7个细胞，纺锤木射线O一2个/fI’IIn2;红松的单列
木射线由1一10个细胞构成，多数2一6个细胞，纺锤木射线O一1个
/mlnZ。前红松与红松都含横向树脂道，分泌细胞5一6个，为薄壁细
胞。
从管胞分子的形态看，前红松的管胞分子的长度、长宽比无论是
茎材，还是根材都比红松的管胞分子长、宽。但二者的壁腔比数值相
近或相等。
植物生理生化方面测定结果，前红松叶无论是叶绿素a，b，还是
类胡萝卜素含量都
A comparative study on Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.and P. prokoraiensis Y. T. Zhao, J. M. Lu et A. G. Gu. from three points of view-structural botany, plant physiological and biological chemistry, and molecular biology was carried out. Observe the structures of the roots, stems and leaves of P. koraiensis and P. prokoraiensis by photomicroscop and electric microscop for structural botany study. Measure chlorophyll contents, photosynthesis, transpirational rate, stomatal conductance, water patential, water use efficiency, peroxidase activities and its isozyme, superoxide dismutase activities and its isozyme, and esterase isozymes of P. koraiensis and P. prokoraiensis for plant physiological and biological chemistry study. Sequence the chloroplast rbcL gene, mitochondrial nad5 gene and nuclear 4CL gene of P. koraiensis and P. prokoraiensis for molecular biology study.The results of the structural botany were followed. The transverse section of hypodermis on the dorsal leaves of the needles only had one-layer cells in P. prokoraiensis, but there were another second discontinuous hypodermis in P. koraiensis. There were spiral thickenings on inner wall of tracheids of P. prokoraiensis, but there weren't in P. koraiensis. The intercellular flange in cuticle superficies interna of Pinus prokoraiensis leaves was superficial undulate and thick but that of Pinus koraiensis leaves was profound undulate and thin.The primary structure of their stems both had one layer epidermis on which there were glandular hairs and needle-shaped hairs. The pith was composed of parenchyma cells contained resin and tannin; cortex was also composed of parenchyma cells contained resin and tannin in which distributing tow circles of resin ducts. Outside resin ducts of P. prokoraiensis' cortex were 39 0.24 um in diameter on average, and inside resin ducts were 63 0.41 u m in diameter on average. Moreover, outside resin ducts of P. koraiensis' cortex were 34 0.21 u m in diameter
on average, and inside resin ducts were 55 0.31 um in diameter on average. Cortex of P. koraiensis and P. prokoraiensis contained many resin ducts and resin cells. Their phloems both contained albuminous cells. The annual ring of P. koraiensis s xylem was comparatively regular, but that of P. prokoraiensis s xylem was irregular.The tracheids configuration of early wood of P. koraiensis and P. prokoraiensis were similar. P. prokoraiensis's tracheids end were blunt or tine,and the tracheids were 2.65 0.12mm long, 37.52 + 0.22 u m wide, 2.47 + 0.12um in wall thickness; P. koraiensis's tracheids end were tine and smooth , tracheids were 2.43 + 0.11mm long, 37.12 + 0.23 w m wide, 2.24 +0.09 wm in wall thickness. The tracheids of later wood of P. koraiensis and P. prokoraiensis were all tine. The tracheids of P. prokoraiensis were 2.54 0.08mm long, 36.58+0.21 urn wide, 2.51 + 0.11 m in wall thickness and hade spiral thickenings.The P. koraiensis's tracheids were 2.41+0.06mm long, 36.32+0.24 u m wide, 2.31+0.13 m in wall thickness. The cross field pits of P. koraiensis was window-like and the number was from one to two, pit border was evidence, and pit aperture was mostly rotundity; P. prokoraiensis's cross field pit was window-like and the number was from one to four, pit border was distinct, and pit aperture was ellipse or strip- typed sometimes.Through the cross section of root, it clearly showed that the primary xylem was triarch and there was no thin-walled cells of pith in the center of primary xylem. At the side of three protoxylem bundles, there were resin ducks and the fat-secreting cells are thin-walled. There was no tylosoid in the resin ducks of P.prokoraiensis. The diameter of the resin duck opposite the triarch protoxylem ridge was big, as three times as of that of the resin duck far from the centure of the root. The annual rings were obvious. Through the cross section of root of P. koraiensis, it's easy to find that the primary xylem was pentarch. The diameter of the resin duck opposite the pentarch protoxylem ridge was big, as three times as that of the re
引文
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