THz回旋管高频系统研究
摘要
近年来,国际学术界对THz技术的研究逐渐升温,由于THz波段处于毫米波与红外线之间,THz辐射的产生困难很大,目前THz源对于雷达、远距离探测、医学、实验等有重要的应用,需要高功率的THz辐射源,所以THz辐射源是研究的重点之一,而回旋管是很有发展前景的THz辐射源,本文的目的即是在用回旋管实现THz辐射方向作一些有益的尝试。
在文章的第一部分我概述了THz技术的广泛应用、发展方向以及发展状况等问题,接着又对回旋管的基本原理进行了简要的介绍。
在第二部分我对回旋管的冷高频分析方法进行了研究,运用场匹配法对单级突变结构进行了分析,再结合级联矩阵法对两级、多级直至渐变结构进行了分析,得出了整个传输结构的S参数矩阵,并根据相位改变的谐振条件得出了谐振频率的计算方法,也给出了Q值的计算方法,同时又研究了另一种较为简便的f和Q的计算方法,之后以理论研究为基础利用matlab编程计算了特定模式波的谐振频率及腔体Q值。在第三部分我对回旋管理论进行了研究,包括线性理论以及非线性非自洽理论,即轨道理论,研究了电子运动方程的推导及简化过程,用高斯分布来近似场的分部,利用对电子运动方程的数值计算研究了电子效率以及磁场参数的优化计算。
在第四部分研究设计了200GHz回旋振荡管的高频结构,以前面两章的理论分析为基础分析了工作模式选择、竞争模式分析、腔体结构选择以及电参数选择等问题,得出了粒子模拟所需要的各项参数,利用粒子模拟软件magic对200GHz回旋管进行了模拟,并对模拟结果进行了分析,特别是腔体长度、磁场等参数对互作用效率的影响。最后,以200GHz回旋管的设计流程为基础对1THz回旋管进行了尝试性研究,同样分析了工作模式选择、竞争模式分析、腔体结构选择等问题,对设计结果也用magic软件进行了模拟。
The THz radiation resource is one of the many emphases researching item in THz technique at international academe recent years. Because the THz is between the millimeter wave and the infrared, it is difficult to produce the THz radiation resonance. But the application such as the radars and far distance detecting need great power THz resource. The gyrotron is the only device who can produce great power THz wave.
In the second part of the paper, I make some research on the analysis of RF field using the mode-matching technique and the scattering matrix formulation, I analyzed the complex cavity consisting of a series of waveguide, then I computed the resonant frequency f and Q value with the MATLAB programs based on the analysis of theories. In the third part, I made some research on principles of gyrotron, include linear theories and nonlinear theories, I deduced and simplified the equation of motion, and took the Gauss distribution as the distribution of field, then electronic efficiency and computing of magnetic parameter had been studied by numerical calculation of eqution of motion.
In the forth part, I made research and designed a high frequency circuit of a 200GHz gyrotron . Based on the theory researching, I analyzed the choosing of operating mode, analyzing of competition mode,designing of cavity and choosing of electronical parameters, and then a 200GHz gyrotron was designed. 77.44%kw output power, 44.41% electron efficiency can be obtained by PIC simulation(using MAGIC) at 70kv, 2.5A electron beam,α= 1.5 ,then I analyzed the result of PIC simulation and got relationship between parameters and output, including relationship between length of cavity and power, relationship between magnetic field and efficienty and so on. At last,with the same method, I research and design a high frequency circuit of a THz gyrotron , I also analyzed the choosing of operating mode,using the same theory, I got other parameters of the gyrotron, PIC simulation has been carried out finaly.
在文章的第一部分我概述了THz技术的广泛应用、发展方向以及发展状况等问题,接着又对回旋管的基本原理进行了简要的介绍。
在第二部分我对回旋管的冷高频分析方法进行了研究,运用场匹配法对单级突变结构进行了分析,再结合级联矩阵法对两级、多级直至渐变结构进行了分析,得出了整个传输结构的S参数矩阵,并根据相位改变的谐振条件得出了谐振频率的计算方法,也给出了Q值的计算方法,同时又研究了另一种较为简便的f和Q的计算方法,之后以理论研究为基础利用matlab编程计算了特定模式波的谐振频率及腔体Q值。在第三部分我对回旋管理论进行了研究,包括线性理论以及非线性非自洽理论,即轨道理论,研究了电子运动方程的推导及简化过程,用高斯分布来近似场的分部,利用对电子运动方程的数值计算研究了电子效率以及磁场参数的优化计算。
在第四部分研究设计了200GHz回旋振荡管的高频结构,以前面两章的理论分析为基础分析了工作模式选择、竞争模式分析、腔体结构选择以及电参数选择等问题,得出了粒子模拟所需要的各项参数,利用粒子模拟软件magic对200GHz回旋管进行了模拟,并对模拟结果进行了分析,特别是腔体长度、磁场等参数对互作用效率的影响。最后,以200GHz回旋管的设计流程为基础对1THz回旋管进行了尝试性研究,同样分析了工作模式选择、竞争模式分析、腔体结构选择等问题,对设计结果也用magic软件进行了模拟。
The THz radiation resource is one of the many emphases researching item in THz technique at international academe recent years. Because the THz is between the millimeter wave and the infrared, it is difficult to produce the THz radiation resonance. But the application such as the radars and far distance detecting need great power THz resource. The gyrotron is the only device who can produce great power THz wave.
In the second part of the paper, I make some research on the analysis of RF field using the mode-matching technique and the scattering matrix formulation, I analyzed the complex cavity consisting of a series of waveguide, then I computed the resonant frequency f and Q value with the MATLAB programs based on the analysis of theories. In the third part, I made some research on principles of gyrotron, include linear theories and nonlinear theories, I deduced and simplified the equation of motion, and took the Gauss distribution as the distribution of field, then electronic efficiency and computing of magnetic parameter had been studied by numerical calculation of eqution of motion.
In the forth part, I made research and designed a high frequency circuit of a 200GHz gyrotron . Based on the theory researching, I analyzed the choosing of operating mode, analyzing of competition mode,designing of cavity and choosing of electronical parameters, and then a 200GHz gyrotron was designed. 77.44%kw output power, 44.41% electron efficiency can be obtained by PIC simulation(using MAGIC) at 70kv, 2.5A electron beam,α= 1.5 ,then I analyzed the result of PIC simulation and got relationship between parameters and output, including relationship between length of cavity and power, relationship between magnetic field and efficienty and so on. At last,with the same method, I research and design a high frequency circuit of a THz gyrotron , I also analyzed the choosing of operating mode,using the same theory, I got other parameters of the gyrotron, PIC simulation has been carried out finaly.
引文
[1]刘盛刚,太赫兹科学技术的新发展,中国基础科学·科学前沿,2006,1(8):7-12
[2]P.siegel,Terahertz Technology,IEEE Transtrons On Microwave theory and techniques,2002,50(3):910-928
[3]Adri Dobroiu,Chiko Otanani,Terahertz-wave sources and imaging applications,Institute of physics publishing,Meas.Sci.Technol.2006,17(5):161-174
[4]Clery D,Brainstorming their way to an imaging revolution Science,2002,297(4):761-763
[5]Zimdar D.Fiber-pigtailed terahertz time domain spectroscopy instrumentation for package inspectionand security imaging.Proc.of SPIE,2004,5070(5):108-116
[6]Cook DJ,Decker BK,Daduse G,et al,Through container THz sensing:applications for explosives screening.Proc.of SPIE,2004,5354(4):55-62
[7]Woodward R M,J.Sel.Top.Quantum Electron,IEEE,2001,7(2):600
[8]Van Exter M,Grischknowsky D.IEEE Tans.Microwave Theory Tech,1990,38:1684
[9]Kaindl RA,,Phys.Rev.Lett.2002,88(3):027703
[10]Devid Zimdars,Jefrey S.White.Terahertz reflection Proc.of SPIE.2004,541(1):78-83
[11]Ruth M.Woodward,Roger Appleby.Terahertz and millimetre wave technology in port and harbour security.Proc.of SPIE,2005,5780(4):145-152
[12]Hua Zhong,Nick Karpowicz,Terahertz Wave Imaging for Landmine Detection.proc.of SPIE 2004,5411(4):33-44
[13]Yunqing Chen,Haibo Liu,Spectroscopic characterization of explosives in the far infrared region.Proc.of SPIE,2004,5411(4):1-8
[14]D.Woolard,T.Globus,THz Transmission Spectroscopy as a Novel Technique for Biological Agent Detection.Proceedings to the 9~(th) Intenational conference on Tehertz Electronics,The University of Virginia,Charlottesviue,2001,2(6):15-16
[15]Mike Gross,Nicholas Cunningham,Bioaerosol Sampling system with Replicated Optics.proc.of SPIE,2004,5411(6):136-149
[16]G.L.Carr,M.C.Martin,W.R.Mekinney,high power terahertz radiation from relativistic electrons,2002,420(4):153-156
[17]M.K.Hornstein,V.S.Bajaj.et al,Second harmonic operation at 460GHz and broadband continuous frequency tuning of a gyrotron oscillator,IEEE,2005,52(5):798-807
[18]T.Idehara,T.Tatsukawa,I.Ogawa,et al,Development and applications of submillimeter wave gyrotrons,in Prec.3rd Int.Conf.Strong Microwave Plasmas,Moscow,Russia,1997,5(2):634-659.
[19]K.D.Hong,G.F.Brand,T.Idehara,A 150-600 GHz step-tunable gyrotron,J.Appl.Phys.,1993,8(74):5250-5258
[20]I.Ogawa,K.Yoshisue,H.Ibe,et al,Longpulse operation of a submillimeter wave gyrotron and its application to plasma scattering measurement,Rev.Sci.Instrum.,1994,10(65):1788-1789
[21]P.W.Fekete,G.F.Brand,T.Idehara,Scattering from discrete Alfven waves in a tokamak using a gyrotron radiation source,Plasma Phys.Controlled Fusion,1994,9(36):1407-1417
[22]Toshitaka Idehara,Isamu Ogawa,Seitaro,Development of frequency tunable,medium power gyrotron as submillimeter wave radiation sourves,IEEE,1999,27(2):340-344
[23]La Agusu,H.Tsuchiya,The experiment results and theoretical analysis of a THz gyrotron using a 21T pulse magnet at FIR FU,Proceeding of 8~(th) Internation Vacuum electronics conference,2007:343-344
[24]T.Idehara,T.Tatsukawa,H.Tanabe,et al,High frequency step tunable cyclotron harmonic gyrotron,Phys.Fluids B,1991,3(7):1766-1772
[25]T.Idehara,T.Tatsukawa,I.Ogawa,et al,Development of a second cyclotron harmonic gyrotron operating at submillimeter wavelengths,Phys.Fluids B,1992,1(4):267-273
[26]T.Idehara,T.Tatsukawa,I.Ogawa,Competition between fundamental and second-harmonic operations in a submillimeter wave gyrotron,Appl.Phys.Lett.,1991,15(58):1594-1596
[27]T.Idehara,Y.Shimizu,Mode cooperation in a submillimeter wave gyrotron,Phys.Plasma,1994,10(1):3145-3147
[28]Y.Shimizu,S.Makino,K.Ichikawa,et al,Development of a submillimeter wave gyrotron using a 12 T superconducting magnet,Phys.Plasmas,1995,6(2):2110-2116
[29]T.Idehara,Y.Shimizu,S.Makino,K.Ichikawa,et al,High-frequency amplitude modulation of a submillimeter wave,medium power gyrotron,Phys.Plasma,1994.1(3):461-463
[30]T.Tatsukawa,I.Ogawa,G.F.Brand,Rapid frequency step-switching of a submillimeter wave gyrotron by modulation of the electron beam,Plays.Plasmal,1994.,1(6):1774-1776
[31]T'Idehara,N.Nishida,K.Yoshida,et al,High frequency and high mode purity operations of Gyrotron FU IVA,Int.J.Infrared and Millimeter Waves,1998.19(7):919-930
[32]La Agusu,H.Murase,Design of a 400GHz Gyrotron for DNP-NMP Spectroscopy,IEEE, 2006,4(5):1442-1447
[33]T.Idehara,I.Ogawa,Development of a second cyclotron harmonic gyrotron operating at submillimeter wavelengths,Faculty of Engineering,1992,5(3):125-128
[34]Kreischer,C.Farrar,R.Griffin,et al,The use of a 250GHz gyrotron in a DNP/NMR spectrometer,Proc.23rd Int.Conf.Infrared Millimeter Waves,1998,6(4):341-345
[35]K.E.Kreischer,C.T.Farrar,R.G.Griffin,et al,The development of a 250 GHz CW gyrotron for EPR and NMR spectroscopy,in Proc.24th Int.Conf.Infrared Millimeter Waves,1999,5(4):562-568
[36]K.E.Kreischer,C.Farrar,R.Griffin,et al,A 250GHz gyrotron for NMR spectroscopy,in Proc.27th Int.Conf.Plasma Sci.,2000,3(6):198-200
[37]刘盛纲.相对论电子学.科学出版社.1987,4
[38]刘盛纲.电子回旋脉塞和回旋管的发展.四川:四川出版社,1988
[39]杨中海.电子回旋谐振受激放射的动力学理论和试验研究.电子科技大学学报,1981,65(23):33-37
[40]Fliflet AW,Read ME.Use of weakly irregular waveguide theory to calculate eigenfrequencies,Q values,and RF field functions for gyrotron oscillators.Int J Electronics,1981,51(4):475-484
[41]Boric E,Dumbrajs O.Calculation of eigenmodes of tapered gyrotron resonators,Int J Electronics,1986,60(2):143-154
[42]Boric E,Jodicke B,Dumbrajs O.Parameter studies for a 150GHz gyrotron operating in the TE031 mode.Int J Electronics,1986,61(6):735-746
[43]李宏福,杜品忠,杨仕文等.突变复合腔回旋管自洽场理论与模拟.物理学报,2000,49(2):312-317
[44]L.Becerra,G.Gerfen,R.Temkin,et al.Dynamic nuclear polarization with a cyclotron resonance maser at 5 T,Phys.Rev.Lett.,1993,21(71):3561-3564
[45]V.Weis,M.Bennati,M.Rosay,etal,High-field DNP and ENDOR with a novel multiple frequency resonance structure,1999,1(40):293-299
[46]M.Rosay,V.Weis,K.E.Kreischer,etal,Twodimensional13C-13Ccorrelation spectroscopy with magic angle spinning and dynamic nuclear polarization,2002,13(124):3214-3215
[47]BajajV.S,Dynamic nuclear polarization at 9 T using a novel 250 GHz gpmm microwave source.Journal of Magnetic Resonance,2003,2(160):85-90
[48]J.R.Sirigiri,M.A.Shapiro,R.J.Temkin,Wideband Continuous Frequency Tunable 330GHz Gyrotron Oscillator,IEEE trans.Gyro-Devices and other Electronic Devices,2004,12(13):621-626
[49]刘濮鲲,E.Borie,M.Thumm,ISM频率中等功率回旋管的选模问题,红外与毫米波学报,2002,21(4):289-292
[2]P.siegel,Terahertz Technology,IEEE Transtrons On Microwave theory and techniques,2002,50(3):910-928
[3]Adri Dobroiu,Chiko Otanani,Terahertz-wave sources and imaging applications,Institute of physics publishing,Meas.Sci.Technol.2006,17(5):161-174
[4]Clery D,Brainstorming their way to an imaging revolution Science,2002,297(4):761-763
[5]Zimdar D.Fiber-pigtailed terahertz time domain spectroscopy instrumentation for package inspectionand security imaging.Proc.of SPIE,2004,5070(5):108-116
[6]Cook DJ,Decker BK,Daduse G,et al,Through container THz sensing:applications for explosives screening.Proc.of SPIE,2004,5354(4):55-62
[7]Woodward R M,J.Sel.Top.Quantum Electron,IEEE,2001,7(2):600
[8]Van Exter M,Grischknowsky D.IEEE Tans.Microwave Theory Tech,1990,38:1684
[9]Kaindl RA,,Phys.Rev.Lett.2002,88(3):027703
[10]Devid Zimdars,Jefrey S.White.Terahertz reflection Proc.of SPIE.2004,541(1):78-83
[11]Ruth M.Woodward,Roger Appleby.Terahertz and millimetre wave technology in port and harbour security.Proc.of SPIE,2005,5780(4):145-152
[12]Hua Zhong,Nick Karpowicz,Terahertz Wave Imaging for Landmine Detection.proc.of SPIE 2004,5411(4):33-44
[13]Yunqing Chen,Haibo Liu,Spectroscopic characterization of explosives in the far infrared region.Proc.of SPIE,2004,5411(4):1-8
[14]D.Woolard,T.Globus,THz Transmission Spectroscopy as a Novel Technique for Biological Agent Detection.Proceedings to the 9~(th) Intenational conference on Tehertz Electronics,The University of Virginia,Charlottesviue,2001,2(6):15-16
[15]Mike Gross,Nicholas Cunningham,Bioaerosol Sampling system with Replicated Optics.proc.of SPIE,2004,5411(6):136-149
[16]G.L.Carr,M.C.Martin,W.R.Mekinney,high power terahertz radiation from relativistic electrons,2002,420(4):153-156
[17]M.K.Hornstein,V.S.Bajaj.et al,Second harmonic operation at 460GHz and broadband continuous frequency tuning of a gyrotron oscillator,IEEE,2005,52(5):798-807
[18]T.Idehara,T.Tatsukawa,I.Ogawa,et al,Development and applications of submillimeter wave gyrotrons,in Prec.3rd Int.Conf.Strong Microwave Plasmas,Moscow,Russia,1997,5(2):634-659.
[19]K.D.Hong,G.F.Brand,T.Idehara,A 150-600 GHz step-tunable gyrotron,J.Appl.Phys.,1993,8(74):5250-5258
[20]I.Ogawa,K.Yoshisue,H.Ibe,et al,Longpulse operation of a submillimeter wave gyrotron and its application to plasma scattering measurement,Rev.Sci.Instrum.,1994,10(65):1788-1789
[21]P.W.Fekete,G.F.Brand,T.Idehara,Scattering from discrete Alfven waves in a tokamak using a gyrotron radiation source,Plasma Phys.Controlled Fusion,1994,9(36):1407-1417
[22]Toshitaka Idehara,Isamu Ogawa,Seitaro,Development of frequency tunable,medium power gyrotron as submillimeter wave radiation sourves,IEEE,1999,27(2):340-344
[23]La Agusu,H.Tsuchiya,The experiment results and theoretical analysis of a THz gyrotron using a 21T pulse magnet at FIR FU,Proceeding of 8~(th) Internation Vacuum electronics conference,2007:343-344
[24]T.Idehara,T.Tatsukawa,H.Tanabe,et al,High frequency step tunable cyclotron harmonic gyrotron,Phys.Fluids B,1991,3(7):1766-1772
[25]T.Idehara,T.Tatsukawa,I.Ogawa,et al,Development of a second cyclotron harmonic gyrotron operating at submillimeter wavelengths,Phys.Fluids B,1992,1(4):267-273
[26]T.Idehara,T.Tatsukawa,I.Ogawa,Competition between fundamental and second-harmonic operations in a submillimeter wave gyrotron,Appl.Phys.Lett.,1991,15(58):1594-1596
[27]T.Idehara,Y.Shimizu,Mode cooperation in a submillimeter wave gyrotron,Phys.Plasma,1994,10(1):3145-3147
[28]Y.Shimizu,S.Makino,K.Ichikawa,et al,Development of a submillimeter wave gyrotron using a 12 T superconducting magnet,Phys.Plasmas,1995,6(2):2110-2116
[29]T.Idehara,Y.Shimizu,S.Makino,K.Ichikawa,et al,High-frequency amplitude modulation of a submillimeter wave,medium power gyrotron,Phys.Plasma,1994.1(3):461-463
[30]T.Tatsukawa,I.Ogawa,G.F.Brand,Rapid frequency step-switching of a submillimeter wave gyrotron by modulation of the electron beam,Plays.Plasmal,1994.,1(6):1774-1776
[31]T'Idehara,N.Nishida,K.Yoshida,et al,High frequency and high mode purity operations of Gyrotron FU IVA,Int.J.Infrared and Millimeter Waves,1998.19(7):919-930
[32]La Agusu,H.Murase,Design of a 400GHz Gyrotron for DNP-NMP Spectroscopy,IEEE, 2006,4(5):1442-1447
[33]T.Idehara,I.Ogawa,Development of a second cyclotron harmonic gyrotron operating at submillimeter wavelengths,Faculty of Engineering,1992,5(3):125-128
[34]Kreischer,C.Farrar,R.Griffin,et al,The use of a 250GHz gyrotron in a DNP/NMR spectrometer,Proc.23rd Int.Conf.Infrared Millimeter Waves,1998,6(4):341-345
[35]K.E.Kreischer,C.T.Farrar,R.G.Griffin,et al,The development of a 250 GHz CW gyrotron for EPR and NMR spectroscopy,in Proc.24th Int.Conf.Infrared Millimeter Waves,1999,5(4):562-568
[36]K.E.Kreischer,C.Farrar,R.Griffin,et al,A 250GHz gyrotron for NMR spectroscopy,in Proc.27th Int.Conf.Plasma Sci.,2000,3(6):198-200
[37]刘盛纲.相对论电子学.科学出版社.1987,4
[38]刘盛纲.电子回旋脉塞和回旋管的发展.四川:四川出版社,1988
[39]杨中海.电子回旋谐振受激放射的动力学理论和试验研究.电子科技大学学报,1981,65(23):33-37
[40]Fliflet AW,Read ME.Use of weakly irregular waveguide theory to calculate eigenfrequencies,Q values,and RF field functions for gyrotron oscillators.Int J Electronics,1981,51(4):475-484
[41]Boric E,Dumbrajs O.Calculation of eigenmodes of tapered gyrotron resonators,Int J Electronics,1986,60(2):143-154
[42]Boric E,Jodicke B,Dumbrajs O.Parameter studies for a 150GHz gyrotron operating in the TE031 mode.Int J Electronics,1986,61(6):735-746
[43]李宏福,杜品忠,杨仕文等.突变复合腔回旋管自洽场理论与模拟.物理学报,2000,49(2):312-317
[44]L.Becerra,G.Gerfen,R.Temkin,et al.Dynamic nuclear polarization with a cyclotron resonance maser at 5 T,Phys.Rev.Lett.,1993,21(71):3561-3564
[45]V.Weis,M.Bennati,M.Rosay,etal,High-field DNP and ENDOR with a novel multiple frequency resonance structure,1999,1(40):293-299
[46]M.Rosay,V.Weis,K.E.Kreischer,etal,Twodimensional13C-13Ccorrelation spectroscopy with magic angle spinning and dynamic nuclear polarization,2002,13(124):3214-3215
[47]BajajV.S,Dynamic nuclear polarization at 9 T using a novel 250 GHz gpmm microwave source.Journal of Magnetic Resonance,2003,2(160):85-90
[48]J.R.Sirigiri,M.A.Shapiro,R.J.Temkin,Wideband Continuous Frequency Tunable 330GHz Gyrotron Oscillator,IEEE trans.Gyro-Devices and other Electronic Devices,2004,12(13):621-626
[49]刘濮鲲,E.Borie,M.Thumm,ISM频率中等功率回旋管的选模问题,红外与毫米波学报,2002,21(4):289-292