华南二叠纪—三叠纪之交深水相古生产力的演化
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摘要
海洋表层生态系统中初级生产者是联系大气和海洋系统的关键。对初级生产力的研究可以帮助了解大气的气候条件,海水的环境以及海洋和大气碳的转换情况。二叠世－三叠世之交生物大绝灭是地球历史上最严重的一次大绝灭。人们对该时期的剖面进行了大量详细的研究,尤其对浅海海相地层层序、生物群的演化及地质事件的研究非常深入。以前的工作大部分是集中大化石的研究,对海洋的初级产生力(尤其是深水剖面的初级生产力)的研究比较缺乏,但对大绝灭的过渡时期的初级生产力的研究可以更好地理解整个生态系统在绝灭期间的演化。
华南出露了许多保存完好的二叠世－三叠世剖面,但前人的工作主要是集中在浅水剖面,深水剖面很少涉及。最近研究发现华南浅水剖面和全球其他地方的剖面在二叠世－三叠世之交存在很大的不同；华南浅水剖面的初级生产力在二叠世－三叠世之交是降低的,这和其他地方存在很大的不同。而且华南深水相的剖面在二叠世－三叠世之交沉积多层火山灰。这也是全球其他的剖面所没有的。所以华南二叠世－三叠世之交深水相的研究可以更好的理解二叠世－三叠世之交的生态系统的演化。
本文通过对华南2个深水剖面(东攀剖面和新民剖面)的地球化学和古生物学详细研究发现：
(1)华南深水相晚二叠世到早三叠世初级生产力是降低的,生产力的降低常常伴随火山物质的大量注入,这和华南的浅水剖面的变化相似,而与全球其他的剖面呈相反的变化趋势。
(2)各种不同的地球化学指标受氧化还原的影响很大。对各种氧化还原敏感元素(U、V、Mo)和Ce异常的综合分析对比发现,东攀剖面U、V、Mo均不富集,Ce异常均小于1说明水体总体呈氧化环境,火山层位的氧化还原敏感元素富集和Ce异常正偏说明海水在火山层位出现短暂的还原。新民剖面晚二叠纪U、V的富集,在部分层段出现Mo的富集,Ce异常在1附近波动。说明新民剖面晚二叠总体是还原环境,Mo在火上层位的富集指示水体在火山事件附近更加还原,甚至出现硫化的环境。早三叠纪由于物源物质的大量输入,导致陆源成分对氧化还原地化指标的稀释作用,而不能准确地指示氧化还原的情况。但火山层位仍出现短暂的还原环境(表现为氧化还原指标的显著波动)。
(3)不同的生产力地球化学指标受水体的氧化还原的影响很大,水体氧化还原的确定有利于我们选择合适的地球化学指标来指示生产力的变化。东攀剖面整体是氧化环境,可以选取Ba来指示其生产力的变化；生物Ba在二叠世-三叠世过渡时期的量整体很低(平均266ppm),而且是逐渐降低,最后突然减少。新民剖面晚二叠世出现还原水体,使得我们可以选Cu和Zn来指示它的生产力的演化,生物Cu和生物Zn的相关性很高(R2=0.64,n=94),而且TOC和生物Cu的相关性也很高(R2=0.50,n=94)。新民剖面不同生产力指标高的相关性说明Cu很Zn等指标可以来指示其生产力的演化。分别用现在海洋的定量模型来计算2个剖面各自的生产力(东攀剖面用Ba,新民剖面用Cu和Zn),但由于沉积速率的不确定性,定量计算的结果和现在海洋不具有对比性,但定量计算的结果和生产力其他指标的的演化趋势是一致的。
(4)首次尝试在远洋深海的的剖面上用占主导地位的微古动物(放射虫)来指示生产力的变化；在东攀剖面生物硅主要以放射虫和海绵骨针的形式存在,而放射虫又在总量中占绝对的优势,放射虫的丰度和生物硅、生物Ba的相关性很大(分别是R2=0.65,R2=0.32),尤其是泡沫虫和生物硅和生物Ba的相关性更高(R2=0.72,R2=0.48)。生物硅(放射虫)和生物Ba的高的相关性(R2=0.69)说明,放射虫和生物Ba都可以指示生产力的变化,高的相关性是其有利的佐证。
(5)本文的深水相出露的良好的火山凝灰岩层以及各种地化、矿物指标指示华南二叠世－三叠世之交存在大量的火山作用,这种区域性的火山作用可能在二叠世－三叠世之交对华南有着重要的影响,火山作用导致海水环境从底层向上逐渐还原(放射虫的深水的属种比浅水属种提前绝灭),陆地化学风化作用加强(CIA大量输入、粘土矿物成分的转变),陆地输入海洋的物质剧增(MS、REE、孢粉和粘土矿物大量增加等)。晚二叠世华南火山作用促使海洋环境的不断恶化,直到最后生物的大灭绝。早三叠的华南区域火山活动导致华南南盘江盆地水体的长期恶化,使得早三叠海洋不利于海洋生物的生长。使得华南在二叠世－三叠世之交华南的初级生产力和全球其他的地区呈现相反的趋势。
Primary producer in surface ocean is a key factors to connect the atmosphere system and the ocean system. The researches of primary productivity can help us to know more about climate change in atmosphere, the conditions of ocean water and the carbon transition from atmosphere system to ocean system. Permian-Triassic extinction is the most severely ones in history of earth. Many sections, especially shallow-water section, have been worked around the world. But, researches were focus more on big fossils, less on primary producers, especially in deep-water faces. The researches on primary productivity may play an important role in understanding the evolution of the whole ecosystem during the Permian-Triassic transition.
Many Permian-Triassic boundary sections, both shallow-water and deep-water, have been well preserved in South China. Lots of shallow-water sections have been studied carefully; many deep-water sections in South China are still underestimated. Recently, many works show South China is a unique area from other areas across the Permian-Triassic boundary:First, the primary productivitys are decrease in shallow-water sections of South China, different from other areas (primary productivity are increase) from late Permian to early Triassic. Besides, many volcanic ashfall beds are exhibited well in deep-water sections in South China, this is also rare in other sections around the world. Focuses on South China, especially deep-water sections are significant to understand the Permian-Triassic boundary extinction.
We learn more from the detailed research of geochemistry and paleontology from two deep-water sections (Dongpan section and Xinmin section):
Firstly, primary productivity in deep-water sections is decreasing gradually and more severely closer to the Permian-Triassic boundary. Inputting of lots of volcanic materials into ocean are always accompany with the decrease of primary productivity. This trend is like the shallow-water in South China but opposite to other sections around the world.
Secondly, Redox condition is a key factor to the geochemistry indexes of productivity; we integrate different redox proxies (U, V, Mo, Ce anomalies) to indicate the redox condition of Dongpan and Xinmin setions:in Dongpan section, the absence of U, V, Mo and the value of Ce anomalies are less than 1 show the suboxic condition in Dongpan section. We assume the late Permian in Xinmin section anoxic condition by the enrichment of U and V. The values of Ce anomalies are around 1 also indicate the anoxic water, what's more, enrichment of Mo in some bed may indicate euxinic condition. Abundant of terrigenous materials were inputted into ealiest Triassic ocean in Xinmin section, dilute the signal of redox proxies, we cannot distinguish the redox condition carefully.
Thirdly, many productivity proxies are influenced large by redox condition in water column. The redox condition is a precondition to the choies of productivity proxies. Dongpan section is suboxic; we choose bio-Ba to indicate the change of productivity. Bio-Ba is low (average 266ppm) and decrease gradually from late Permian to early Triassic. We choose Cu and Zn as productivity proxies as the anoxic conditions in Xinmin section, bio-Cu and bio-Zn have high relativity (R2=0.64), Besides, TOC and bio-Cu also have high relative coefficient (R2=0.5). The high relative coefficient between different productivity proxies indicates the veracity of the productivity indicators. What's more, we calculate the primary productivity quantificational by using geochemistry proxy's models which are available in modern ocean (Ba in Dongpan section, Cu and Zn in Xinmin section). Although the quantitative result can not compare to modern ocean as the uncertain of the liner sedimentary rate, the trend of the calculate values are similar to the other conventional productivity proxies.
Fourthly, the first try to indicate paleo-productivity using radiolarian have been carried out, radiolarian and spicules are the main form of bio-silica, at the same time, the number of radiolarian is larger than spicules. The abundance of radiolarian and bio-silica, bio-Ba have high relative coefficient (R2=0.65 and 0.32 respectively), especially, the abundance of Spumellaria and bio-silica, bio-Ba have higher relativity (R2=0.72 and 0.48 respectively). The high relative coefficient between bio-silica (radiolarian) and bio-Ba indicate the available of both radiolarian and bio-Ba as paleo-productivity proxies.
Finally, the outlets of numerous volcanic ashfall beds in deep-water section indicate abundance volcanic events in South China. The regional volcanic events may play an important role to South China during the Permian-Triassic boundary. Volcanic may induce the redox condition from deep-water to shallow-water (extinction of deep-water species earlier than shallow-water species of radiolarian), Strengthen chemistry weathering of land (CIA and the change of clay mineral); also enlarge terrigenous input to ocean (MS, REE, spore and pollen). Numerous volcanic outputs may the cause of the decrease of primary productivity in South China, different to other areas.
华南出露了许多保存完好的二叠世－三叠世剖面,但前人的工作主要是集中在浅水剖面,深水剖面很少涉及。最近研究发现华南浅水剖面和全球其他地方的剖面在二叠世－三叠世之交存在很大的不同；华南浅水剖面的初级生产力在二叠世－三叠世之交是降低的,这和其他地方存在很大的不同。而且华南深水相的剖面在二叠世－三叠世之交沉积多层火山灰。这也是全球其他的剖面所没有的。所以华南二叠世－三叠世之交深水相的研究可以更好的理解二叠世－三叠世之交的生态系统的演化。
本文通过对华南2个深水剖面(东攀剖面和新民剖面)的地球化学和古生物学详细研究发现：
(1)华南深水相晚二叠世到早三叠世初级生产力是降低的,生产力的降低常常伴随火山物质的大量注入,这和华南的浅水剖面的变化相似,而与全球其他的剖面呈相反的变化趋势。
(2)各种不同的地球化学指标受氧化还原的影响很大。对各种氧化还原敏感元素(U、V、Mo)和Ce异常的综合分析对比发现,东攀剖面U、V、Mo均不富集,Ce异常均小于1说明水体总体呈氧化环境,火山层位的氧化还原敏感元素富集和Ce异常正偏说明海水在火山层位出现短暂的还原。新民剖面晚二叠纪U、V的富集,在部分层段出现Mo的富集,Ce异常在1附近波动。说明新民剖面晚二叠总体是还原环境,Mo在火上层位的富集指示水体在火山事件附近更加还原,甚至出现硫化的环境。早三叠纪由于物源物质的大量输入,导致陆源成分对氧化还原地化指标的稀释作用,而不能准确地指示氧化还原的情况。但火山层位仍出现短暂的还原环境(表现为氧化还原指标的显著波动)。
(3)不同的生产力地球化学指标受水体的氧化还原的影响很大,水体氧化还原的确定有利于我们选择合适的地球化学指标来指示生产力的变化。东攀剖面整体是氧化环境,可以选取Ba来指示其生产力的变化；生物Ba在二叠世-三叠世过渡时期的量整体很低(平均266ppm),而且是逐渐降低,最后突然减少。新民剖面晚二叠世出现还原水体,使得我们可以选Cu和Zn来指示它的生产力的演化,生物Cu和生物Zn的相关性很高(R2=0.64,n=94),而且TOC和生物Cu的相关性也很高(R2=0.50,n=94)。新民剖面不同生产力指标高的相关性说明Cu很Zn等指标可以来指示其生产力的演化。分别用现在海洋的定量模型来计算2个剖面各自的生产力(东攀剖面用Ba,新民剖面用Cu和Zn),但由于沉积速率的不确定性,定量计算的结果和现在海洋不具有对比性,但定量计算的结果和生产力其他指标的的演化趋势是一致的。
(4)首次尝试在远洋深海的的剖面上用占主导地位的微古动物(放射虫)来指示生产力的变化；在东攀剖面生物硅主要以放射虫和海绵骨针的形式存在,而放射虫又在总量中占绝对的优势,放射虫的丰度和生物硅、生物Ba的相关性很大(分别是R2=0.65,R2=0.32),尤其是泡沫虫和生物硅和生物Ba的相关性更高(R2=0.72,R2=0.48)。生物硅(放射虫)和生物Ba的高的相关性(R2=0.69)说明,放射虫和生物Ba都可以指示生产力的变化,高的相关性是其有利的佐证。
(5)本文的深水相出露的良好的火山凝灰岩层以及各种地化、矿物指标指示华南二叠世－三叠世之交存在大量的火山作用,这种区域性的火山作用可能在二叠世－三叠世之交对华南有着重要的影响,火山作用导致海水环境从底层向上逐渐还原(放射虫的深水的属种比浅水属种提前绝灭),陆地化学风化作用加强(CIA大量输入、粘土矿物成分的转变),陆地输入海洋的物质剧增(MS、REE、孢粉和粘土矿物大量增加等)。晚二叠世华南火山作用促使海洋环境的不断恶化,直到最后生物的大灭绝。早三叠的华南区域火山活动导致华南南盘江盆地水体的长期恶化,使得早三叠海洋不利于海洋生物的生长。使得华南在二叠世－三叠世之交华南的初级生产力和全球其他的地区呈现相反的趋势。
Primary producer in surface ocean is a key factors to connect the atmosphere system and the ocean system. The researches of primary productivity can help us to know more about climate change in atmosphere, the conditions of ocean water and the carbon transition from atmosphere system to ocean system. Permian-Triassic extinction is the most severely ones in history of earth. Many sections, especially shallow-water section, have been worked around the world. But, researches were focus more on big fossils, less on primary producers, especially in deep-water faces. The researches on primary productivity may play an important role in understanding the evolution of the whole ecosystem during the Permian-Triassic transition.
Many Permian-Triassic boundary sections, both shallow-water and deep-water, have been well preserved in South China. Lots of shallow-water sections have been studied carefully; many deep-water sections in South China are still underestimated. Recently, many works show South China is a unique area from other areas across the Permian-Triassic boundary:First, the primary productivitys are decrease in shallow-water sections of South China, different from other areas (primary productivity are increase) from late Permian to early Triassic. Besides, many volcanic ashfall beds are exhibited well in deep-water sections in South China, this is also rare in other sections around the world. Focuses on South China, especially deep-water sections are significant to understand the Permian-Triassic boundary extinction.
We learn more from the detailed research of geochemistry and paleontology from two deep-water sections (Dongpan section and Xinmin section):
Firstly, primary productivity in deep-water sections is decreasing gradually and more severely closer to the Permian-Triassic boundary. Inputting of lots of volcanic materials into ocean are always accompany with the decrease of primary productivity. This trend is like the shallow-water in South China but opposite to other sections around the world.
Secondly, Redox condition is a key factor to the geochemistry indexes of productivity; we integrate different redox proxies (U, V, Mo, Ce anomalies) to indicate the redox condition of Dongpan and Xinmin setions:in Dongpan section, the absence of U, V, Mo and the value of Ce anomalies are less than 1 show the suboxic condition in Dongpan section. We assume the late Permian in Xinmin section anoxic condition by the enrichment of U and V. The values of Ce anomalies are around 1 also indicate the anoxic water, what's more, enrichment of Mo in some bed may indicate euxinic condition. Abundant of terrigenous materials were inputted into ealiest Triassic ocean in Xinmin section, dilute the signal of redox proxies, we cannot distinguish the redox condition carefully.
Thirdly, many productivity proxies are influenced large by redox condition in water column. The redox condition is a precondition to the choies of productivity proxies. Dongpan section is suboxic; we choose bio-Ba to indicate the change of productivity. Bio-Ba is low (average 266ppm) and decrease gradually from late Permian to early Triassic. We choose Cu and Zn as productivity proxies as the anoxic conditions in Xinmin section, bio-Cu and bio-Zn have high relativity (R2=0.64), Besides, TOC and bio-Cu also have high relative coefficient (R2=0.5). The high relative coefficient between different productivity proxies indicates the veracity of the productivity indicators. What's more, we calculate the primary productivity quantificational by using geochemistry proxy's models which are available in modern ocean (Ba in Dongpan section, Cu and Zn in Xinmin section). Although the quantitative result can not compare to modern ocean as the uncertain of the liner sedimentary rate, the trend of the calculate values are similar to the other conventional productivity proxies.
Fourthly, the first try to indicate paleo-productivity using radiolarian have been carried out, radiolarian and spicules are the main form of bio-silica, at the same time, the number of radiolarian is larger than spicules. The abundance of radiolarian and bio-silica, bio-Ba have high relative coefficient (R2=0.65 and 0.32 respectively), especially, the abundance of Spumellaria and bio-silica, bio-Ba have higher relativity (R2=0.72 and 0.48 respectively). The high relative coefficient between bio-silica (radiolarian) and bio-Ba indicate the available of both radiolarian and bio-Ba as paleo-productivity proxies.
Finally, the outlets of numerous volcanic ashfall beds in deep-water section indicate abundance volcanic events in South China. The regional volcanic events may play an important role to South China during the Permian-Triassic boundary. Volcanic may induce the redox condition from deep-water to shallow-water (extinction of deep-water species earlier than shallow-water species of radiolarian), Strengthen chemistry weathering of land (CIA and the change of clay mineral); also enlarge terrigenous input to ocean (MS, REE, spore and pollen). Numerous volcanic outputs may the cause of the decrease of primary productivity in South China, different to other areas.
引文
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