彩色显示器颜色复现关键技术的研究
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摘要
随着社会越来越信息化、数字化和网络化，显示器逐渐成为人们获得信息的主要载体。颜色显示质量一直是各显示器厂商和广大消费者最关心的问题之一。然而现今流行的显示器：如CRT、LCD、LED大屏幕、OLED等，由于其显示颜色的机理不同，均存在不同程度的图像跨媒体颜色复制的问题。本文主要针对显示器颜色管理系统中的若干关键技术进行了深入的研究。
显示器的色度特性化。首先介绍了显示器的四个显示特性。然后针对显示器的显示特性，给出了三种常用的基于目标色的显示器色度特性化的方法：查找表法、多项式法和神经网络法。针对CRT和LCD显示器的特性化，本文给出了特性化数学模型，然后利用PR655色度计对一台LCD显示器在暗室条件下进行特性化实验，并给出特性化数据和曲线拟合结果。针对LED大屏幕，本文首先介绍了LED的发光特性和光谱漂移的问题。针对此问题，目前大多数LED显示屏都采用PWM调光的方式实现LED的灰阶驱动。本文通过分析PWM的驱动原理建立了LED显示屏的特性化模型，并对一款户内LED箱体进行特性化实验，并给出实验数据和拟合结果。
针对色域映射过程中快速并精确地计算出任意映射线与色域边界交点坐标的问题，提出一种基于改进的CORDIC算法的迭代逼近求解方法。该方法利用CIE LUV颜色空间的特性可沿映射线逼近边缘交点。无需边界搜索和插值计算过程，可大量节省存储器资源和计算时间，并具有较高的计算精度和广泛的适用性。文章详细分析了算法的计算原理、精度和速度，并以LED显示屏为例，在D65标准光源下进行边界拟合并做出误差分析。实验结果表明：12次迭代运算后，拟合边界非常光滑，最大色差值仅为0.16，计算500个映射线交点的总计算时间约为1s。与插值类计算方法相比，最大色差值降低了2.15，计算时间从10s降低到1s，速度提高了近10倍。
针对设备到设备色域映射算法无法充分保留复现图像局部细节的问题，提出一种基于MRF-MAP模型的图像到设备的色域映射算法。该算法将所求得的最终复现图像分成两部分共同约束：图像的条件概率，采用设备到设备的色域映射算法来约束最终复现图像的整体色域的变化；图像的先验概率，采用MRF模型提取原始图像的局部细节。最后利用最大后验概率估计算法进行最优化求解最终复现图像。本文算法的优势在于可以充分考虑图像的先验信息和局部细节，并保证最终求得的复现图像始终存在并唯一。本文将复现图像映射到LCD显示器上，利用数码相机采集后，将本文算法和CIE推荐色域映射算法的效果进行对比，并采用色域映射评价标准———z分数来进行评价。实验结果表明，本文算法在局部细节和色彩复现方面均比CIE推荐的色域映射算法效果要好。
As the society has been arounded by the information, digitization and network，the monitor which people usually get information through it gradually become moreand more poplulor. Color display quality has been one of the greatest issues of thevarious display manufacturers and consumers. However, CRT, LCD, LED largescreen, OLED, etc, has different levels issues in image cross-media color reproductionbecause every kind of it has different mechanisms to show colors. In this paper, acomprehensive study has been given about a serious of key technologies in thedisplay color management system.
Display chroma characterization. First, this article describes four displaycharacteristics of color displays. Then, three kinds of method, Look-up table,polynomial and neural network, based on target color have been proposed. For thecharacterization of CRT and LCD monitors, this paper presents the mathematicalmodel of the LCD and CRT display characteristics. The PR655Colorimeter has beenused to characterize a LCD display in darkroom, then characterization data and curvefitting results have been given. This paper first introduces the LED light-emittingcharacteristics and spectral shift for LED large screen. Most of the LED display usesPWM dimming to solve the problem. This paper analyses the PWM driving principleand establishes the Characterization model of the LED display, which have been usedto characterize an indoor LED cabinet, then the experimental data and fitting resultshave been given.
In order to solve the problem that it is hard to quickly and accurately calculatethe coordinate of intersecting point between the mapping line and the gamut boundary,an iterative calculation method based on the improved CORDIC algorithm toapproach the intersection has been proposed. The method using the characteristics of CIE LUV color space can approach the point along the mapping line. It can save a lotof storage resources and computing time because it has no boundary search andinterpolation calculation process. In addition, it has high calculation accuracy andwide applicability. This paper analyzes the algorithm of the calculation principle,precision and speed. With the LED Display, for example, it is made a boundarycalculation and the error analysis in D65light source. Experimental results show: Thefitting boundary is very smooth after12iterations and maximum color difference isonly0.16. The total computing time spent by calculating500intersections of mappinglines is about1s. Compared with the interpolation method, the maximum colordifference decreases by2.15， computing time reduced from10s to1s andcalculation speed increased nearly10times.
In order to solve the problem that "Device to device" gamut mapping algorithmcan not reproduce the details of the final image，an "Image to the device" algorithmbased on MRF-MAP model has been proposed. Two parts devided by the algorithm torestrain the final reproduced image: The conditional probability of the image，whichcommonly uses "device to device" gamut mapping algorithm, restricts the gamut offinal reproduced image; The priori probability of the image, which commonly usesMRF model, extracts local details of original image. Finally, the maximum aposteriori probability estimation algorithm is used to handle this optimization problem.Advantage of the proposed algorithm is that priori information and local details of theimage could been integrated into the algorithm and the final reproduced image isalways exist and unique. Image mapped to the LCD display which captured by digitalcameras is used to evaluation result of the proposed algorithm with the gamutmapping algorithm recommended by CIE. Evaluation criteria is the z-score.
显示器的色度特性化。首先介绍了显示器的四个显示特性。然后针对显示器的显示特性，给出了三种常用的基于目标色的显示器色度特性化的方法：查找表法、多项式法和神经网络法。针对CRT和LCD显示器的特性化，本文给出了特性化数学模型，然后利用PR655色度计对一台LCD显示器在暗室条件下进行特性化实验，并给出特性化数据和曲线拟合结果。针对LED大屏幕，本文首先介绍了LED的发光特性和光谱漂移的问题。针对此问题，目前大多数LED显示屏都采用PWM调光的方式实现LED的灰阶驱动。本文通过分析PWM的驱动原理建立了LED显示屏的特性化模型，并对一款户内LED箱体进行特性化实验，并给出实验数据和拟合结果。
针对色域映射过程中快速并精确地计算出任意映射线与色域边界交点坐标的问题，提出一种基于改进的CORDIC算法的迭代逼近求解方法。该方法利用CIE LUV颜色空间的特性可沿映射线逼近边缘交点。无需边界搜索和插值计算过程，可大量节省存储器资源和计算时间，并具有较高的计算精度和广泛的适用性。文章详细分析了算法的计算原理、精度和速度，并以LED显示屏为例，在D65标准光源下进行边界拟合并做出误差分析。实验结果表明：12次迭代运算后，拟合边界非常光滑，最大色差值仅为0.16，计算500个映射线交点的总计算时间约为1s。与插值类计算方法相比，最大色差值降低了2.15，计算时间从10s降低到1s，速度提高了近10倍。
针对设备到设备色域映射算法无法充分保留复现图像局部细节的问题，提出一种基于MRF-MAP模型的图像到设备的色域映射算法。该算法将所求得的最终复现图像分成两部分共同约束：图像的条件概率，采用设备到设备的色域映射算法来约束最终复现图像的整体色域的变化；图像的先验概率，采用MRF模型提取原始图像的局部细节。最后利用最大后验概率估计算法进行最优化求解最终复现图像。本文算法的优势在于可以充分考虑图像的先验信息和局部细节，并保证最终求得的复现图像始终存在并唯一。本文将复现图像映射到LCD显示器上，利用数码相机采集后，将本文算法和CIE推荐色域映射算法的效果进行对比，并采用色域映射评价标准———z分数来进行评价。实验结果表明，本文算法在局部细节和色彩复现方面均比CIE推荐的色域映射算法效果要好。
As the society has been arounded by the information, digitization and network，the monitor which people usually get information through it gradually become moreand more poplulor. Color display quality has been one of the greatest issues of thevarious display manufacturers and consumers. However, CRT, LCD, LED largescreen, OLED, etc, has different levels issues in image cross-media color reproductionbecause every kind of it has different mechanisms to show colors. In this paper, acomprehensive study has been given about a serious of key technologies in thedisplay color management system.
Display chroma characterization. First, this article describes four displaycharacteristics of color displays. Then, three kinds of method, Look-up table,polynomial and neural network, based on target color have been proposed. For thecharacterization of CRT and LCD monitors, this paper presents the mathematicalmodel of the LCD and CRT display characteristics. The PR655Colorimeter has beenused to characterize a LCD display in darkroom, then characterization data and curvefitting results have been given. This paper first introduces the LED light-emittingcharacteristics and spectral shift for LED large screen. Most of the LED display usesPWM dimming to solve the problem. This paper analyses the PWM driving principleand establishes the Characterization model of the LED display, which have been usedto characterize an indoor LED cabinet, then the experimental data and fitting resultshave been given.
In order to solve the problem that it is hard to quickly and accurately calculatethe coordinate of intersecting point between the mapping line and the gamut boundary,an iterative calculation method based on the improved CORDIC algorithm toapproach the intersection has been proposed. The method using the characteristics of CIE LUV color space can approach the point along the mapping line. It can save a lotof storage resources and computing time because it has no boundary search andinterpolation calculation process. In addition, it has high calculation accuracy andwide applicability. This paper analyzes the algorithm of the calculation principle,precision and speed. With the LED Display, for example, it is made a boundarycalculation and the error analysis in D65light source. Experimental results show: Thefitting boundary is very smooth after12iterations and maximum color difference isonly0.16. The total computing time spent by calculating500intersections of mappinglines is about1s. Compared with the interpolation method, the maximum colordifference decreases by2.15， computing time reduced from10s to1s andcalculation speed increased nearly10times.
In order to solve the problem that "Device to device" gamut mapping algorithmcan not reproduce the details of the final image，an "Image to the device" algorithmbased on MRF-MAP model has been proposed. Two parts devided by the algorithm torestrain the final reproduced image: The conditional probability of the image，whichcommonly uses "device to device" gamut mapping algorithm, restricts the gamut offinal reproduced image; The priori probability of the image, which commonly usesMRF model, extracts local details of original image. Finally, the maximum aposteriori probability estimation algorithm is used to handle this optimization problem.Advantage of the proposed algorithm is that priori information and local details of theimage could been integrated into the algorithm and the final reproduced image isalways exist and unique. Image mapped to the LCD display which captured by digitalcameras is used to evaluation result of the proposed algorithm with the gamutmapping algorithm recommended by CIE. Evaluation criteria is the z-score.
引文
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