兴凯湖国家级自然保护区水鸟生境时空格局变化研究
|
摘要
本研究以兴凯湖国家级自然保护区位研究区域,以保护区范围内众多水鸟为研究对象。以1989年9月16日,2006年9月10日两期Landsat TM遥感影像为主要数据源,1：50000标准分幅的地形图为基础参考地理数据,同时以1：100000土地利用类型图、林相图、植被分布图、动物分布图、保护区区划图和外业实地GPS调查数据为基础数据,以及收集到的保护区内水鸟调查数据和其他相关文字、图像资料作为辅助数据。在遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)技术的支持下,应用景观生态学的相关原理及方法,分析研究区域的景观类型时空格局的变化。在此基础上,选取研究区域内具有代表性的水鸟生境因子,建立水鸟生境适宜性(HSI)评价模型,对研究区域内水鸟生境适宜性进行评价,深入分析研究区域内水鸟生境时空格局的动态变化,为兴凯湖国家级自然保护区提出有利于维持一定水鸟种群数量的生境保护和恢复的合理化景观布局和建议,为该保护区的保护和管理部门提供决策依据。
研究结果表明：
1.景观格局：通过对1989年9月16日,2006年9月10日两期研究区域的遥感影像的处理,快速而准确地获取兴凯湖国家级自然保护区景观格局数据及其演变程度。从1989年到2006年的17年间,兴凯湖国家级自然保护区各景观类型的面积、斑块数、空间格局都有一定程度的改变。但保护区呈现以水域湿地景观为基质的农田、沼泽景观等相对为主体,其他景观呈补丁状散布在其中的主体景观格局没有发生改变。
2.景观类型特征指数：兴凯湖国家级自然保护区从1989年到2006年的17年间,从景观斑块密度和边缘密度的角度分析景观类型的破碎度,除农田景观破碎度减小之外其他大部分景观破碎度都有所增加。而从平均形状指数和平均分维数特征指标分析,草地、水域、居民地景观的空间形状更为复杂,而农田、林地、沼泽、未利用地景观空间形状更为规则。从景观异质性来看,兴凯湖自然保护区景观多样性指数减小、均匀度指数减小、优势度指数增大。景观的多样性指数与优势度指数呈负相关,与均匀度指数呈正相关,景观多样性指数增加的同时优势度指数减小,均匀度指数增大,从侧面反映了各景观类型所占比例差异增大,景观异质性较高,不利于该研究区域生态系统的稳定。
3.马尔科夫模型：从1989年到2006年的17年间,兴凯湖国家级自然保护区的农田景观的变化最明显,其面积增加幅度最大,速度最快。其主要由草地、林地、沼泽三种景观类型转换而来。于此同时,草地、沼泽,林地三种景观类型的面积、斑块数都明显减少,变化幅度都很大。水域、农田景观类型的保留率很高,而未利用地、草地景观的转换率也非常高。
4.水鸟生境适应性：从1989年到2006年的17年间,兴凯湖国家级自然保护区水鸟生境适宜区域面积和次适宜区域面积呈现递减趋势,微适宜区域面积呈现递增趋势,不适宜区域面积也成递减趋势。而微适宜区域面积的增加来自于适宜区域面积、次适宜区域面积和不适宜区域面积的转入。
Based on Landsat Image from remote sensing (RS) on September 16th, 1989 and September 10th,2006, topographic maps with 1:50000 standard Farm and land use types maps with 1:100000, stock map, plant distribution maps, animal distribution maps,planning maps and field investigation GPS data, with waterfowl investigation data, other relevant text information and Image Database for supporting information, this dissertation investigated waterfowl in the Xing Kai Lake National Nature Reserve. Supported by RS and Geographical Information System (GIS), theory and techniques of the landscape ecology were used to quantitatively and qualitatively analyze Landscape spatial-temporal changes. Moreover, through quantitative analysis on certain wetland habitat indexes and establishing HSI evaluation model, evaluation on suitable habitat of the wetland birds was conducted and dynamic changes of temporal pattern were depth analyzed. Several plans and advices were proposed for protecting and restoring wetland and maintaining wetland birds'populations. These would offer basic data for wetland protection and management in the future. The results showed:
1. Landscape pattern: Analyzing RS data from September 16,1989 and September 10, 2006 would offer possibility to rapidly and accurately obtaining data on land use patterns and the degree of evolution about Xing Kai National Nature Reserve. During 17 years from 1989 to 2006, though acreage, numbers and spatial position of each ecological landscape patch had changed at different levels, the landscape pattern unchanged:the dominant inter-wetland pattern composed with wetlands, farmland and swampland was patched with other landscape types.
2. Landscape features index: Analyzing the degree of fragmentation from the perspective of landscape patch density and edge density, most of the landscape fragmentation increased except for farmland landscape fragmentation reduced during 17 years from 1989 to 2006. Landscape shape of grassland, waters and residential lands was much more complicated while that of farmland, forestland, swamp, unutilized lands more inerratic. By means of mean shape index and The average fractal dimension features, the diversity index and evenness index had decreased while the dominance index opposite from the view of Landscape heterogeneity in the Xing Kai Lake National Nature Reserve. Landscape diversity was negatively correlated to dominance index while positively correlated to evenness index, landscape diversity and evenness index increasing while dominance index declining partially reflected increasing differences on proportions of each type of landscape and high landscape heterogeneity, which further disclosed ecosystem, was unstable.
3. Markov model:the farmland changed most significantly, not only the range but also the speed of increase in area was the most significantly, most of which was Converted from grassland, forest and swamp during the last 17 years from 1989 to 2006 in the Khanka National Nature Reserve, in the meantime, the area and number of patches of the above three Landscapes had decreased evidently. The preserving ratio of waters and farmlands was high while the unutilized land and grassland had high conversion rate.
4. Waterfowl habitat suitability:during 17years from 1989 to 2006, not only suitable area and less suitable areas but also unsuitable area of Xingkai Lake National Nature reserve waterfowl habitat area was decreased, while fine suitable areas was increased. Increase in fine suitable areas due to the suitable areas and less suitable areas added.
研究结果表明：
1.景观格局：通过对1989年9月16日,2006年9月10日两期研究区域的遥感影像的处理,快速而准确地获取兴凯湖国家级自然保护区景观格局数据及其演变程度。从1989年到2006年的17年间,兴凯湖国家级自然保护区各景观类型的面积、斑块数、空间格局都有一定程度的改变。但保护区呈现以水域湿地景观为基质的农田、沼泽景观等相对为主体,其他景观呈补丁状散布在其中的主体景观格局没有发生改变。
2.景观类型特征指数：兴凯湖国家级自然保护区从1989年到2006年的17年间,从景观斑块密度和边缘密度的角度分析景观类型的破碎度,除农田景观破碎度减小之外其他大部分景观破碎度都有所增加。而从平均形状指数和平均分维数特征指标分析,草地、水域、居民地景观的空间形状更为复杂,而农田、林地、沼泽、未利用地景观空间形状更为规则。从景观异质性来看,兴凯湖自然保护区景观多样性指数减小、均匀度指数减小、优势度指数增大。景观的多样性指数与优势度指数呈负相关,与均匀度指数呈正相关,景观多样性指数增加的同时优势度指数减小,均匀度指数增大,从侧面反映了各景观类型所占比例差异增大,景观异质性较高,不利于该研究区域生态系统的稳定。
3.马尔科夫模型：从1989年到2006年的17年间,兴凯湖国家级自然保护区的农田景观的变化最明显,其面积增加幅度最大,速度最快。其主要由草地、林地、沼泽三种景观类型转换而来。于此同时,草地、沼泽,林地三种景观类型的面积、斑块数都明显减少,变化幅度都很大。水域、农田景观类型的保留率很高,而未利用地、草地景观的转换率也非常高。
4.水鸟生境适应性：从1989年到2006年的17年间,兴凯湖国家级自然保护区水鸟生境适宜区域面积和次适宜区域面积呈现递减趋势,微适宜区域面积呈现递增趋势,不适宜区域面积也成递减趋势。而微适宜区域面积的增加来自于适宜区域面积、次适宜区域面积和不适宜区域面积的转入。
Based on Landsat Image from remote sensing (RS) on September 16th, 1989 and September 10th,2006, topographic maps with 1:50000 standard Farm and land use types maps with 1:100000, stock map, plant distribution maps, animal distribution maps,planning maps and field investigation GPS data, with waterfowl investigation data, other relevant text information and Image Database for supporting information, this dissertation investigated waterfowl in the Xing Kai Lake National Nature Reserve. Supported by RS and Geographical Information System (GIS), theory and techniques of the landscape ecology were used to quantitatively and qualitatively analyze Landscape spatial-temporal changes. Moreover, through quantitative analysis on certain wetland habitat indexes and establishing HSI evaluation model, evaluation on suitable habitat of the wetland birds was conducted and dynamic changes of temporal pattern were depth analyzed. Several plans and advices were proposed for protecting and restoring wetland and maintaining wetland birds'populations. These would offer basic data for wetland protection and management in the future. The results showed:
1. Landscape pattern: Analyzing RS data from September 16,1989 and September 10, 2006 would offer possibility to rapidly and accurately obtaining data on land use patterns and the degree of evolution about Xing Kai National Nature Reserve. During 17 years from 1989 to 2006, though acreage, numbers and spatial position of each ecological landscape patch had changed at different levels, the landscape pattern unchanged:the dominant inter-wetland pattern composed with wetlands, farmland and swampland was patched with other landscape types.
2. Landscape features index: Analyzing the degree of fragmentation from the perspective of landscape patch density and edge density, most of the landscape fragmentation increased except for farmland landscape fragmentation reduced during 17 years from 1989 to 2006. Landscape shape of grassland, waters and residential lands was much more complicated while that of farmland, forestland, swamp, unutilized lands more inerratic. By means of mean shape index and The average fractal dimension features, the diversity index and evenness index had decreased while the dominance index opposite from the view of Landscape heterogeneity in the Xing Kai Lake National Nature Reserve. Landscape diversity was negatively correlated to dominance index while positively correlated to evenness index, landscape diversity and evenness index increasing while dominance index declining partially reflected increasing differences on proportions of each type of landscape and high landscape heterogeneity, which further disclosed ecosystem, was unstable.
3. Markov model:the farmland changed most significantly, not only the range but also the speed of increase in area was the most significantly, most of which was Converted from grassland, forest and swamp during the last 17 years from 1989 to 2006 in the Khanka National Nature Reserve, in the meantime, the area and number of patches of the above three Landscapes had decreased evidently. The preserving ratio of waters and farmlands was high while the unutilized land and grassland had high conversion rate.
4. Waterfowl habitat suitability:during 17years from 1989 to 2006, not only suitable area and less suitable areas but also unsuitable area of Xingkai Lake National Nature reserve waterfowl habitat area was decreased, while fine suitable areas was increased. Increase in fine suitable areas due to the suitable areas and less suitable areas added.
引文
[1]刘红玉,李兆富,白云芳.挠力河流域东方白鹳生境质量变化景观模拟.生态学报,2006,26(12)：4007-4013.
[2]Westman E O, Pearl M C. Conservation for the 21st century. Oxford University Press, New York.1989.
[3]Naveh Z. Interactions of landscape and cultures. Landscape and Urban Planning.1995,32: 43-54.
[4]陈宜瑜,赵魁义.中国湿地研究.吉林：吉林科学技术出版社.1995：48-55.
[5]刘红玉,吕宪国,张世奎,杨青.三江平原50年来湿地景观破碎化过程研究.应用生态学报,2005,16(2)：289-296.
[6]Isabelle Poudevigne, Jacques Baudry. The implication of past and present landscape patterns for biodiversity research: introduction and overview. Landscape Ecology.2003,18: 223-225.
[7]刘芳芳,于洪贤.兴凯湖自然保护区生态质量模糊综合评价.野生动物杂志.2009,30(3)：152-155.
[8]李枫,许青,陶金等.黑龙江兴凯湖国家级自然保护区总体规划.哈尔滨：黑龙江省林业设计研究院.2006：10-12.
[9]刘红玉,杨青,李兆富等.湿地景观变化对水禽生境影响研究进展.湿地科学.2003,1(2)：115-121.
[10]WRP Technical Note Fw-RS-2.1. Habitat suitability index model availability for wetland cover types.1998.
[11]Thompson D H. Feeding areas of great Blue Herons and Great Egrets nesting within the floodplain of the upper Mississippi River Proc Conf Colon Water bird Group.1979:202-213.
[12]Chaney A H, Chapman B R, et al. Use of dredged material islands by colonial seabirds and wading birds in Texas. US Army Corps of Engineers Report D-78-8.1979:170.
[13]James A, Kushlan. Special species and ecosystem preserves:colonial water birds in US national parks. Environmental Management.2005,7:201-207.
[14]Werschkul D, McMahon E, et al. Observations on the reproductive ecology of the Great Blue Heron in Western Oregon. The Murrelet.1977,58:7-12.
[15]Davis J A, Halse S A, et, al. Factors influencing biodiversity in coastal plain wetlands of Southwestern Australia. In Gopal B, Junk W J, Davis J A. Biodiversity in wetlands: assessment, function and conservation. Vol 2. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands.2001.
[16]David M, Theobald, James R, Miller N, Thompson Hobbs. Estimating the cumulative effects of development on wildlife habitat. Landscape and Urban Planning.1997:25-36.
[17]胡远满,布仁仓,李团胜,肖笃宁.野生动物生境的行为性破碎化研究.长沙：湖南科学技术出版社.1999：173-175.
[18]Jean Francois Fruget, Jean Louis Michelot. Biodiversity of the French river Rhone and its floodplain: current state, historical changes and restoration potential. In Gopal B, Junk W J, Davis J A. Biodiversity in wetlands:assessment, function and conservation. The Netherlands: Backhugs Publishers.2001.
[19]Fitzgibbon C D. Small mammals in farm woodlands:the effect of habitat, isolation and surrounding land-use patterns. Journal of Applied Ecology.1997,34(2):530-539.
[20]Vos C C, Chardon J P. Effects of habitat fragmentation and road density on the distribution oattern of the Moor Frog Rana Arvalis. Journal of Applied Ecology.1998, 35(1):44-56.
[21]傅伯杰,陈立顶,马克明,王仰麟.景观生态学原理及应用.北京：科学出版社.2002：58-70.
[22]Main M. B, G M Allen. Landscape and seasonal influences on road kill of wildlife in southwest Florida. Florida Scientist.2002,65:149-158.
[23]Vadineanu A, Cristofor S, Iordache V. Biodiversity changes in the Lower Danube River system. In Gopal B, Junk W J, Davis J A. Biodiversity in wetlands:assessment, function and conservation. The Netherlands:Backhuys Publishers.2001,2:29-63.
[24]McGarigal K, Marks B J Fragstats:Spatial pattern analysis program for quantifying landscape structure. Portland:USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-GTR-351, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon, USA.1995.
[25]Ernoult A, Bureau F, Poudevigne I, Patterns of organization in changing landscapes: implications for the management of biodiversity. Landscape Ecology 2003,18:239-251.
[26]Turner, M G. Landscape ecology: the effect of pattern on process. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematic.1989,20:171-197.
[27]Liu H Y, Yang Q, Li Z F, et al. Progress on the impacts of wetland landscape change on waterfowl habitats. Wetland Science,2003,1(2):115-121.
[28]Cousins S A O, Lavorel S, Davies 1. Modeling the effects of landscape pattern and grazing regimes on the persistence of plant species with high conservation value in grasslands in south-eastern Sweden. Landscape Ecology.2003,18:315-332.
[29]Mennechez G, Schtickzelle N, Baguette M. Metapopulation dynamics of the bog fritillary butterfly: comparison of demographic parameters and dispersal between a continuous and a highly fragmented landscape. Landscape Ecology 2003,18:279-291.
[30]Jaberg C, Guisan A. Modeling the distribution of bats in relation to landscape structure in a temperate mountain environment. Journal of Applied Ecology 2002,38(6):1169-1181.
[31]Hinsley S A, Bellamy P E, Newton I, Sparks T H. Influences of population size and woodland area on bird species distributions in small woods. Oecologia.1996,105:100-106.
[32]G H Griffiths, B C Eversham, D B Roy. Integrating species and habitat data for nature conservation in Great Britain: data sources and methods. Global Ecology and Biogeography.1999.8(5):329-345.
[33]Harbin Li, David I, Gartner, Pu Mou, Carl C. Trettin. A landscape model (LEEMATH) to evaluate effects of management impacts on timber and wildlife habitat. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture.2000,27:263-292.
[34]马建章,邹红菲,贾竞波.野生动物管理学.哈尔滨：东北林业大学出版社.2004：53-62.
[35]肖笃宁.景观生态学研究进展.长沙：湖南科学技术出版社.1999：173-175.
[36]Whitfield D P, McLeod D R A, Fielding A. H, Broad R A, Evans R J, Haworth P F. The effects of forestry on golden eagles on the island of mull, western scotland. Journal of Applied Ecology 2002,38(6):1208-1220.
[37]B T Gray. Meeting the challenges:waterfowl and wetland conservation in the 21st century. In: Quebec,2000:millennium wetland event program with abstracts August 6-12, 2000 Canada: Elizabeth Mackay,2000:215-318.
[38]Hansen A J, Neilson R P, Dale V H, et al. Global Change in Forests:Responses of Species, Communities, and Biomes. B ioScience,2001,51:765-779.
[39]PelayoA, Vanesa A, Jorge C, et al. Habitat Suitability Modelling Reveals a Strong Niche Overlap Between two Poorly Known Species, the Broom Hare and the Pyrenean Grey Partridge, inthe North of Spain. Acta oecologica,2007,31:174-184.
[40]李文发,彭克美,朴仁珠.兴凯湖自然保护区野生动物资源与研究.哈尔滨：东北林业大学出版社.1994：2-39.
[41]袁力,龚文峰,于成龙.基于RS和GIS的扎龙湿地丹顶鹤生境时空的格局演变.东北林业大学学报.2009,37(8)：34-38.
[42]袁力.土地格局时空变化对扎龙湿地鹤类生境的研究.东北林业大学.博士论文.2008：61-98.
[43]肖笃宁,布仁仓,李秀珍.生态空间理论与景观异质性.生态学报,1997,17(5)：453-461.
[44]袁力.基于RS、GIS生态景观格局动态变化及其驱动力的研究.东北林业大学学报.2007,35(12)：25-28.
[45]王佐成,薛丽霞.基于GIS的ITS系统构成.重庆邮电学院学报：自然科学版,2005，17(6)：772-775.
[46]史培军,宫鹏,李小兵等.土地利用/土地覆盖变化研究的方法与实践.北京：科学出版社,2000：99-105.
[47]刘纯远.全国土地资源环境遥感宏观调查与动态研究.北京：科学出版社,1997.
[48]Fu B J, Chen L D. Landscape diversity types and their ecological significance. Acta Geographical Sonica,1996,51(5):454-461.
[49]Moser D, Zecluneister H G, Plutzar C, et al. Landscape patch shape complexity as an effective measure for plant species richness in rural landscapes. Landscape Ecology,2002, 17(7):657-669.
[50]O'Neillr R V, Krummev J R. Indices of landscape pattern. Landscape Ecology,1988,1(3): 153-162.
[51]潘竟虎,刘普幸.黑河下游土地利用与景观格局时空特征分析.国土资源遥感,2008,2：84-98.
[52]薛丽霞,王佐成,李永树.基于遥感的区域景观特征及其动态变化研究.国土资源遥感,2005(2)：64-68.
[53]邬建国.景观生态学-格局、过程、尺度与等级.北京：高等教育出版社,2000：163-165.
[54]陈顶利,傅伯杰.黄河三角洲地区人类活动对景观结构的影响分析.生态学报,1996,16(4)：337-344.
[55]吉文帅,韩玉刚,管义国.基于RS和GIS的柘皋河流域景观空间格局研究.农业资源与环境科学,2007,23(1)：140-143
[56]张海林,李常锁,张中祥,梁凤英.基于GIS的龙口市耕地景观空间格局变化研究.山东科学,2008,21(1)：47-50.
[57]查轩,张萍.基于GIS的重要水源地东圳库区土壤侵蚀与景观格局分析.水土保持学报2007,21(3)：43-47.
[58]杨国清,刘耀林,吴志峰.基于CA-Markov模型的土地利用格局变化研究.武汉大学学报：信息科学版,2007,32(5)：414-418.
[59]邹红菲,吴庆明,马建章.扎龙保护区火烧及湿地注水后丹顶鹤巢址选择.东北师大学报(自然科学版).2003,35(1)：54-59.
[60]王志强,陈志超,郝成元.基于HSI模型的扎龙国家级自然保护区丹顶鹤繁殖生境适宜性评价.湿地科学.2009,7(3)：197-201.
[61]秦瑜.冈斯底里山南坡草青期西藏马鹿生境选择及其适宜性评价.哈尔滨：东北林业大学硕士论文.2009：3-11
[62]李祥,郭笃发,张宝雷,蒋红花.基于RS与GIS的近代黄河三角洲丹顶鹤生境分析.水土保持研究.2009,16(6)：69-74.
[63]刘红玉,吕宪国,张世奎.湿地景观变化过程与累积环境效应研究进展.地理科学进展.2003,22(1)：60-70.
[2]Westman E O, Pearl M C. Conservation for the 21st century. Oxford University Press, New York.1989.
[3]Naveh Z. Interactions of landscape and cultures. Landscape and Urban Planning.1995,32: 43-54.
[4]陈宜瑜,赵魁义.中国湿地研究.吉林：吉林科学技术出版社.1995：48-55.
[5]刘红玉,吕宪国,张世奎,杨青.三江平原50年来湿地景观破碎化过程研究.应用生态学报,2005,16(2)：289-296.
[6]Isabelle Poudevigne, Jacques Baudry. The implication of past and present landscape patterns for biodiversity research: introduction and overview. Landscape Ecology.2003,18: 223-225.
[7]刘芳芳,于洪贤.兴凯湖自然保护区生态质量模糊综合评价.野生动物杂志.2009,30(3)：152-155.
[8]李枫,许青,陶金等.黑龙江兴凯湖国家级自然保护区总体规划.哈尔滨：黑龙江省林业设计研究院.2006：10-12.
[9]刘红玉,杨青,李兆富等.湿地景观变化对水禽生境影响研究进展.湿地科学.2003,1(2)：115-121.
[10]WRP Technical Note Fw-RS-2.1. Habitat suitability index model availability for wetland cover types.1998.
[11]Thompson D H. Feeding areas of great Blue Herons and Great Egrets nesting within the floodplain of the upper Mississippi River Proc Conf Colon Water bird Group.1979:202-213.
[12]Chaney A H, Chapman B R, et al. Use of dredged material islands by colonial seabirds and wading birds in Texas. US Army Corps of Engineers Report D-78-8.1979:170.
[13]James A, Kushlan. Special species and ecosystem preserves:colonial water birds in US national parks. Environmental Management.2005,7:201-207.
[14]Werschkul D, McMahon E, et al. Observations on the reproductive ecology of the Great Blue Heron in Western Oregon. The Murrelet.1977,58:7-12.
[15]Davis J A, Halse S A, et, al. Factors influencing biodiversity in coastal plain wetlands of Southwestern Australia. In Gopal B, Junk W J, Davis J A. Biodiversity in wetlands: assessment, function and conservation. Vol 2. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands.2001.
[16]David M, Theobald, James R, Miller N, Thompson Hobbs. Estimating the cumulative effects of development on wildlife habitat. Landscape and Urban Planning.1997:25-36.
[17]胡远满,布仁仓,李团胜,肖笃宁.野生动物生境的行为性破碎化研究.长沙：湖南科学技术出版社.1999：173-175.
[18]Jean Francois Fruget, Jean Louis Michelot. Biodiversity of the French river Rhone and its floodplain: current state, historical changes and restoration potential. In Gopal B, Junk W J, Davis J A. Biodiversity in wetlands:assessment, function and conservation. The Netherlands: Backhugs Publishers.2001.
[19]Fitzgibbon C D. Small mammals in farm woodlands:the effect of habitat, isolation and surrounding land-use patterns. Journal of Applied Ecology.1997,34(2):530-539.
[20]Vos C C, Chardon J P. Effects of habitat fragmentation and road density on the distribution oattern of the Moor Frog Rana Arvalis. Journal of Applied Ecology.1998, 35(1):44-56.
[21]傅伯杰,陈立顶,马克明,王仰麟.景观生态学原理及应用.北京：科学出版社.2002：58-70.
[22]Main M. B, G M Allen. Landscape and seasonal influences on road kill of wildlife in southwest Florida. Florida Scientist.2002,65:149-158.
[23]Vadineanu A, Cristofor S, Iordache V. Biodiversity changes in the Lower Danube River system. In Gopal B, Junk W J, Davis J A. Biodiversity in wetlands:assessment, function and conservation. The Netherlands:Backhuys Publishers.2001,2:29-63.
[24]McGarigal K, Marks B J Fragstats:Spatial pattern analysis program for quantifying landscape structure. Portland:USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-GTR-351, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon, USA.1995.
[25]Ernoult A, Bureau F, Poudevigne I, Patterns of organization in changing landscapes: implications for the management of biodiversity. Landscape Ecology 2003,18:239-251.
[26]Turner, M G. Landscape ecology: the effect of pattern on process. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematic.1989,20:171-197.
[27]Liu H Y, Yang Q, Li Z F, et al. Progress on the impacts of wetland landscape change on waterfowl habitats. Wetland Science,2003,1(2):115-121.
[28]Cousins S A O, Lavorel S, Davies 1. Modeling the effects of landscape pattern and grazing regimes on the persistence of plant species with high conservation value in grasslands in south-eastern Sweden. Landscape Ecology.2003,18:315-332.
[29]Mennechez G, Schtickzelle N, Baguette M. Metapopulation dynamics of the bog fritillary butterfly: comparison of demographic parameters and dispersal between a continuous and a highly fragmented landscape. Landscape Ecology 2003,18:279-291.
[30]Jaberg C, Guisan A. Modeling the distribution of bats in relation to landscape structure in a temperate mountain environment. Journal of Applied Ecology 2002,38(6):1169-1181.
[31]Hinsley S A, Bellamy P E, Newton I, Sparks T H. Influences of population size and woodland area on bird species distributions in small woods. Oecologia.1996,105:100-106.
[32]G H Griffiths, B C Eversham, D B Roy. Integrating species and habitat data for nature conservation in Great Britain: data sources and methods. Global Ecology and Biogeography.1999.8(5):329-345.
[33]Harbin Li, David I, Gartner, Pu Mou, Carl C. Trettin. A landscape model (LEEMATH) to evaluate effects of management impacts on timber and wildlife habitat. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture.2000,27:263-292.
[34]马建章,邹红菲,贾竞波.野生动物管理学.哈尔滨：东北林业大学出版社.2004：53-62.
[35]肖笃宁.景观生态学研究进展.长沙：湖南科学技术出版社.1999：173-175.
[36]Whitfield D P, McLeod D R A, Fielding A. H, Broad R A, Evans R J, Haworth P F. The effects of forestry on golden eagles on the island of mull, western scotland. Journal of Applied Ecology 2002,38(6):1208-1220.
[37]B T Gray. Meeting the challenges:waterfowl and wetland conservation in the 21st century. In: Quebec,2000:millennium wetland event program with abstracts August 6-12, 2000 Canada: Elizabeth Mackay,2000:215-318.
[38]Hansen A J, Neilson R P, Dale V H, et al. Global Change in Forests:Responses of Species, Communities, and Biomes. B ioScience,2001,51:765-779.
[39]PelayoA, Vanesa A, Jorge C, et al. Habitat Suitability Modelling Reveals a Strong Niche Overlap Between two Poorly Known Species, the Broom Hare and the Pyrenean Grey Partridge, inthe North of Spain. Acta oecologica,2007,31:174-184.
[40]李文发,彭克美,朴仁珠.兴凯湖自然保护区野生动物资源与研究.哈尔滨：东北林业大学出版社.1994：2-39.
[41]袁力,龚文峰,于成龙.基于RS和GIS的扎龙湿地丹顶鹤生境时空的格局演变.东北林业大学学报.2009,37(8)：34-38.
[42]袁力.土地格局时空变化对扎龙湿地鹤类生境的研究.东北林业大学.博士论文.2008：61-98.
[43]肖笃宁,布仁仓,李秀珍.生态空间理论与景观异质性.生态学报,1997,17(5)：453-461.
[44]袁力.基于RS、GIS生态景观格局动态变化及其驱动力的研究.东北林业大学学报.2007,35(12)：25-28.
[45]王佐成,薛丽霞.基于GIS的ITS系统构成.重庆邮电学院学报：自然科学版,2005，17(6)：772-775.
[46]史培军,宫鹏,李小兵等.土地利用/土地覆盖变化研究的方法与实践.北京：科学出版社,2000：99-105.
[47]刘纯远.全国土地资源环境遥感宏观调查与动态研究.北京：科学出版社,1997.
[48]Fu B J, Chen L D. Landscape diversity types and their ecological significance. Acta Geographical Sonica,1996,51(5):454-461.
[49]Moser D, Zecluneister H G, Plutzar C, et al. Landscape patch shape complexity as an effective measure for plant species richness in rural landscapes. Landscape Ecology,2002, 17(7):657-669.
[50]O'Neillr R V, Krummev J R. Indices of landscape pattern. Landscape Ecology,1988,1(3): 153-162.
[51]潘竟虎,刘普幸.黑河下游土地利用与景观格局时空特征分析.国土资源遥感,2008,2：84-98.
[52]薛丽霞,王佐成,李永树.基于遥感的区域景观特征及其动态变化研究.国土资源遥感,2005(2)：64-68.
[53]邬建国.景观生态学-格局、过程、尺度与等级.北京：高等教育出版社,2000：163-165.
[54]陈顶利,傅伯杰.黄河三角洲地区人类活动对景观结构的影响分析.生态学报,1996,16(4)：337-344.
[55]吉文帅,韩玉刚,管义国.基于RS和GIS的柘皋河流域景观空间格局研究.农业资源与环境科学,2007,23(1)：140-143
[56]张海林,李常锁,张中祥,梁凤英.基于GIS的龙口市耕地景观空间格局变化研究.山东科学,2008,21(1)：47-50.
[57]查轩,张萍.基于GIS的重要水源地东圳库区土壤侵蚀与景观格局分析.水土保持学报2007,21(3)：43-47.
[58]杨国清,刘耀林,吴志峰.基于CA-Markov模型的土地利用格局变化研究.武汉大学学报：信息科学版,2007,32(5)：414-418.
[59]邹红菲,吴庆明,马建章.扎龙保护区火烧及湿地注水后丹顶鹤巢址选择.东北师大学报(自然科学版).2003,35(1)：54-59.
[60]王志强,陈志超,郝成元.基于HSI模型的扎龙国家级自然保护区丹顶鹤繁殖生境适宜性评价.湿地科学.2009,7(3)：197-201.
[61]秦瑜.冈斯底里山南坡草青期西藏马鹿生境选择及其适宜性评价.哈尔滨：东北林业大学硕士论文.2009：3-11
[62]李祥,郭笃发,张宝雷,蒋红花.基于RS与GIS的近代黄河三角洲丹顶鹤生境分析.水土保持研究.2009,16(6)：69-74.
[63]刘红玉,吕宪国,张世奎.湿地景观变化过程与累积环境效应研究进展.地理科学进展.2003,22(1)：60-70.