集装箱识别系统中电子标签的研究与设计
摘要
随着全球经济贸易一体化的愈演愈烈,国际间贸易量迅猛增长,集装箱作为国际货运的主要载体,其扮演的角色也愈来愈重要。目前,中国已经成为世界制造业的中心,使得港口集装箱运输也保持了高速的发展,吞吐总量已连续五年排名全球第一。在现代集装箱码头,港口物流管理水平和信息化水平的高低已经成为制约集装箱运输发展的关键。
在这一背景下,应用RFID技术来记载和采集集装箱运输中的各种物流信息是大势所趋,同时该技术还可以对集装箱运输的物流信息进行实时跟踪,消除集装箱在运输过程中的错箱、漏箱。这一技术的应用极大地提高集装箱运输的工作效率,不仅改善集装箱进港通关速度,而且可以保障集装箱运输的安全性和可靠性,从而全面提升集装箱服务水平。然而,目前国外仅有几家公司专门研究应用于集装箱运输业的RFID技术,国内从事这方面研究及设计的公司更少。
本文在集装箱电子标签部分做了一些针对性的研究和设计,主要工作及研究内容有以下几个方面。
根据集装箱环境需求分析,结合当前国内集装箱电子标签的应用现状,介绍了基本的集装箱射频识别应用系统。采用2.45GHz通信频段的有源电子标签作为集装箱信息载体;结合国际标准18000-6B和18000-6C,对IS010374《集装箱自动识别》国际标准提出了补充性的建议。
本论文设计的标签选用TI公司的低功耗MSP430F1232为微控芯片,选用挪威Nodic公司的双向无线射频收发芯片nRF2401,实现了系统控制、数据发送＼接收控制、串口通讯、无线射频通信等功能;结合芯片内部功能,设计了低电压检测电路;根据微带线原理,设计了适合本标签的高频天线;最后在IAREmbedded Workbench编译环境下完成软件的编写与调试,实现数据的可靠收发。
探讨了电子标签的防碰撞机制。分析了多路存取理论,比较目前RFID技术常用的几种防碰撞算法。根据集装箱识别系统,设计了基于时隙ALOHA算法的自适应防碰撞算法,可以有效地改善信道利用率,降低系统功耗。
分析了标签与读写器数据传输的安全机制。在传统的相互对称鉴别理论的基础上,重点分析了DES数据加密算法,完成了系统DES数据加密算法的加密/解密的程序设计。
With the development of global economic integration, the amount of international trade rises rapidly. Container, the main carrier of international transport, plays a much more important role in the trade. Now, China has been the center of world manufacture, which leads to a rapid development of freight container transport and the throughput has been ranged top for five years. In modern container terminal, the ability of logistic management and informationization has been the critical factor for the development of container transport.
In this condition, it's necessary to record and collect the logistic information during the transportation by RFID, besides, it can do a real-time trace to the information, so the mistakes can be reduced. The application of the technology will raise the efficiency by raising the put-in speed, besides, it will provide with guarantee of safety and reliability so that the service level will be raised comprehensively. However, there are quite few companies studying RFID technology in this field oversea, much fewer in China.
The paper does some basic work about freight container RF tag, the main contents includes:
According to the demand analysis of container and actuality of RF tag incontainer port, the paper simulates RFID radio frequency identification system taking2.45GHz active tag as the carrier, besides, it gives some advice to international stand《Freight containers—Automatic identification》according to 18000-6B and18000-6C.
The tags designed in this paper use MSP430F1232 as MCU and nRF2401 as RF module. And according to the inner function, then the low-battery detecting electrocircuit has been designed. Besides, ultra-frequency antenna which fits the tag has been designed according to microstrip line theory. At last, the functions such as, system control, data TXD/RXD, serial communication, RF were realized. The software was programmed and debugged under IAR Embedded Workbench compiled environment so that the date can receive and dispatch safely.
The paper studies the mechanism of RF tag anti-collision, besides, it makes a comparison between some algorithms of anti-collision. According to automatic identification of freight containers, self-adapting anti-collision algorithms designed based on slotted ALOHA algorithms, which raise the efficiency of channel and reduce the power consumption.
The paper analyses the data transmit safety mechanism of RF tag and reader. Based on the traditional symmetry distinguish theory, the paper emphasis on algorithms of data encryption standard and completes the encrypt/decrypt program of DES data encrypt algorithms.
在这一背景下,应用RFID技术来记载和采集集装箱运输中的各种物流信息是大势所趋,同时该技术还可以对集装箱运输的物流信息进行实时跟踪,消除集装箱在运输过程中的错箱、漏箱。这一技术的应用极大地提高集装箱运输的工作效率,不仅改善集装箱进港通关速度,而且可以保障集装箱运输的安全性和可靠性,从而全面提升集装箱服务水平。然而,目前国外仅有几家公司专门研究应用于集装箱运输业的RFID技术,国内从事这方面研究及设计的公司更少。
本文在集装箱电子标签部分做了一些针对性的研究和设计,主要工作及研究内容有以下几个方面。
根据集装箱环境需求分析,结合当前国内集装箱电子标签的应用现状,介绍了基本的集装箱射频识别应用系统。采用2.45GHz通信频段的有源电子标签作为集装箱信息载体;结合国际标准18000-6B和18000-6C,对IS010374《集装箱自动识别》国际标准提出了补充性的建议。
本论文设计的标签选用TI公司的低功耗MSP430F1232为微控芯片,选用挪威Nodic公司的双向无线射频收发芯片nRF2401,实现了系统控制、数据发送＼接收控制、串口通讯、无线射频通信等功能;结合芯片内部功能,设计了低电压检测电路;根据微带线原理,设计了适合本标签的高频天线;最后在IAREmbedded Workbench编译环境下完成软件的编写与调试,实现数据的可靠收发。
探讨了电子标签的防碰撞机制。分析了多路存取理论,比较目前RFID技术常用的几种防碰撞算法。根据集装箱识别系统,设计了基于时隙ALOHA算法的自适应防碰撞算法,可以有效地改善信道利用率,降低系统功耗。
分析了标签与读写器数据传输的安全机制。在传统的相互对称鉴别理论的基础上,重点分析了DES数据加密算法,完成了系统DES数据加密算法的加密/解密的程序设计。
With the development of global economic integration, the amount of international trade rises rapidly. Container, the main carrier of international transport, plays a much more important role in the trade. Now, China has been the center of world manufacture, which leads to a rapid development of freight container transport and the throughput has been ranged top for five years. In modern container terminal, the ability of logistic management and informationization has been the critical factor for the development of container transport.
In this condition, it's necessary to record and collect the logistic information during the transportation by RFID, besides, it can do a real-time trace to the information, so the mistakes can be reduced. The application of the technology will raise the efficiency by raising the put-in speed, besides, it will provide with guarantee of safety and reliability so that the service level will be raised comprehensively. However, there are quite few companies studying RFID technology in this field oversea, much fewer in China.
The paper does some basic work about freight container RF tag, the main contents includes:
According to the demand analysis of container and actuality of RF tag incontainer port, the paper simulates RFID radio frequency identification system taking2.45GHz active tag as the carrier, besides, it gives some advice to international stand《Freight containers—Automatic identification》according to 18000-6B and18000-6C.
The tags designed in this paper use MSP430F1232 as MCU and nRF2401 as RF module. And according to the inner function, then the low-battery detecting electrocircuit has been designed. Besides, ultra-frequency antenna which fits the tag has been designed according to microstrip line theory. At last, the functions such as, system control, data TXD/RXD, serial communication, RF were realized. The software was programmed and debugged under IAR Embedded Workbench compiled environment so that the date can receive and dispatch safely.
The paper studies the mechanism of RF tag anti-collision, besides, it makes a comparison between some algorithms of anti-collision. According to automatic identification of freight containers, self-adapting anti-collision algorithms designed based on slotted ALOHA algorithms, which raise the efficiency of channel and reduce the power consumption.
The paper analyses the data transmit safety mechanism of RF tag and reader. Based on the traditional symmetry distinguish theory, the paper emphasis on algorithms of data encryption standard and completes the encrypt/decrypt program of DES data encrypt algorithms.
引文
[1]Klaus Finkzeller.射频识别(RFID)技术.北京:电子工业出版社,2001.129-150
[2]杨振野.IC卡技术及其应用.北京:科学出版社,2006.217-232
[3]云振新.射频识别技术的发展与应用.世界产品与技术,1995,6:8-9
[4]张秋英.智能标签取代条码.工厂管理,2003(8):56-57
[5]游战清,李苏剑.无线射频识别技术(RFID)理论与应用.北京:电子工业出版社,2004.8-51,74-88
[6]杨君,刘云,吴海旺.无线射频识别技术及应用.现代通信,2003(6):13-16
[7]朱宏辉.物流自动化系统设计及应用.北京:化学工业出版社,2004年.74-79
[8]蔡志刚.集装箱无线射频识别技术应用研究.港口装卸,2005(5):60-62
[9]陶学宗.RFID技术在集装箱运输中的应用研究.铁道物资科学管理,2006(04):40-42
[10]姚建永.EPC global组织的RFID标准.物流技术,2006(07):27-32
[11]包起帆.“两港一航”集装箱电子标签应用示范.起重运输机械,2006(07):1-8
[12]包起帆.集装箱电子标签应用.上海海事大学学报,2006(S1):62-67
[13]祁同林.《集装箱自动识别》标准探讨.中国自动识别技术,2007(01):44-45
[14]沈建华,杨艳华等.MSP430系列16位超低功耗单片机原理与应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004年
[15]胡大可.MSP430系列FLASH型超低功耗16位单片机[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2002年
[16]Texas lnstruments(TI).MSP430X1XX family user's guide.2006.http://www.Ti.com
[17]黄智伟.单片无线数据通信IC原理与应用.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2004.389-402
[18]魏小龙.MSP430系列单片机接口技术及系统设计实例.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2002年
[19]NODIC.nRF24L01 Single Chip 2.4GHz Transceiver Product Specification(Revision 2.0).2007.http://www.Nordicsemi.no
[20]张钧,刘克成.微带天线理论与工程[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1998:5-8
[21]安治永.射频识别系统的多目标识别-反碰撞算法.火力与指挥控制,2006(04):39-41
[22]NODIC.1/4 printed monopole antenna for 2.45GHz.2006.http://www.Nordicsemi.no
[23]王洪菊.RFID的系统设计与碰撞算法研究:[硕士学位论文].西安:西北工业大学 通信与信息系统,2007
[24]陈香.标签防冲突算法的研究.现代电子技术,2006(05):13-15
[25]张明,张建华等.一种新颖的RFID防冲突算法.电子技术应用,2006(06):127-129
[26]Klaus F.RFID-hanbuch[M].Munich:Carl-Hanser Verlag,2002
[27]刘冬生,邹雪城,泳生,李孝煌等.射频识别系统中的防碰撞算法.华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006(09):57-59
[28]喻武龙.无线射频识别系统算法的研究与实现:[硕士学位论文].广州:暨南大学通信与信息系统,2006
[29]魏大利.基于89c51的2.4GHz-RFID系统应答器的IP设计:[硕士学位论文].成都:电子科技大学微电子学与固定电子学,2003
[30]Bruce Schneier,Applied Cryptography:Protocols algorithm and source code in C.北京;机械工业出版社,2000.33-52,185-206
[31]李挺,郑伟.应用无线射频识别技术(RFID)存在的问题.商场现代化,2006(25):10
[32]Foster P R,Burberry.Antenna problems in RFID systems.IEE Colloquium on RFID Technology,1999(56):1-5
[33]周受钦.基于RFID电子标签和无线数据实时传输的集装箱堆场管理系统.集装箱化,2006(09)
[34]ISO/IEC 18000-4:2004,Information technology-Radio-frequency identification for item management-Part 4:2004REV1:Parameter for air interface communications at 2.45GHz.http://www.iso.org
[35]沈宝利.用超低功耗MSP430单片机设计数据采集系统.电子产品世界,2002(18):57-58
[36]金国斌.中国在全球RFID市场潮流中的角力.金卡工程,2006(11):58-60
[37]Zhang Li.Clock generator and OOK modulator for RFID application.Journal of Zhe-jiang University Science(Science in Engineering),2005(10)
[38]J.M.Schneider.RFID Application-Case Study,Automotive Engine Manufacturer.General Motors.Escort Memory Systems,1998,23-29
[39]Atmel.RFID-ASIC Fast Sheet.Marz,1994
[40]费名申.中国集装箱标准化工作大事记.集装箱化,1999(02):34-35
[41]S.Ortiz.How Secrue Is RFID.Computer.2006,39(7):17-19
[2]杨振野.IC卡技术及其应用.北京:科学出版社,2006.217-232
[3]云振新.射频识别技术的发展与应用.世界产品与技术,1995,6:8-9
[4]张秋英.智能标签取代条码.工厂管理,2003(8):56-57
[5]游战清,李苏剑.无线射频识别技术(RFID)理论与应用.北京:电子工业出版社,2004.8-51,74-88
[6]杨君,刘云,吴海旺.无线射频识别技术及应用.现代通信,2003(6):13-16
[7]朱宏辉.物流自动化系统设计及应用.北京:化学工业出版社,2004年.74-79
[8]蔡志刚.集装箱无线射频识别技术应用研究.港口装卸,2005(5):60-62
[9]陶学宗.RFID技术在集装箱运输中的应用研究.铁道物资科学管理,2006(04):40-42
[10]姚建永.EPC global组织的RFID标准.物流技术,2006(07):27-32
[11]包起帆.“两港一航”集装箱电子标签应用示范.起重运输机械,2006(07):1-8
[12]包起帆.集装箱电子标签应用.上海海事大学学报,2006(S1):62-67
[13]祁同林.《集装箱自动识别》标准探讨.中国自动识别技术,2007(01):44-45
[14]沈建华,杨艳华等.MSP430系列16位超低功耗单片机原理与应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004年
[15]胡大可.MSP430系列FLASH型超低功耗16位单片机[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2002年
[16]Texas lnstruments(TI).MSP430X1XX family user's guide.2006.http://www.Ti.com
[17]黄智伟.单片无线数据通信IC原理与应用.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2004.389-402
[18]魏小龙.MSP430系列单片机接口技术及系统设计实例.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2002年
[19]NODIC.nRF24L01 Single Chip 2.4GHz Transceiver Product Specification(Revision 2.0).2007.http://www.Nordicsemi.no
[20]张钧,刘克成.微带天线理论与工程[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1998:5-8
[21]安治永.射频识别系统的多目标识别-反碰撞算法.火力与指挥控制,2006(04):39-41
[22]NODIC.1/4 printed monopole antenna for 2.45GHz.2006.http://www.Nordicsemi.no
[23]王洪菊.RFID的系统设计与碰撞算法研究:[硕士学位论文].西安:西北工业大学 通信与信息系统,2007
[24]陈香.标签防冲突算法的研究.现代电子技术,2006(05):13-15
[25]张明,张建华等.一种新颖的RFID防冲突算法.电子技术应用,2006(06):127-129
[26]Klaus F.RFID-hanbuch[M].Munich:Carl-Hanser Verlag,2002
[27]刘冬生,邹雪城,泳生,李孝煌等.射频识别系统中的防碰撞算法.华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006(09):57-59
[28]喻武龙.无线射频识别系统算法的研究与实现:[硕士学位论文].广州:暨南大学通信与信息系统,2006
[29]魏大利.基于89c51的2.4GHz-RFID系统应答器的IP设计:[硕士学位论文].成都:电子科技大学微电子学与固定电子学,2003
[30]Bruce Schneier,Applied Cryptography:Protocols algorithm and source code in C.北京;机械工业出版社,2000.33-52,185-206
[31]李挺,郑伟.应用无线射频识别技术(RFID)存在的问题.商场现代化,2006(25):10
[32]Foster P R,Burberry.Antenna problems in RFID systems.IEE Colloquium on RFID Technology,1999(56):1-5
[33]周受钦.基于RFID电子标签和无线数据实时传输的集装箱堆场管理系统.集装箱化,2006(09)
[34]ISO/IEC 18000-4:2004,Information technology-Radio-frequency identification for item management-Part 4:2004REV1:Parameter for air interface communications at 2.45GHz.http://www.iso.org
[35]沈宝利.用超低功耗MSP430单片机设计数据采集系统.电子产品世界,2002(18):57-58
[36]金国斌.中国在全球RFID市场潮流中的角力.金卡工程,2006(11):58-60
[37]Zhang Li.Clock generator and OOK modulator for RFID application.Journal of Zhe-jiang University Science(Science in Engineering),2005(10)
[38]J.M.Schneider.RFID Application-Case Study,Automotive Engine Manufacturer.General Motors.Escort Memory Systems,1998,23-29
[39]Atmel.RFID-ASIC Fast Sheet.Marz,1994
[40]费名申.中国集装箱标准化工作大事记.集装箱化,1999(02):34-35
[41]S.Ortiz.How Secrue Is RFID.Computer.2006,39(7):17-19