多用户MIMO系统线性预编码及天线选择技术的研究
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摘要
MIMO技术作为提高数据传输率的重要手段受到了人们的广泛关注,该技术已成为未来新一代移动通信(4G)的备选关键技术之一。预编码和天线选择是MIMO技术中的两个核心问题。在多用户MIMO下行链路系统中,由于各个接收用户间地理位置的差异,不能通过采用多用户检测技术避免各用户间的干扰。因此,预编码技术是解决无线多用户MIMO系统中多用户干扰的主要方法,同时还可以降低接收机实现的复杂度；天线选择能从MIMO系统基站的多个发射天线中选择出性能最好的天线子集进行发射,或者从MIMO系统的接收端用户的多个接收天线中选择出性能最好的一根或几根天线进行接收。通过减少接收终端中的天线数目,解决在个人移动终端中因天线数量过多造成的接收机过于复杂的问题,从而以很小的性能损失换取成本的大幅降低。因此,通过预编码技术和天线选择技术可以解决MIMO系统中的一些关键问题并提高MIMO系统的性价比,因此这两种技术成为无线通信领域的研究热点。
本文首先建立了瑞利平坦衰落信道下和外界干扰为高斯白噪声的环境下的MIMO系统模型；然后,在该系统下,对迫零预编码(ZF)、最小均方误差预编码(MMSE)、信干噪比预编码(SINR)和信漏噪比预编码(SLNR)四种线性预编码算法的应用进行了综述和仿真研究,并对基于信漏噪比的预编码方案进行了改进；最后,对多用户MIMO下行链路系统中比较典型的信道矩阵块对角化线性预编码(BD)进行了研究,并分析了已有经典的天线选择算法,基于对已有算法的理解和总结,提出了一种新的天线选择算法和对次优天线选择算法的改进,考虑在接收端进行用户天线选择,增加系统的空间自由度或降低用户接收机的硬件复杂度。
As an important approach of increasing date transmission rate, MIMO technology is being gotten more and more attention, and it has been became one of candidacy key technologies that can be used in the next new generation (4G) of mobile cellular communication systems. Pre-coding and antenna selection are two core issues in MIMO technology. In multi-user MIMO downlink systems, because of the different positions among of every receiving users, multi-user detection technology can not be adopted to avoid the interference among of the different users. Therefore, pre-coding becomes main method which can resolve interference in wireless multi-user MIMO systems, and it can decrease the complexity of receivers; Antenna selection can pick out the most suitable set of the antennas from many sending antennas in based situation of the MIMO system to send. Or it chooses one or more receiving antennas which have best performance to receive from the receiving users in MIMO system. It resolves the problem that the receiver is too complex because the number of antenna is excess by decline the antenna number in receiving terminal, so it can reduce cost considerably and loss lesser performance. Because it can resolve some problems and improve performance loss in MIMO systems. Pre-coding and antenna selection have become the research focus in wireless communication field.
In this paper, firstly, it builds MIMO system mode under the case of rayleigh flat fading channel and white noise. Secondly, it researches and simulates four linear pre-coding algorithm, ZF, MMSE, SINR and SLNR. At the same time, pre-coding schemes which based on leakage noise ratio has been improved. Finally, a typical channel linear matrix block diagonalizable pre-coding (BD) in multi-user MIMO downlink system was studied. Different sub-block pre-coding schemes were simulated, and existing classic antenna selection algorithms were analyzed. A new antenna selection algorithm was proposed basing on understanding and summarizing of existing ones. It was considered in the new algorithm that choosing the antennas of users in receiving end, which increased Degree-of-freedom of system and reduce receiver hardware complexity.
本文首先建立了瑞利平坦衰落信道下和外界干扰为高斯白噪声的环境下的MIMO系统模型；然后,在该系统下,对迫零预编码(ZF)、最小均方误差预编码(MMSE)、信干噪比预编码(SINR)和信漏噪比预编码(SLNR)四种线性预编码算法的应用进行了综述和仿真研究,并对基于信漏噪比的预编码方案进行了改进；最后,对多用户MIMO下行链路系统中比较典型的信道矩阵块对角化线性预编码(BD)进行了研究,并分析了已有经典的天线选择算法,基于对已有算法的理解和总结,提出了一种新的天线选择算法和对次优天线选择算法的改进,考虑在接收端进行用户天线选择,增加系统的空间自由度或降低用户接收机的硬件复杂度。
As an important approach of increasing date transmission rate, MIMO technology is being gotten more and more attention, and it has been became one of candidacy key technologies that can be used in the next new generation (4G) of mobile cellular communication systems. Pre-coding and antenna selection are two core issues in MIMO technology. In multi-user MIMO downlink systems, because of the different positions among of every receiving users, multi-user detection technology can not be adopted to avoid the interference among of the different users. Therefore, pre-coding becomes main method which can resolve interference in wireless multi-user MIMO systems, and it can decrease the complexity of receivers; Antenna selection can pick out the most suitable set of the antennas from many sending antennas in based situation of the MIMO system to send. Or it chooses one or more receiving antennas which have best performance to receive from the receiving users in MIMO system. It resolves the problem that the receiver is too complex because the number of antenna is excess by decline the antenna number in receiving terminal, so it can reduce cost considerably and loss lesser performance. Because it can resolve some problems and improve performance loss in MIMO systems. Pre-coding and antenna selection have become the research focus in wireless communication field.
In this paper, firstly, it builds MIMO system mode under the case of rayleigh flat fading channel and white noise. Secondly, it researches and simulates four linear pre-coding algorithm, ZF, MMSE, SINR and SLNR. At the same time, pre-coding schemes which based on leakage noise ratio has been improved. Finally, a typical channel linear matrix block diagonalizable pre-coding (BD) in multi-user MIMO downlink system was studied. Different sub-block pre-coding schemes were simulated, and existing classic antenna selection algorithms were analyzed. A new antenna selection algorithm was proposed basing on understanding and summarizing of existing ones. It was considered in the new algorithm that choosing the antennas of users in receiving end, which increased Degree-of-freedom of system and reduce receiver hardware complexity.
引文
[l]王中鹏.MIMO信道下分层空时信号处理技术的研究[D].北京：北京邮电大学,2004：47-48页
[2]Telatar I.E., Capacity of multi-antenna Gaussian channels, Bell Labs Technical Memorandum [M].1995:23-98P.
[3]王选宏.MIMO系统信道容量的研究.西安科技大学硕士学位论文.2006：21-23页
[4]I.E. Telatar. Adaptive wideband aero acoustic array processing [J]. Tech. Rep, AT&T Bell Labs,1995:28-30P.
[5]I.E. Telatar. Capacity of mufti-antenna Gaussian channels [J],1995:43-44P.
[6]G.J.Foschini and M.J.Gans, On the limits of wireless communications in a fading environment when using multiple antennas,Wireless Personal Communications [J],1998,1(6):311-335P.
[7]I.E.Telatar, Capacity of multi-antenna Gaussian, channels[J]. European Transactions on Telecommunications,1999,10(6):585-595P.
[8]G.J.Foschin, Layered Space-Time Architecture for Wireless Communication in a Fading Environment When Using Multiple Antennas, Bell laboratories Technical [J],1996,1(2):41-59P.
[9]Vahid Tarokh,Hamid Jafarkani and A. Robert Calderbank, Space-time codes for high data rate wireless communication:Performance analysis and code consruction [J], IEEE Trams. Inform. Theory,1998,44(2),744-765P.
[10]Vahid Tarokh, Hamid Jafarkhani and A. R. Calderbank, Space-time block codes from orthogonal designs [J], IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory,1999,45(3): 725-728P.
[11]Christoph Windpassinger. Detection and Pre-coding for Multiple Input Multiple Output Channels [J].Erlangen,2004:56-60P.
[12]付景兴,杨大成.MIMO无线高速数据传输的关键技术.通讯世界.2003(10)：56-58页
[13]L.Zheng and D.N.C.Tse, Diversity and Multiplexing:A Fundamental Tradeoff in Multiple-Antenna Channels [J], IEEE Trans. On Irform. Theory,2003,49(5):1037-1096P.
[14]R.Price and P.E.Green.A communication technique for multipath channels.[J],Proc.IRE,1958,46(3):.555-570P.
[15]D.A.Shnidman.A generalized nyquist criterion and an optimum linear receiver for a pulse modulation system. Bell Syst.Tech.J,1967, 46(9):2163-2177P.
[16]P.S.Henry and B.S.Glance.A new approach to high-capacity digital mobile radio. Bell Syst.Tech. J,1981,60(8):1891-1904P.
[17]R.Esmailzadeh, M.Nakagawa, and E.A.Sourour. Time-division duplex CDMA communications. IEEE Personal Commun,1997,4(2):51-56P.
[18]A. F. Molisch, M. Z. Win, J. H. Winters. Reduced-complexity transmit/receive-diversity systems. Signal Processing, IEEE,2002, 51:2729-2738P.
[19]E.Telatar, D.Tse. Capacity and mutual information of broadband multipath fading channels. Information Theory Proceedings, IEEE International Symposium,1998:395P.
[20]G.Foschini, M.Gans. On limits of wireless communications in a fading environment when using multiple antennas. Wireless Personal Communications,1998,6:199-200P.
[21]T. Eng, N. Kong, L. B. Milstein. Comparison of diversity combining techniques for Rayleigh-fading channels. Communications, IEEE Transactions on,1996,44:1117-1129P
[22]J. H. Winters, M. Z. Win. Hybrid-selection/optimum combining. Vehicular Technology Conference, IEEE,2001,1:113-117P.
[23]D. Gore, A. Paulraj. MIMO antenna subset selection for space-time coding. Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on,2002,50:2580-2588P.
[24]A. Ghrayeb, T. M. Duman. Performance Analysis of MIMO Systems with Antenna Selection over Quasi-Static Fading Channels. Vehicular Technology, IEEE Transactions on,2003,52:281-288P.
[25]M.Gharavi-Alkhansari, A.B.Gershman. Fast antenna subset selection in wireless MIMO systems. IEEE ICASSP,2003,5:57-60P.
[26]D.A.Gore, R.U.Nabar, A.Paulraj, Selecting an optimal set of transmit antennas for a low-rank matrix channel. Proc. IEEE ICASSP,2000,5:2785-2788P.
[27]A. Gorokhov. Antenna selection algorithms for MEA transmission systems. IEEE International Conference.2002,3:2857-2860P.
[28]张丽果,陈建安.多输入多输出(MIMO)系统信道容量技术.无线通信技术.2005(1)：36-38页
[29]Spencer Q.H.Lee.A. Lee.A.An introduction to the multi-user MIMO downlink,IEEE Communications Magazine,2004,42(10):60-67P.
[30]饶文元,戴利云.MIMO通信中的分集与复用.北京电子科技学院学报.2004(12)：14-17页
[31](美)John GProakis著.张力军,张宗橙等译.数字通信(第四版).北京：电子工业出版社,2004：40-42页
[32]黄韬,袁超伟等.MIMO相关技术与应用.北京：机械工业出版社,2007：18-20页.
[33]张雪.功率分配算法对MIMO信道容量的影响.中国科技论文在线.2005：45-47页
[34]B.Suard, GXu, and T.Kailath,Uplink channel capacity of space-division-multiple-access schemes," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,1998,10(4)1468-1476P.
[35]Q.H.Spencer, C.B.Peel, A.L.Swindlehurst, and M.Haardt, An introduction to the multiuser MIMO downlink,IEEE Communication Magazine, 2004:60-67P.
[36]M.Costa, Writing on dirty paper,IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,1983,29(5):439-451 P.
[37]P.Viswanath and D.Tse,Sum capacity of the vector Gaussian broadcast channel and downlink-uplink duality,IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,2003,49(8):1912-1921P.
[38]S.Vishwanath, N,Jindal, and A.Goldsmith,Duality, achievable rates and sum rate capacity of Gaussian MIMO broadcast channel,IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,2003,49(10):2658-2668P.
[39]Branka Vucetic.空时编码技术.北京：机械工业出版社.2004,08：5-40
[40]李鸿林,张兴周.发射天线选择与空时分组码的结合.应用科技.2006,33(6)：28-30页
[41]Michael Joham, Wolfgang Utschick, and Josef A.Nossek.Linear Transmit Processing in MIMO Communication Systems, IEEE Transactions On Signal Processing,2005,53(8)62-65P.
[42]Q. H. Spencer, A. L. Swindlehurst, and M.Haardt, Zero-forcing methods for downlink spatial multiplexing in multiuser MIMO channels, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,2004,52(2):461-471P.
[43]F. Rashid-Farrokhi, K. J. R. Liu, L. Tassiulas,Transmit beam forming and power control for cellular wireless systems, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,1998,16(8):1437-1450P.
[44]M.Bengtsson,A pragmatic approach to multi-user spatial multiplexing,in Proceedings of IEEE Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop,2002:130-134P
[45]J. Zhang, Y. Wu, S. Zhou, and J. Wang, Joint linear transmitter and receiver design for the downlink of multiuser MIMO systems,IEEE Communications Letters,2005,9(11):901-903P.
[46]J.Zhang, Y. Wu, M. Xu, and J. Wang, Linear transmitter preceding design for downlink of multiuser MIMO systems,IEEE electronics' Letters, 2005,41(14):850-854P.
[47]P. Viswanath and D.Tse.Sum capacity of the multiple antenna Guassian broadcast channel and uplink-downlink duality. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,2003.49(8):1912-1921P.
[48]Schubert M, Boche H. Solution of the multiuser downlink beam forming problem with individual SINR constraints [J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,2004,53(1):18-28P.
[2]Telatar I.E., Capacity of multi-antenna Gaussian channels, Bell Labs Technical Memorandum [M].1995:23-98P.
[3]王选宏.MIMO系统信道容量的研究.西安科技大学硕士学位论文.2006：21-23页
[4]I.E. Telatar. Adaptive wideband aero acoustic array processing [J]. Tech. Rep, AT&T Bell Labs,1995:28-30P.
[5]I.E. Telatar. Capacity of mufti-antenna Gaussian channels [J],1995:43-44P.
[6]G.J.Foschini and M.J.Gans, On the limits of wireless communications in a fading environment when using multiple antennas,Wireless Personal Communications [J],1998,1(6):311-335P.
[7]I.E.Telatar, Capacity of multi-antenna Gaussian, channels[J]. European Transactions on Telecommunications,1999,10(6):585-595P.
[8]G.J.Foschin, Layered Space-Time Architecture for Wireless Communication in a Fading Environment When Using Multiple Antennas, Bell laboratories Technical [J],1996,1(2):41-59P.
[9]Vahid Tarokh,Hamid Jafarkani and A. Robert Calderbank, Space-time codes for high data rate wireless communication:Performance analysis and code consruction [J], IEEE Trams. Inform. Theory,1998,44(2),744-765P.
[10]Vahid Tarokh, Hamid Jafarkhani and A. R. Calderbank, Space-time block codes from orthogonal designs [J], IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory,1999,45(3): 725-728P.
[11]Christoph Windpassinger. Detection and Pre-coding for Multiple Input Multiple Output Channels [J].Erlangen,2004:56-60P.
[12]付景兴,杨大成.MIMO无线高速数据传输的关键技术.通讯世界.2003(10)：56-58页
[13]L.Zheng and D.N.C.Tse, Diversity and Multiplexing:A Fundamental Tradeoff in Multiple-Antenna Channels [J], IEEE Trans. On Irform. Theory,2003,49(5):1037-1096P.
[14]R.Price and P.E.Green.A communication technique for multipath channels.[J],Proc.IRE,1958,46(3):.555-570P.
[15]D.A.Shnidman.A generalized nyquist criterion and an optimum linear receiver for a pulse modulation system. Bell Syst.Tech.J,1967, 46(9):2163-2177P.
[16]P.S.Henry and B.S.Glance.A new approach to high-capacity digital mobile radio. Bell Syst.Tech. J,1981,60(8):1891-1904P.
[17]R.Esmailzadeh, M.Nakagawa, and E.A.Sourour. Time-division duplex CDMA communications. IEEE Personal Commun,1997,4(2):51-56P.
[18]A. F. Molisch, M. Z. Win, J. H. Winters. Reduced-complexity transmit/receive-diversity systems. Signal Processing, IEEE,2002, 51:2729-2738P.
[19]E.Telatar, D.Tse. Capacity and mutual information of broadband multipath fading channels. Information Theory Proceedings, IEEE International Symposium,1998:395P.
[20]G.Foschini, M.Gans. On limits of wireless communications in a fading environment when using multiple antennas. Wireless Personal Communications,1998,6:199-200P.
[21]T. Eng, N. Kong, L. B. Milstein. Comparison of diversity combining techniques for Rayleigh-fading channels. Communications, IEEE Transactions on,1996,44:1117-1129P
[22]J. H. Winters, M. Z. Win. Hybrid-selection/optimum combining. Vehicular Technology Conference, IEEE,2001,1:113-117P.
[23]D. Gore, A. Paulraj. MIMO antenna subset selection for space-time coding. Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on,2002,50:2580-2588P.
[24]A. Ghrayeb, T. M. Duman. Performance Analysis of MIMO Systems with Antenna Selection over Quasi-Static Fading Channels. Vehicular Technology, IEEE Transactions on,2003,52:281-288P.
[25]M.Gharavi-Alkhansari, A.B.Gershman. Fast antenna subset selection in wireless MIMO systems. IEEE ICASSP,2003,5:57-60P.
[26]D.A.Gore, R.U.Nabar, A.Paulraj, Selecting an optimal set of transmit antennas for a low-rank matrix channel. Proc. IEEE ICASSP,2000,5:2785-2788P.
[27]A. Gorokhov. Antenna selection algorithms for MEA transmission systems. IEEE International Conference.2002,3:2857-2860P.
[28]张丽果,陈建安.多输入多输出(MIMO)系统信道容量技术.无线通信技术.2005(1)：36-38页
[29]Spencer Q.H.Lee.A. Lee.A.An introduction to the multi-user MIMO downlink,IEEE Communications Magazine,2004,42(10):60-67P.
[30]饶文元,戴利云.MIMO通信中的分集与复用.北京电子科技学院学报.2004(12)：14-17页
[31](美)John GProakis著.张力军,张宗橙等译.数字通信(第四版).北京：电子工业出版社,2004：40-42页
[32]黄韬,袁超伟等.MIMO相关技术与应用.北京：机械工业出版社,2007：18-20页.
[33]张雪.功率分配算法对MIMO信道容量的影响.中国科技论文在线.2005：45-47页
[34]B.Suard, GXu, and T.Kailath,Uplink channel capacity of space-division-multiple-access schemes," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,1998,10(4)1468-1476P.
[35]Q.H.Spencer, C.B.Peel, A.L.Swindlehurst, and M.Haardt, An introduction to the multiuser MIMO downlink,IEEE Communication Magazine, 2004:60-67P.
[36]M.Costa, Writing on dirty paper,IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,1983,29(5):439-451 P.
[37]P.Viswanath and D.Tse,Sum capacity of the vector Gaussian broadcast channel and downlink-uplink duality,IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,2003,49(8):1912-1921P.
[38]S.Vishwanath, N,Jindal, and A.Goldsmith,Duality, achievable rates and sum rate capacity of Gaussian MIMO broadcast channel,IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,2003,49(10):2658-2668P.
[39]Branka Vucetic.空时编码技术.北京：机械工业出版社.2004,08：5-40
[40]李鸿林,张兴周.发射天线选择与空时分组码的结合.应用科技.2006,33(6)：28-30页
[41]Michael Joham, Wolfgang Utschick, and Josef A.Nossek.Linear Transmit Processing in MIMO Communication Systems, IEEE Transactions On Signal Processing,2005,53(8)62-65P.
[42]Q. H. Spencer, A. L. Swindlehurst, and M.Haardt, Zero-forcing methods for downlink spatial multiplexing in multiuser MIMO channels, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,2004,52(2):461-471P.
[43]F. Rashid-Farrokhi, K. J. R. Liu, L. Tassiulas,Transmit beam forming and power control for cellular wireless systems, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,1998,16(8):1437-1450P.
[44]M.Bengtsson,A pragmatic approach to multi-user spatial multiplexing,in Proceedings of IEEE Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop,2002:130-134P
[45]J. Zhang, Y. Wu, S. Zhou, and J. Wang, Joint linear transmitter and receiver design for the downlink of multiuser MIMO systems,IEEE Communications Letters,2005,9(11):901-903P.
[46]J.Zhang, Y. Wu, M. Xu, and J. Wang, Linear transmitter preceding design for downlink of multiuser MIMO systems,IEEE electronics' Letters, 2005,41(14):850-854P.
[47]P. Viswanath and D.Tse.Sum capacity of the multiple antenna Guassian broadcast channel and uplink-downlink duality. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,2003.49(8):1912-1921P.
[48]Schubert M, Boche H. Solution of the multiuser downlink beam forming problem with individual SINR constraints [J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,2004,53(1):18-28P.
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