多壁碳纳米管表面功能化对环氧树脂基复合材料制备和性能的影响
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摘要
导热材料广泛应用于换热工程、采暖工程、电子信息工程领域。随着工业生产和科学技术的发展,人们对导热材料提出了新的要求,希望材料具有优良的综合性能。聚合物基导热复合材料成为研究的热点。多壁碳纳米管具有大的长径比、非常高的热导率、优异的力学性能及稳定的化学性能等优点,是聚合物基复合材料十分理想的纳米导热填料。环氧树脂具有优良的粘接性、耐热性、耐化学腐蚀性和机械强度,且价格相对便宜,在热固性树脂领域中处于主导地位。然而,环氧树脂作为聚合物基体使用其缺点主要是热导率低和韧性差。本论文以多壁碳纳米管表面功能化设计与环氧树脂综合性能的改善相结合,使多壁碳纳米管均匀分散于环氧树脂基体中并同时有效改善两相界面结构,研究了表面功能化多壁碳纳米管对环氧树脂导热性和强韧性改善的效果和机理。为进一步优化环氧树脂基复合材料的综合性能,采用表面功能化多壁碳纳米管和化学修饰的纳米碳化硅颗粒所组成的混合型填料体系填充环氧树脂,制备出混合型填料/环氧树脂复合材料,并探讨了复合材料综合性能优化的机理。
首先对多壁碳纳米管进行表面功能化处理,具体方法为:多壁碳纳米管经浓硫酸/浓硝酸(V浓硫酸:V浓硝酸=3:1)处理后,与氯化亚砜进行酰氯反应,再与三乙烯四胺进行接枝反应,可得到胺功能化的多壁碳纳米管。XPS分析证明了三乙烯四胺分子基团成功地嫁接于多壁碳纳米管的表面;WAXD量化计算了不同多壁碳纳米管的晶体含量,说明胺功能化的多壁碳纳米管保持了较好的微观结构;FESEM和UV-vis-near IR分析表明胺功能化的多壁碳纳米管更为疏松,且在无水乙醇溶剂中有较好的微观分散程度;HRTEM分析表明三乙烯四胺分子在多壁碳纳米管表面形成包覆层,经TGA分析计算得到其平均厚度约为3nm,胺功能化的多壁碳纳米管可看作是一个‘核–壳’结构。
固化工艺的设计会影响环氧树脂基复合材料最终的使用性能。纯环氧树脂体系和多壁碳纳米管/环氧树脂体系中环氧树脂与固化剂的质量比为100:6,各体系固化反应机制均遵循自催化反应机制。多壁碳纳米管加入后,其自身的位阻延迟了环氧树脂的固化,提高了起始固化温度Ti、峰值温度Tp和固化反应活化能Eα,降低了固化反应热效应△H;与之相比,多壁碳纳米管表面功能化可促进环氧树脂的固化反应,削弱多壁碳纳米管本身带给环氧树脂固化的延迟效应,表现为Ti、Tp和Eα有所下降,△H略有提高。复合材料体系固化工艺考虑到多壁碳纳米管对环氧树脂固化有延迟效应,可根据填料含量的增加在纯环氧树脂体系固化工艺(在真空干燥炉中按照80℃预固化1h,120℃固化1.5h,再140℃下热处理1.5h)的基础上适当延长热处理的时间。
采用溶液混合-原位聚合法制备多壁碳纳米管/环氧树脂复合材料。利用FESEM、RM、DSC分析测试手段对复合材料进行表征。结果表明:胺功能化的多壁碳纳米管在环氧树脂基体中有较好的分散性,并且与树脂基体有较强的界面结合。胺功能化的多壁碳纳米管是更为有效的导热填料。当碳纳米管体积分数为1%时,复合材料热导率可达到1.3W·m-1·K-1,是环氧树脂基体热导率的3.7倍;当碳纳米管体积分数在1%～4%范围内时,随碳纳米管体积分数的增加,复合材料热导率上升,其最大值可达到3.9W·m-1·K-1,热导率预测计算可运用混合法则;继续增加碳纳米管体积分数,复合材料热导率下降。同时,胺功能化的多壁碳纳米管也是更有效的增强增韧填料。当碳纳米管体积分数为1%时,复合材料的冲击韧性、弯曲强度和弯曲模量达到最大值,分别为22.3kJ·m-2、119.7MPa和2.9GPa,比原始多壁碳纳米管/环氧树脂复合材料相应性能指标的最大值分别提高了47%、25%和21%;继续增加填料,复合材料力学性能下降。
为进一步优化环氧树脂基复合材料的综合性能,用胺功能化的多壁碳纳米管和硅烷偶联剂表面改性的纳米碳化硅颗粒所组成的二元填料体系填充环氧树脂,在混合型填料/环氧树脂复合材料中,保持碳纳米管体积分数为1%不变。与单一填料相比,在相同填料体积分数条件下,混合型填料可使复合材料具有更好的导热性能和更高的力学性能指标。当填料体积分数为2%时,复合材料的力学性能最好,其热导率、冲击韧性、弯曲强度和弯曲模量分别为2.6W·m-1·K-1、23.9kJ·m-2、130.5MPa和3.8GPa;当填料体积分数为5%时,复合材料的导热性能最好,其相应性能指标分别为6.1W·m-1·K-1、12.7kJ·m-2、93.9MPa和2.3GPa。
多壁碳纳米管表面功能化可在碳纳米管外壁与环氧树脂基体之间建立共价结合,降低了界面热阻,并促进多壁碳纳米管在树脂基体中的分散,容易形成导热网络,有效改善了复合材料的导热性能;‘核–壳’结构赋予胺功能化的多壁碳纳米管独特的增强增韧机理,软壳层与多壁碳纳米管和环氧树脂基体都结合良好,这样就能够有效地在树脂基体与多壁碳纳米管之间传递载荷和吸收冲击能量,显著提高了复合材料的力学性能;纳米碳化硅颗粒的加入有效减少了填料的团聚现象,对多壁碳纳米管导热网络起到修补和改善作用,进一步优化了环氧树脂基复合材料的综合性能。
Heat conducting materials have been extensively applied in the fields of heat exchange engineering, heat collection engineering and electronic information engineering. With the development of industrial production and technology, heat conducting materials are demanded to possess good combined properties. The study on thermally conductive polymer-matrix composites(PMCs) is attractive. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs) are considered to be a type of very ideal nano-sized filler for high-performance heat conducting PMCs due to their large aspect ratio, extremely high thermal conductivity, excellent mechanical properties and stable chemical behaviour. Epoxy resins are dominant in the field of thermosetting resins owing to their high adhesion, good heat resistance, superior chemical corrosion resistance, high mechanical strength and relatively low cost. However, the main shortcomings of epoxy resins are low thermal conductivity and poor toughness for the application of thermally conductive PMCs. In the present work, an idea that the design of MWCNT surface functionalization is combined with the improvement of allround properties of epoxy composites is presented. The aim is to obtain uniform dispersion of MWCNTs in epoxy matrix and effectively improve MWCNT-epoxy interfacial interaction. The effects of functionalized MWCNTs on the thermal conduction improvement, reinforcing and toughening of epoxy composites are investigated. In order to further optimize the combined properties of epoxy composites, hybrid filler system consisting of functionalized MWCNTs and modified nano-sized silicon carbide particles(SiCnp) is utilized. Epoxy composites filled with hybrid filler system are prepared and the mechanism for combined property optimization of the composites is further elucidated.
Surface functionalization of MWCNTs was firstly performed. The synthetic procedure is shown as follows: MWCNTs were first treated by a 3:1(v/v) mixture of concentrated H2SO4/HNO3, and then reacted with SOCl2, finally triethylenetetramine(TETA) grafting was carried out. The final product was TETA-functionalized MWCNTs, namely defined as T-MWCNTs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis proves that TETA has been successfully grafted onto the MWCNT surface. The quantitative analysis of the crystalline content of different MWCNTs was performed by wide-angle X-ray diffraction and the results indicate that T-MWCNTs maintain good microstructure. Field emission scanning electron microscope(FESEM) and UV-vis-near IR analyses denote that T-MWCNTs are looser and possess better dispersion state in absolute ethyl alcohol than as-received MWCNTs. High-resolution transmission electron microscope analysis provides the direct evidence that TETA is effectively grafted onto the MWCNT wall to form a thin layer of thickness 3nm calculated by thermogravimetric analysis. T-MWCNTs can be regarded as the‘core-shell’structure.
The curing process is closely related to the quality of final products. The weight ratio of epoxy/curing agent is 100:6 in neat epoxy system and MWCNT/epoxy systems. The curing kinetics of all systems follows the autocatalytic kinetic mechanism. MWCNTs delay the cure reaction of epoxy due to their steric hindrance. Therefore, the onset cure temperature Ti, the peak temperature Tp and the activation energy Eαincrease and the heat of cure△H decreases. After surface functionalization, TETA functional groups on the MWCNT surface can play the role of curing agents and facilitate the primary amine-epoxide reaction, which means that they weaken the retardation effect caused by MWCNTs on the cure reaction of epoxy. Consequently, Ti, Tp and Eαfall and△H rises a little. According to the fact that MWCNTs have the retarding effect on the cure reaction of epoxy, with the adding of fillers, the curing process of MWCNT/epoxy systems can be based upon that of neat epoxy system(precured at 80℃for 1h, cured at 120℃for 1.5h and postcured at 140℃for 1.5h in a vacuum oven) and simultaneously the postcure time should be extended.
The preparation of MWCNT/epoxy composites was carried out by solution blending-in situ polymerization method. FESEM, Raman microscope and differential scanning calorimetry analyses indicate the homogeneous dispersion of T-MWCNTs and the improvement of interfacial interaction between T-MWCNTs and epoxy matrix. T-MWCNTs are more effective heat conducting fillers than as-received MWCNTs. When nanotube volume fraction is 1%, the thermal conductivity of T-MWCNT/epoxy composite is 1.3W·m-1·K-1, 3.7times that of epoxy matrix; when nanotube volume fraction is in the range of 1%～4%, with the increase of fillers, thermal conductivity of T-MWCNT/epoxy composites is enhanced and it reaches the maximum value of 3.9W·m-1·K-1, furthermore, thermal conductivity calculation can be performed by the rule of mixture; when nanotube volume fraction is continuously increased, thermal conductivity of T-MWCNT/epoxy composites shows a descending tendency. Likewise, T-MWCNTs are more efficient reinforcing and toughening fillers. When nanotube volume fraction is 1%, the impact toughness, bending strength and bending modulus of T-MWCNT/epoxy composite reach the maximum values of 22.3kJ·m-2, 119.7MPa and 2.9GPa, respectively. Compared with the maxima of corresponding performance indices of as-received MWCNT/epoxy composite, the three performance indices of the composite increase by 47%, 25% and 21%, respectively. With the continuous adding of fillers, mechanical properties of the composites reveal a falling tendency.
In order to further optimize the combined properties of epoxy composites, hybrid filler system consisting of T-MWCNTs and silane-modified SiCnp was applied. In hybrid filler/epoxy composites, nanotube volume fraction maintains 1%. Epoxy composites filled with hybrid filler system possess better heat-conducting property and greater mechanical performance indices, compared with those filled with single filler system. When filler volume fraction is 2%, the mechanical properties of hybrid filler/epoxy composite are the best and its thermal conductivity, impact toughness, bending strength and bending modulus are 2.6W·m-1·K-1, 23.9kJ·m-2, 130.5MPa and 3.8GPa, respectively; when filler volume fraction is 5%, the heat-conducting property of the corresponding composite is the best and its performance indices are 6.1W·m-1·K-1, 12.7kJ·m-2, 93.9MPa and 2.3GPa, respectively。
MWCNT surface functionalization could establish the covalent bonding between nanotube wall and epoxy matrix, which decreases interfacial thermal resistance and facilitates the dispersion of MWCNTs in epoxy matrix and the formation of heat-conducting network. Therefore, effective thermal conductivity improvement of epoxy composites is shown. The‘core-shell’structure endows T-MWCNTs with the special mechanism of reinforcing and toughening. This soft layer establishes good connection of MWCNT wall to epoxy matrix, so it can efficiently transfer loading between the reinforcer and the matrix and absorb impact energy. Thereby, mechanical properties of the composites are greatly enhanced. The filling of SiCnp further improves MWCNT-to-MWCNT network and effectively inhibits the agglomeration of fillers, which is beneficial to the optimization of combined properties of epoxy composites.
首先对多壁碳纳米管进行表面功能化处理,具体方法为:多壁碳纳米管经浓硫酸/浓硝酸(V浓硫酸:V浓硝酸=3:1)处理后,与氯化亚砜进行酰氯反应,再与三乙烯四胺进行接枝反应,可得到胺功能化的多壁碳纳米管。XPS分析证明了三乙烯四胺分子基团成功地嫁接于多壁碳纳米管的表面;WAXD量化计算了不同多壁碳纳米管的晶体含量,说明胺功能化的多壁碳纳米管保持了较好的微观结构;FESEM和UV-vis-near IR分析表明胺功能化的多壁碳纳米管更为疏松,且在无水乙醇溶剂中有较好的微观分散程度;HRTEM分析表明三乙烯四胺分子在多壁碳纳米管表面形成包覆层,经TGA分析计算得到其平均厚度约为3nm,胺功能化的多壁碳纳米管可看作是一个‘核–壳’结构。
固化工艺的设计会影响环氧树脂基复合材料最终的使用性能。纯环氧树脂体系和多壁碳纳米管/环氧树脂体系中环氧树脂与固化剂的质量比为100:6,各体系固化反应机制均遵循自催化反应机制。多壁碳纳米管加入后,其自身的位阻延迟了环氧树脂的固化,提高了起始固化温度Ti、峰值温度Tp和固化反应活化能Eα,降低了固化反应热效应△H;与之相比,多壁碳纳米管表面功能化可促进环氧树脂的固化反应,削弱多壁碳纳米管本身带给环氧树脂固化的延迟效应,表现为Ti、Tp和Eα有所下降,△H略有提高。复合材料体系固化工艺考虑到多壁碳纳米管对环氧树脂固化有延迟效应,可根据填料含量的增加在纯环氧树脂体系固化工艺(在真空干燥炉中按照80℃预固化1h,120℃固化1.5h,再140℃下热处理1.5h)的基础上适当延长热处理的时间。
采用溶液混合-原位聚合法制备多壁碳纳米管/环氧树脂复合材料。利用FESEM、RM、DSC分析测试手段对复合材料进行表征。结果表明:胺功能化的多壁碳纳米管在环氧树脂基体中有较好的分散性,并且与树脂基体有较强的界面结合。胺功能化的多壁碳纳米管是更为有效的导热填料。当碳纳米管体积分数为1%时,复合材料热导率可达到1.3W·m-1·K-1,是环氧树脂基体热导率的3.7倍;当碳纳米管体积分数在1%～4%范围内时,随碳纳米管体积分数的增加,复合材料热导率上升,其最大值可达到3.9W·m-1·K-1,热导率预测计算可运用混合法则;继续增加碳纳米管体积分数,复合材料热导率下降。同时,胺功能化的多壁碳纳米管也是更有效的增强增韧填料。当碳纳米管体积分数为1%时,复合材料的冲击韧性、弯曲强度和弯曲模量达到最大值,分别为22.3kJ·m-2、119.7MPa和2.9GPa,比原始多壁碳纳米管/环氧树脂复合材料相应性能指标的最大值分别提高了47%、25%和21%;继续增加填料,复合材料力学性能下降。
为进一步优化环氧树脂基复合材料的综合性能,用胺功能化的多壁碳纳米管和硅烷偶联剂表面改性的纳米碳化硅颗粒所组成的二元填料体系填充环氧树脂,在混合型填料/环氧树脂复合材料中,保持碳纳米管体积分数为1%不变。与单一填料相比,在相同填料体积分数条件下,混合型填料可使复合材料具有更好的导热性能和更高的力学性能指标。当填料体积分数为2%时,复合材料的力学性能最好,其热导率、冲击韧性、弯曲强度和弯曲模量分别为2.6W·m-1·K-1、23.9kJ·m-2、130.5MPa和3.8GPa;当填料体积分数为5%时,复合材料的导热性能最好,其相应性能指标分别为6.1W·m-1·K-1、12.7kJ·m-2、93.9MPa和2.3GPa。
多壁碳纳米管表面功能化可在碳纳米管外壁与环氧树脂基体之间建立共价结合,降低了界面热阻,并促进多壁碳纳米管在树脂基体中的分散,容易形成导热网络,有效改善了复合材料的导热性能;‘核–壳’结构赋予胺功能化的多壁碳纳米管独特的增强增韧机理,软壳层与多壁碳纳米管和环氧树脂基体都结合良好,这样就能够有效地在树脂基体与多壁碳纳米管之间传递载荷和吸收冲击能量,显著提高了复合材料的力学性能;纳米碳化硅颗粒的加入有效减少了填料的团聚现象,对多壁碳纳米管导热网络起到修补和改善作用,进一步优化了环氧树脂基复合材料的综合性能。
Heat conducting materials have been extensively applied in the fields of heat exchange engineering, heat collection engineering and electronic information engineering. With the development of industrial production and technology, heat conducting materials are demanded to possess good combined properties. The study on thermally conductive polymer-matrix composites(PMCs) is attractive. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs) are considered to be a type of very ideal nano-sized filler for high-performance heat conducting PMCs due to their large aspect ratio, extremely high thermal conductivity, excellent mechanical properties and stable chemical behaviour. Epoxy resins are dominant in the field of thermosetting resins owing to their high adhesion, good heat resistance, superior chemical corrosion resistance, high mechanical strength and relatively low cost. However, the main shortcomings of epoxy resins are low thermal conductivity and poor toughness for the application of thermally conductive PMCs. In the present work, an idea that the design of MWCNT surface functionalization is combined with the improvement of allround properties of epoxy composites is presented. The aim is to obtain uniform dispersion of MWCNTs in epoxy matrix and effectively improve MWCNT-epoxy interfacial interaction. The effects of functionalized MWCNTs on the thermal conduction improvement, reinforcing and toughening of epoxy composites are investigated. In order to further optimize the combined properties of epoxy composites, hybrid filler system consisting of functionalized MWCNTs and modified nano-sized silicon carbide particles(SiCnp) is utilized. Epoxy composites filled with hybrid filler system are prepared and the mechanism for combined property optimization of the composites is further elucidated.
Surface functionalization of MWCNTs was firstly performed. The synthetic procedure is shown as follows: MWCNTs were first treated by a 3:1(v/v) mixture of concentrated H2SO4/HNO3, and then reacted with SOCl2, finally triethylenetetramine(TETA) grafting was carried out. The final product was TETA-functionalized MWCNTs, namely defined as T-MWCNTs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis proves that TETA has been successfully grafted onto the MWCNT surface. The quantitative analysis of the crystalline content of different MWCNTs was performed by wide-angle X-ray diffraction and the results indicate that T-MWCNTs maintain good microstructure. Field emission scanning electron microscope(FESEM) and UV-vis-near IR analyses denote that T-MWCNTs are looser and possess better dispersion state in absolute ethyl alcohol than as-received MWCNTs. High-resolution transmission electron microscope analysis provides the direct evidence that TETA is effectively grafted onto the MWCNT wall to form a thin layer of thickness 3nm calculated by thermogravimetric analysis. T-MWCNTs can be regarded as the‘core-shell’structure.
The curing process is closely related to the quality of final products. The weight ratio of epoxy/curing agent is 100:6 in neat epoxy system and MWCNT/epoxy systems. The curing kinetics of all systems follows the autocatalytic kinetic mechanism. MWCNTs delay the cure reaction of epoxy due to their steric hindrance. Therefore, the onset cure temperature Ti, the peak temperature Tp and the activation energy Eαincrease and the heat of cure△H decreases. After surface functionalization, TETA functional groups on the MWCNT surface can play the role of curing agents and facilitate the primary amine-epoxide reaction, which means that they weaken the retardation effect caused by MWCNTs on the cure reaction of epoxy. Consequently, Ti, Tp and Eαfall and△H rises a little. According to the fact that MWCNTs have the retarding effect on the cure reaction of epoxy, with the adding of fillers, the curing process of MWCNT/epoxy systems can be based upon that of neat epoxy system(precured at 80℃for 1h, cured at 120℃for 1.5h and postcured at 140℃for 1.5h in a vacuum oven) and simultaneously the postcure time should be extended.
The preparation of MWCNT/epoxy composites was carried out by solution blending-in situ polymerization method. FESEM, Raman microscope and differential scanning calorimetry analyses indicate the homogeneous dispersion of T-MWCNTs and the improvement of interfacial interaction between T-MWCNTs and epoxy matrix. T-MWCNTs are more effective heat conducting fillers than as-received MWCNTs. When nanotube volume fraction is 1%, the thermal conductivity of T-MWCNT/epoxy composite is 1.3W·m-1·K-1, 3.7times that of epoxy matrix; when nanotube volume fraction is in the range of 1%～4%, with the increase of fillers, thermal conductivity of T-MWCNT/epoxy composites is enhanced and it reaches the maximum value of 3.9W·m-1·K-1, furthermore, thermal conductivity calculation can be performed by the rule of mixture; when nanotube volume fraction is continuously increased, thermal conductivity of T-MWCNT/epoxy composites shows a descending tendency. Likewise, T-MWCNTs are more efficient reinforcing and toughening fillers. When nanotube volume fraction is 1%, the impact toughness, bending strength and bending modulus of T-MWCNT/epoxy composite reach the maximum values of 22.3kJ·m-2, 119.7MPa and 2.9GPa, respectively. Compared with the maxima of corresponding performance indices of as-received MWCNT/epoxy composite, the three performance indices of the composite increase by 47%, 25% and 21%, respectively. With the continuous adding of fillers, mechanical properties of the composites reveal a falling tendency.
In order to further optimize the combined properties of epoxy composites, hybrid filler system consisting of T-MWCNTs and silane-modified SiCnp was applied. In hybrid filler/epoxy composites, nanotube volume fraction maintains 1%. Epoxy composites filled with hybrid filler system possess better heat-conducting property and greater mechanical performance indices, compared with those filled with single filler system. When filler volume fraction is 2%, the mechanical properties of hybrid filler/epoxy composite are the best and its thermal conductivity, impact toughness, bending strength and bending modulus are 2.6W·m-1·K-1, 23.9kJ·m-2, 130.5MPa and 3.8GPa, respectively; when filler volume fraction is 5%, the heat-conducting property of the corresponding composite is the best and its performance indices are 6.1W·m-1·K-1, 12.7kJ·m-2, 93.9MPa and 2.3GPa, respectively。
MWCNT surface functionalization could establish the covalent bonding between nanotube wall and epoxy matrix, which decreases interfacial thermal resistance and facilitates the dispersion of MWCNTs in epoxy matrix and the formation of heat-conducting network. Therefore, effective thermal conductivity improvement of epoxy composites is shown. The‘core-shell’structure endows T-MWCNTs with the special mechanism of reinforcing and toughening. This soft layer establishes good connection of MWCNT wall to epoxy matrix, so it can efficiently transfer loading between the reinforcer and the matrix and absorb impact energy. Thereby, mechanical properties of the composites are greatly enhanced. The filling of SiCnp further improves MWCNT-to-MWCNT network and effectively inhibits the agglomeration of fillers, which is beneficial to the optimization of combined properties of epoxy composites.
引文
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