土壤调理剂（保水剂）对砂土和砂壤土结构的影响
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摘要
本文以土壤调理剂(营养型抗旱保水剂和沃特保水剂)和冬小麦(品种为矮抗58)为供试材料,系统研究了两种保水剂对砂壤土和砂土的土壤物理性能、土壤团聚体、土壤孔隙分布特征及冬小麦生物量和产量的影响,探讨了不同技术条件下保水剂的保水改土效果,并得出以下结论:
1、施用45kg.hm-2营养型抗旱保水剂和60kg.hm-2沃特保水剂对保持土壤水分效果最好。砂土拔节期和成熟期施用营养型抗旱保水剂后土壤含水量比砂壤土有更大的提高,但孕穗期两种土壤的含水量均有所降低;同时,施用沃特保水剂仅对砂土水分影响显著。施用保水剂能够提高土壤含水量和饱和含水量,改善土壤持水性能。
2、通过保水剂对土壤结构性能的影响分析表明,随营养型抗旱保水剂用量增加,砂壤土和砂土容重分别比不施保水剂减小3.4%和4.3%;沃特保水剂则出现砂土容重减小,砂壤土变化不明显的现象。在土壤团聚体方面,营养型抗旱保水剂显著提高了砂土和砂壤土0.25-0.5mm粒径团聚体的含量,拔节期、孕穗期和成熟期均为先增后减的变化趋势。沃特保水剂对砂土>0.25mm粒径团聚体的影响显著,并随用量增加而增大;对砂壤土团聚体含量也有所提高。
3、通过CT断层扫描分析表明,两种保水剂对土壤孔隙数、孔隙度、成圆率等孔隙参数分布特征具有显著影响,且营养型抗旱保水剂比沃特保水剂效果好。营养型抗旱保水剂在不同生育期内均提高了砂土的孔隙数、孔隙度和成圆率,随着用量的增多提高幅度加大,并以用量45kg.hm-2时效果最好。沃特保水剂15kg.hm-2处理在三个生育期均降低土壤孔隙数和孔隙度外,其它在孕穗期和成熟期则提高砂壤土的0.5-8mm孔隙数和孔隙度。营养型抗旱保水剂在三个生育期都能提高砂土0.5-8mm的孔隙度,沃特保水剂在拔节期和成熟期提高了砂壤土0.5-8mm的土壤孔隙度,在孕穗期(除处理9外)则降低砂壤土的土壤孔隙度。营养型抗旱保水剂在三个生育期都能提高砂壤土的孔隙面积,降低孔隙的成圆率;沃特保水剂只有在高用量情况下提高土壤孔隙面积,低用量却降低土壤孔隙面积。
4、保水剂作用的优劣最终体现在产量和生物量的变化上,孕穗期和成熟期营养型抗旱保水剂对砂土和砂壤土的冬小麦生物量有明显影响,砂土孕穗期和成熟期分别比不施加保水剂增加了20.5%、17.8%,砂壤土孕穗期和成熟期分别增加了18.1%、11.3%,两种土壤相比对砂土的影响效果较好;沃特保水剂对砂土冬小麦生物量有明显影响,对砂壤土则无规律可循。随着营养型抗旱保水剂用量增加,冬小麦的产量增加,其中,砂土冬小麦产量分别增加了10.2%-60.2%,砂壤土冬小麦产量分别增加了8.9%-47.6%,均以45kg.hm-2用量增产效果最好。沃特保水剂与营养型抗旱保水剂存在系统趋势,冬小麦的产量虽砂土随用量的增加而增加,增幅较营养型抗旱保水剂小,砂壤土则无规律可循。保水剂的施用可不同程度促进冬小麦生物量和产量的增加,但不同生育时期、不同土壤类型增加程度不同;沃特保水剂仅砂土冬小麦生物量和产量有明显影响,对砂壤土则无规律可循。
综上所述,两种保水剂对砂壤土和砂土都有改良效果,随用量增加效果越好,并以45kg.hm-2时效果最好;对砂土的改良效果比砂壤土效果好。营养型抗旱保水剂的效果比沃特保水剂好。因此,在农业生产中,选用土壤调理剂必须考虑土壤质地和土壤调理剂用量问题,从而实现土壤改良和作物增产增效的预期目标。
Nutritional and drought-resistant water-retaining agent (NDWA), Wote absorbent (WA) and winter wheat (Bainongaikang58) as materials, the effect of different absorbents on soil physics, soil aggregates of sandy loam and sandy, soil pore and biomass and yield of winter wheat are systematically researched, and discuss the impacts of water-retaining agent on water conservation and soil improvement. The main conclusions are suggested as follows:
1、There is significant effect of 45 kg.ha-1 of NDWA and 60 kg.ha-1 of WA on water conservation. Compared with sandy soil, NDWA increase soil moisture more prominently at jointing and maturity stage, but water moisture of two soil decreases at booting stage. Meanwhile, there is important effect of WA on soil moisture. What’s more, water-retaining agent can increase soil saturated water content and holding water capacity.
2、The analysis of the impact of water-retaining agent on soil structure property shows that: with the increase of the NDWA, the bulk weight of sandy loam and sandy soil decrease by 3.4% and 4.3% than no water-retaining agent respectively; the bulk weight of sandy soil with the WA decrease, but there is no obvious change with sandy loam. On soil aggregate, the NDWA remarkably increases the content of sandy loam and sandy soil of 0.25-0.5mm particle size aggregate. The trend of the content of 0.25-0.5mm particle size aggregate at jointing stage, booting stage and maturity stage increases firstly and then decreases. The WA remarkably influences the sandy soil of 0.25-0.5mm particle size aggregate and enlarges along with the increase of dosage. Also the content of sandy soil aggregate rises.
3、Through the CT scanning analysis showing that there are significant impacts of two absorbent agent on characteristics of soil pore distribution such as soil pore number, porosity, pore round rate and so on, and there is better effect of NDWA compared with WA. During all stages of winter wheat, NDWA improve soil pore number, porosity and pore round rate and with the increase of NDWA, they improving evidently, best one is 45kg.ha-1 of NDWA. The treatment with 15kg.ha-1 of WA decrease soil pore number and porosity in three stages, but increasing soil pore number and porosity of 0.5-8mm to sandy soil. The NDWA increase soil porosity of 0.5-8mm to sandy loam in three stages, while there is same result for WA in jointing and maturity stage, but soil porosity is decreased by the WA at booting stage except treatment 9. Meanwhile, the NDWA can improve soil pore area and decrease pore round rate in three stages, while high dosage of the WA promote soil pore area and it is reverse in the lower dosage of the WA.
4、The role of the ultimate merits of absorbent agent is reflected in changes in production and biomass on, during the booting and maturity stages NDWA affected biomass of wheat grown in both soil types, increased by 20.5%, 17.8% of sandy soil, increased by 18.1%, 11.3% of silty loam, the effects on wheat grown in sandy soil were more pronounced; WA affects on biomass of wheat in sandy soil were more pronounced, but the effects on biomass of wheat in silty loam showed no discernible patterns. NDWA application boosted wheat yield of both soil, wheat yield of sandy soil increased 10.2%-60.2%, wheat yield of silty loam increased 8.9%-47.6%, the effects were positively correlated with dosage, peaking at 45 kg. ha-1. WA on saving absorbent and nutrition there is a systematic trend, With the increased use of winter wheat yield of sandy soil increased, more nutrition saving Agent small, silty loam no rules to follow.
To sum up , both water-retaining agent products can improve silty loam and sandy soil, the effects are generally positively correlated with dosage, best one was achieved at 45kg. ha-1. Sandy soil was improved more markedly than silty loam. NDWA was more effective than WA.
1、施用45kg.hm-2营养型抗旱保水剂和60kg.hm-2沃特保水剂对保持土壤水分效果最好。砂土拔节期和成熟期施用营养型抗旱保水剂后土壤含水量比砂壤土有更大的提高,但孕穗期两种土壤的含水量均有所降低;同时,施用沃特保水剂仅对砂土水分影响显著。施用保水剂能够提高土壤含水量和饱和含水量,改善土壤持水性能。
2、通过保水剂对土壤结构性能的影响分析表明,随营养型抗旱保水剂用量增加,砂壤土和砂土容重分别比不施保水剂减小3.4%和4.3%;沃特保水剂则出现砂土容重减小,砂壤土变化不明显的现象。在土壤团聚体方面,营养型抗旱保水剂显著提高了砂土和砂壤土0.25-0.5mm粒径团聚体的含量,拔节期、孕穗期和成熟期均为先增后减的变化趋势。沃特保水剂对砂土>0.25mm粒径团聚体的影响显著,并随用量增加而增大;对砂壤土团聚体含量也有所提高。
3、通过CT断层扫描分析表明,两种保水剂对土壤孔隙数、孔隙度、成圆率等孔隙参数分布特征具有显著影响,且营养型抗旱保水剂比沃特保水剂效果好。营养型抗旱保水剂在不同生育期内均提高了砂土的孔隙数、孔隙度和成圆率,随着用量的增多提高幅度加大,并以用量45kg.hm-2时效果最好。沃特保水剂15kg.hm-2处理在三个生育期均降低土壤孔隙数和孔隙度外,其它在孕穗期和成熟期则提高砂壤土的0.5-8mm孔隙数和孔隙度。营养型抗旱保水剂在三个生育期都能提高砂土0.5-8mm的孔隙度,沃特保水剂在拔节期和成熟期提高了砂壤土0.5-8mm的土壤孔隙度,在孕穗期(除处理9外)则降低砂壤土的土壤孔隙度。营养型抗旱保水剂在三个生育期都能提高砂壤土的孔隙面积,降低孔隙的成圆率;沃特保水剂只有在高用量情况下提高土壤孔隙面积,低用量却降低土壤孔隙面积。
4、保水剂作用的优劣最终体现在产量和生物量的变化上,孕穗期和成熟期营养型抗旱保水剂对砂土和砂壤土的冬小麦生物量有明显影响,砂土孕穗期和成熟期分别比不施加保水剂增加了20.5%、17.8%,砂壤土孕穗期和成熟期分别增加了18.1%、11.3%,两种土壤相比对砂土的影响效果较好;沃特保水剂对砂土冬小麦生物量有明显影响,对砂壤土则无规律可循。随着营养型抗旱保水剂用量增加,冬小麦的产量增加,其中,砂土冬小麦产量分别增加了10.2%-60.2%,砂壤土冬小麦产量分别增加了8.9%-47.6%,均以45kg.hm-2用量增产效果最好。沃特保水剂与营养型抗旱保水剂存在系统趋势,冬小麦的产量虽砂土随用量的增加而增加,增幅较营养型抗旱保水剂小,砂壤土则无规律可循。保水剂的施用可不同程度促进冬小麦生物量和产量的增加,但不同生育时期、不同土壤类型增加程度不同;沃特保水剂仅砂土冬小麦生物量和产量有明显影响,对砂壤土则无规律可循。
综上所述,两种保水剂对砂壤土和砂土都有改良效果,随用量增加效果越好,并以45kg.hm-2时效果最好;对砂土的改良效果比砂壤土效果好。营养型抗旱保水剂的效果比沃特保水剂好。因此,在农业生产中,选用土壤调理剂必须考虑土壤质地和土壤调理剂用量问题,从而实现土壤改良和作物增产增效的预期目标。
Nutritional and drought-resistant water-retaining agent (NDWA), Wote absorbent (WA) and winter wheat (Bainongaikang58) as materials, the effect of different absorbents on soil physics, soil aggregates of sandy loam and sandy, soil pore and biomass and yield of winter wheat are systematically researched, and discuss the impacts of water-retaining agent on water conservation and soil improvement. The main conclusions are suggested as follows:
1、There is significant effect of 45 kg.ha-1 of NDWA and 60 kg.ha-1 of WA on water conservation. Compared with sandy soil, NDWA increase soil moisture more prominently at jointing and maturity stage, but water moisture of two soil decreases at booting stage. Meanwhile, there is important effect of WA on soil moisture. What’s more, water-retaining agent can increase soil saturated water content and holding water capacity.
2、The analysis of the impact of water-retaining agent on soil structure property shows that: with the increase of the NDWA, the bulk weight of sandy loam and sandy soil decrease by 3.4% and 4.3% than no water-retaining agent respectively; the bulk weight of sandy soil with the WA decrease, but there is no obvious change with sandy loam. On soil aggregate, the NDWA remarkably increases the content of sandy loam and sandy soil of 0.25-0.5mm particle size aggregate. The trend of the content of 0.25-0.5mm particle size aggregate at jointing stage, booting stage and maturity stage increases firstly and then decreases. The WA remarkably influences the sandy soil of 0.25-0.5mm particle size aggregate and enlarges along with the increase of dosage. Also the content of sandy soil aggregate rises.
3、Through the CT scanning analysis showing that there are significant impacts of two absorbent agent on characteristics of soil pore distribution such as soil pore number, porosity, pore round rate and so on, and there is better effect of NDWA compared with WA. During all stages of winter wheat, NDWA improve soil pore number, porosity and pore round rate and with the increase of NDWA, they improving evidently, best one is 45kg.ha-1 of NDWA. The treatment with 15kg.ha-1 of WA decrease soil pore number and porosity in three stages, but increasing soil pore number and porosity of 0.5-8mm to sandy soil. The NDWA increase soil porosity of 0.5-8mm to sandy loam in three stages, while there is same result for WA in jointing and maturity stage, but soil porosity is decreased by the WA at booting stage except treatment 9. Meanwhile, the NDWA can improve soil pore area and decrease pore round rate in three stages, while high dosage of the WA promote soil pore area and it is reverse in the lower dosage of the WA.
4、The role of the ultimate merits of absorbent agent is reflected in changes in production and biomass on, during the booting and maturity stages NDWA affected biomass of wheat grown in both soil types, increased by 20.5%, 17.8% of sandy soil, increased by 18.1%, 11.3% of silty loam, the effects on wheat grown in sandy soil were more pronounced; WA affects on biomass of wheat in sandy soil were more pronounced, but the effects on biomass of wheat in silty loam showed no discernible patterns. NDWA application boosted wheat yield of both soil, wheat yield of sandy soil increased 10.2%-60.2%, wheat yield of silty loam increased 8.9%-47.6%, the effects were positively correlated with dosage, peaking at 45 kg. ha-1. WA on saving absorbent and nutrition there is a systematic trend, With the increased use of winter wheat yield of sandy soil increased, more nutrition saving Agent small, silty loam no rules to follow.
To sum up , both water-retaining agent products can improve silty loam and sandy soil, the effects are generally positively correlated with dosage, best one was achieved at 45kg. ha-1. Sandy soil was improved more markedly than silty loam. NDWA was more effective than WA.
引文
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