延安林区主要有害啮齿动物的防治研究
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摘要
退耕还林还草、恢复与重建林草植被是治理水土流失、防止土地沙漠化,改善我国西部生态环境的重要举措。然而,林业害鼠、害兔等啮齿动物对幼林的危害,则直接威胁着林草植被建设,特别是退耕还林还草工程的进程。本论文以延安林区甘肃鼢鼠、中华鼢鼠、达乌尔鼠兔和草兔4种有害啮齿动物为研究对象,通过田间试验、标准地调查、室内笼养实验等方法,对4种有害啮齿动物的生活习性、危害特征、生态控制对策、无公害化学防治、机械阻隔与化学驱避等综合防治技术进行了研究,结果表明:
1.杂草是鼢鼠数量与分布的限制性因素。利用各种方法除去林间杂草,切断鼢鼠食物来源可作为治理鼢鼠的生态措施。在此基础上,进行了翻耕育林、套种荏子、人工锄草、化学除草、林农复合经营等生态控制措施,能取得较好的防治效果。
2.无公害灭鼠剂克鼠星对于中华鼢鼠的适口性极好,摄食系数为0.88～1.03。在室内试验中,克鼠星对中华鼢鼠的杀灭率为100%,大田试验中,防治率在83.7%～92.3%,春季和秋季防治率可达91.4%;切封洞法防治用药量少,防治费用最低,投药有效率为70.0%～92.0%,比插洞法高40%以上;春季投药有效率最高,春季采用切封洞法投药较夏季投药有效率提高22.0%。
3.对目前国内常用的防治害鼠效果比较理想的毒鼠磷、溴敌隆、磷化锌和自制的初试产品克鼠星(KRS)4种化学药剂进行对比试验,结果表明不同药剂对林地达乌尔鼠兔的防效有显著影响;四种药剂中以克鼠星对达乌尔鼠兔的杀灭效果最好,灭鼠率为87.39%,溴敌隆小麦毒饵和毒鼠磷小麦毒饵次之,磷化锌洋芋毒饵最差,其杀灭效果分别为77.32%、70.41%和65.99%,均低于KRS;最佳投饵量为5g;鲜豆角、洋芋、小麦三种饵料配成的毒饵,杀灭效果差异不显著;药物对达乌尔鼠兔的防治效果与投饵季节无关。
4.对草兔危害幼树的选择性调查发现,草兔主要危害郁闭前的幼树。调查的26种幼树,根据其受害等级及被害率,可明显将其分为严重被害、中度被害、受害较轻三种类型,其中沙棘、山杏等7种为草兔的嗜食树种,抗草兔啃食较强的树种包括紫穗槐、小叶杨、白榆、臭椿、狼牙刺、新疆杨、旱柳、河北杨等9种;春季造林时用多效抗旱驱鼠剂150倍水溶液对裸根苗泥浆蘸根、或造林后叶面喷施400～500倍水溶液、或篱障阻隔、或篱障阻隔分别配合药泥蘸根、叶面喷药,均可减轻草兔对幼树的危害;用牛油或废柴油对幼树涂干,可明显降低草兔的危害。其中,篱障阻隔和药泥蘸根造林技术相结合对草兔的预防效果明显,可使草兔对幼树的危害减少80.2%。
5.抗逆袋抗旱驱鼠作用和深坑栽植试验研究表明,在干旱的黄土丘陵区,采用抗逆袋和深坑栽植技术,苗木成活率比对照提高38.9%～40.7%,山坡上部成活率提高幅度大于山坡中部。有害啮齿动物对苗木的危害也有所减轻,危害指数比对照降低0.23～0.33。
Returned arable land for plantation and grow grass, and restoration and rebuilt vegetation of tree and grass is a very important measurement for water and soil conservation, desertification control and eco-environmental improve in west part of China. However, the young tree and grass was serious harmed by the rodents, such as zokor, rabbit and pika, and which had affected the vegetation rebuilt and restoration, especially for the progress of returned arable land for plantation and grow grass. The thesis discussed the habit of living, activity and damage of 4 kind of rodents, Guansu zokor (Myospalax cansus), Chinese zokor {Myospalax fontanierii), daurian pika {Ochotona daurica) and cape hare (Lepus capensis), to planted forest ecosystem and its control by measurements of ecological, no-pollution chemical, physical obstructing and chemical or biochemical repelling effect by means of investigation, field test and cage rearing experimentation in Yan'an plantation area, Shaanxi Province. The results were showed are as follows:1. The amount of grass that Myospalax cansus feeding is a limiting factor to the number of zokor. The higher canopy density of plantation, the less forest grassland or underground, then the less the number of Myospalax cansus. The best way for control Myospalax cansus is to decrease the food source, especially grass with tap root, by bionomic control measurements such as loosening the topsoil to distract the hole system, implanting of Periua frutescensl which hold a function of zokor repelling, control of grass in the plantation site by manual or herbicide, and popularization of agri-forestry.2. The KRS shows a good palatability for Myospalax fontanierii. The intake coefficient of Myospalax fontanierii to KRS is 0.88-1.03. The controlling effects of KRS for Myospalax fontanierii are 100.0% at indoors and 83.7%-92.3% at planted forest site. Of which the controlling effects are better in spring and autumn than in summer season. Three baiting methods, putting the bait into a hole bored on the top of zokor's nets, putting the bait into a hole of zokor's nets by transverse cutting the hole, and putting the bait into a effective hole by the hole cutting and blockage method, were also tested. The results indicated that the method of the hole cutting and blockage is the best in three, for it saves the bait, cost lowest and increase the validity of baiting to 70.0%-92.0%. It is 22% more effective if baiting in spring than in summer.3. The experiments for Ochotona daurica control were done on the effects of four types of rodenticides including phosacetim, bromodiolone, zinphos and KRS. The results showed that the effects of KRS was the best, up to 87.39%, bromodiolone with wheat 77.32%, phosacetim with wheat 70.41%, and zinphos with potato 65.99%. The optimal baiting dose was 5 grams. There were no significant difference among the bait of fresh bean, potato and wheat when the control effects were tested. And the effects were not related to the date of baiting.4. The damage of Lepus capensis to the young tree at the unclosed plantation site was quite serious. Among the 26 tree species, there are 7 tree species such as Hippophae rhamnoides, Amygdalus sibirca, Malus pumila, Pinus tabulaeformis et al with the highest damage degree by Lepus capensis, 9 tree species such as Amorpha fruticosa, Populus simonii, Ulmus pumila, Ailanthus altissima, Sophora daridii et al with the slight damage degree by Lepus capensis. Compare with control, they are effective measurements for Lepus capensis
control by coating stem with beef tallow, used of diesel oil, dipping roots in muddy water with RPA solution of 150 times, Spraying leaves of seedling with RPA solution of 400-450 times can alleviate damage of Lepus capensis, obstructing with twig fence, and combining obstructing with twig fence with dipping roots or with spraying leaves, respectively. Of which the best way for controlling Lepus capensis is combining obstructing with twig fence with dipping roots, which can reduce the damage 80.2 %.5. Using the technique of the stress resistance bag and deep-hole-planting had a good effect of drought resistance and rodent repelling in the arid rolling and gully loess region, which improved the survival rate of afforestation 38.9%-40.7%, decreased the rodent damage index 0.23-0.33, compared with the control.
1.杂草是鼢鼠数量与分布的限制性因素。利用各种方法除去林间杂草,切断鼢鼠食物来源可作为治理鼢鼠的生态措施。在此基础上,进行了翻耕育林、套种荏子、人工锄草、化学除草、林农复合经营等生态控制措施,能取得较好的防治效果。
2.无公害灭鼠剂克鼠星对于中华鼢鼠的适口性极好,摄食系数为0.88～1.03。在室内试验中,克鼠星对中华鼢鼠的杀灭率为100%,大田试验中,防治率在83.7%～92.3%,春季和秋季防治率可达91.4%;切封洞法防治用药量少,防治费用最低,投药有效率为70.0%～92.0%,比插洞法高40%以上;春季投药有效率最高,春季采用切封洞法投药较夏季投药有效率提高22.0%。
3.对目前国内常用的防治害鼠效果比较理想的毒鼠磷、溴敌隆、磷化锌和自制的初试产品克鼠星(KRS)4种化学药剂进行对比试验,结果表明不同药剂对林地达乌尔鼠兔的防效有显著影响;四种药剂中以克鼠星对达乌尔鼠兔的杀灭效果最好,灭鼠率为87.39%,溴敌隆小麦毒饵和毒鼠磷小麦毒饵次之,磷化锌洋芋毒饵最差,其杀灭效果分别为77.32%、70.41%和65.99%,均低于KRS;最佳投饵量为5g;鲜豆角、洋芋、小麦三种饵料配成的毒饵,杀灭效果差异不显著;药物对达乌尔鼠兔的防治效果与投饵季节无关。
4.对草兔危害幼树的选择性调查发现,草兔主要危害郁闭前的幼树。调查的26种幼树,根据其受害等级及被害率,可明显将其分为严重被害、中度被害、受害较轻三种类型,其中沙棘、山杏等7种为草兔的嗜食树种,抗草兔啃食较强的树种包括紫穗槐、小叶杨、白榆、臭椿、狼牙刺、新疆杨、旱柳、河北杨等9种;春季造林时用多效抗旱驱鼠剂150倍水溶液对裸根苗泥浆蘸根、或造林后叶面喷施400～500倍水溶液、或篱障阻隔、或篱障阻隔分别配合药泥蘸根、叶面喷药,均可减轻草兔对幼树的危害;用牛油或废柴油对幼树涂干,可明显降低草兔的危害。其中,篱障阻隔和药泥蘸根造林技术相结合对草兔的预防效果明显,可使草兔对幼树的危害减少80.2%。
5.抗逆袋抗旱驱鼠作用和深坑栽植试验研究表明,在干旱的黄土丘陵区,采用抗逆袋和深坑栽植技术,苗木成活率比对照提高38.9%～40.7%,山坡上部成活率提高幅度大于山坡中部。有害啮齿动物对苗木的危害也有所减轻,危害指数比对照降低0.23～0.33。
Returned arable land for plantation and grow grass, and restoration and rebuilt vegetation of tree and grass is a very important measurement for water and soil conservation, desertification control and eco-environmental improve in west part of China. However, the young tree and grass was serious harmed by the rodents, such as zokor, rabbit and pika, and which had affected the vegetation rebuilt and restoration, especially for the progress of returned arable land for plantation and grow grass. The thesis discussed the habit of living, activity and damage of 4 kind of rodents, Guansu zokor (Myospalax cansus), Chinese zokor {Myospalax fontanierii), daurian pika {Ochotona daurica) and cape hare (Lepus capensis), to planted forest ecosystem and its control by measurements of ecological, no-pollution chemical, physical obstructing and chemical or biochemical repelling effect by means of investigation, field test and cage rearing experimentation in Yan'an plantation area, Shaanxi Province. The results were showed are as follows:1. The amount of grass that Myospalax cansus feeding is a limiting factor to the number of zokor. The higher canopy density of plantation, the less forest grassland or underground, then the less the number of Myospalax cansus. The best way for control Myospalax cansus is to decrease the food source, especially grass with tap root, by bionomic control measurements such as loosening the topsoil to distract the hole system, implanting of Periua frutescensl which hold a function of zokor repelling, control of grass in the plantation site by manual or herbicide, and popularization of agri-forestry.2. The KRS shows a good palatability for Myospalax fontanierii. The intake coefficient of Myospalax fontanierii to KRS is 0.88-1.03. The controlling effects of KRS for Myospalax fontanierii are 100.0% at indoors and 83.7%-92.3% at planted forest site. Of which the controlling effects are better in spring and autumn than in summer season. Three baiting methods, putting the bait into a hole bored on the top of zokor's nets, putting the bait into a hole of zokor's nets by transverse cutting the hole, and putting the bait into a effective hole by the hole cutting and blockage method, were also tested. The results indicated that the method of the hole cutting and blockage is the best in three, for it saves the bait, cost lowest and increase the validity of baiting to 70.0%-92.0%. It is 22% more effective if baiting in spring than in summer.3. The experiments for Ochotona daurica control were done on the effects of four types of rodenticides including phosacetim, bromodiolone, zinphos and KRS. The results showed that the effects of KRS was the best, up to 87.39%, bromodiolone with wheat 77.32%, phosacetim with wheat 70.41%, and zinphos with potato 65.99%. The optimal baiting dose was 5 grams. There were no significant difference among the bait of fresh bean, potato and wheat when the control effects were tested. And the effects were not related to the date of baiting.4. The damage of Lepus capensis to the young tree at the unclosed plantation site was quite serious. Among the 26 tree species, there are 7 tree species such as Hippophae rhamnoides, Amygdalus sibirca, Malus pumila, Pinus tabulaeformis et al with the highest damage degree by Lepus capensis, 9 tree species such as Amorpha fruticosa, Populus simonii, Ulmus pumila, Ailanthus altissima, Sophora daridii et al with the slight damage degree by Lepus capensis. Compare with control, they are effective measurements for Lepus capensis
control by coating stem with beef tallow, used of diesel oil, dipping roots in muddy water with RPA solution of 150 times, Spraying leaves of seedling with RPA solution of 400-450 times can alleviate damage of Lepus capensis, obstructing with twig fence, and combining obstructing with twig fence with dipping roots or with spraying leaves, respectively. Of which the best way for controlling Lepus capensis is combining obstructing with twig fence with dipping roots, which can reduce the damage 80.2 %.5. Using the technique of the stress resistance bag and deep-hole-planting had a good effect of drought resistance and rodent repelling in the arid rolling and gully loess region, which improved the survival rate of afforestation 38.9%-40.7%, decreased the rodent damage index 0.23-0.33, compared with the control.
引文
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