呼和浩特蒙古族预科大学生的语言使用和语言态度调查
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摘要
一直以来,人们对于语言态度和蒙语的方方面面进行了研究。关于语言态度的实证研究大多集中在二语习得和外语学习领域,而对于蒙语的研究则主要集中在蒙语的历史、语言变化、内在语言因素、语言现状和蒙古族的语言使用及语言更替等方面,探讨蒙古族大学预科生的语言态度方面的研究和文献相对甚少。基于上述情况,本研究尝试着探究蒙古族大学预科生对其母语和汉语的语言态度。
本研究为定量实证研究,以个人信息、语言环境和语言能力为变量进行抽样调查。调查以呼和浩特地区蒙古族大学预科生为对象,收集他们对蒙语和汉语的态度方面的信息,加以归纳和总结,进而探究他们在大学期间以汉语为主要交流语言的语言环境中的语言态度变化,借助SPSS数据处理系统分析产生这些语言态度及其变化的原因。
本论文得出如下结论：一、大部分蒙古族大学预科生对其母语有着非常积极的态度,希望保持蒙语的活力；二、作为蒙汉两个语言群体的成员,他们对蒙汉双语态度积极,在社会交际中双语并用；三、他们的语言态度与其个人信息、语言环境和语言能力相关；四、在对蒙汉两种语言的评价和蒙汉双语的态度方面三个调查对象组之间存在差异。最后,笔者希望本论文能够对社会语言学范围内的蒙语研究尽微薄之力。
Various researches and studies have been conducted on language attitude and Mongolian in recent years. Most empirical researches have been undertaken about attitude towards language in SLA and FLL. And various studies have been conducted on Mongolian language's history, language change, interior linguistic elements, present situation as well as Mongolian people's language use and language shift. Although Mongolian has received considerable attention, to date, very little research has been done on attitude towards Mongolian from Mongolian preparatory college students'point of view and few published studies have been concerned with Mongolian from this aspect. Thus this study is one of the first to examine Mongolian preparatory college students' attitudes towards their mother language and Chinese.
This research is a quantitative empirical study with the help of a survey. It is a representative sampling on the basis of the demographical variables regarding personal backgrounds, language environments and language abilities. The survey has been conducted among Mongolian preparatory college students in the colleges or universities in Huhhot to collect information for the attitudes towards their mother language, to summarize their attitude and examine attitude changes in the university years when they experience much more exposure to Chinese, the more dominant language in the society, and to analyze the factors contributing to the attitude and its changes with the SPSS statistical data analysis system.
This thesis concludes that most students have a very positive attitude towards their mother language Mongolian and hope to maintain its vitality. Furthermore, they have a very positive attitude towards bilingualism and prefer a combined use of Mongolian and Chinese in social communication to act as members of the national language community. And this thesis shows that the students'language attitudes are related to their personal backgrounds, language environments and language abilities and that there are attitudinal differences in evaluation on Mongolian and Chinese and in attitudes to bilingualism among the three groups of research subjects. Hopefully, this thesis can make a contribution to research on Mongolian from a sociolinguistic perspective.
本研究为定量实证研究,以个人信息、语言环境和语言能力为变量进行抽样调查。调查以呼和浩特地区蒙古族大学预科生为对象,收集他们对蒙语和汉语的态度方面的信息,加以归纳和总结,进而探究他们在大学期间以汉语为主要交流语言的语言环境中的语言态度变化,借助SPSS数据处理系统分析产生这些语言态度及其变化的原因。
本论文得出如下结论：一、大部分蒙古族大学预科生对其母语有着非常积极的态度,希望保持蒙语的活力；二、作为蒙汉两个语言群体的成员,他们对蒙汉双语态度积极,在社会交际中双语并用；三、他们的语言态度与其个人信息、语言环境和语言能力相关；四、在对蒙汉两种语言的评价和蒙汉双语的态度方面三个调查对象组之间存在差异。最后,笔者希望本论文能够对社会语言学范围内的蒙语研究尽微薄之力。
Various researches and studies have been conducted on language attitude and Mongolian in recent years. Most empirical researches have been undertaken about attitude towards language in SLA and FLL. And various studies have been conducted on Mongolian language's history, language change, interior linguistic elements, present situation as well as Mongolian people's language use and language shift. Although Mongolian has received considerable attention, to date, very little research has been done on attitude towards Mongolian from Mongolian preparatory college students'point of view and few published studies have been concerned with Mongolian from this aspect. Thus this study is one of the first to examine Mongolian preparatory college students' attitudes towards their mother language and Chinese.
This research is a quantitative empirical study with the help of a survey. It is a representative sampling on the basis of the demographical variables regarding personal backgrounds, language environments and language abilities. The survey has been conducted among Mongolian preparatory college students in the colleges or universities in Huhhot to collect information for the attitudes towards their mother language, to summarize their attitude and examine attitude changes in the university years when they experience much more exposure to Chinese, the more dominant language in the society, and to analyze the factors contributing to the attitude and its changes with the SPSS statistical data analysis system.
This thesis concludes that most students have a very positive attitude towards their mother language Mongolian and hope to maintain its vitality. Furthermore, they have a very positive attitude towards bilingualism and prefer a combined use of Mongolian and Chinese in social communication to act as members of the national language community. And this thesis shows that the students'language attitudes are related to their personal backgrounds, language environments and language abilities and that there are attitudinal differences in evaluation on Mongolian and Chinese and in attitudes to bilingualism among the three groups of research subjects. Hopefully, this thesis can make a contribution to research on Mongolian from a sociolinguistic perspective.
引文
Achebe, C. Man of the People. London:Heinemann,1975.
Allport, G. W. "The Historical Background of Modern Social Psychology." Handbook of Social Psychology I, Theory and Method.1 (1954):3-56
Baker, C. Attitudes and Language. Adelaide:Multilingual Matters Ltd.,1992.
Banton M. Racial and Ethnic Competition. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1983.
Bao Manliang[包满亮].“我国蒙古语方言的研究现状及研究的主要意义.”内蒙古民族大学学报.33(2007)：32-34.
Bell, R. T. Sociolinguistics:Goals, Approaches and Problems. London:Batsford, 1976.
Chen Songcen[陈松岑].“新加坡华人的语言态度及其对语言能力和语言使用的影响.”语言教学与研究.1(1999)：85-87.
Cooper, R.& Fishman, J. "The study of Language Attitudes." International Journal of the Sociology of Language.3:5-19.
Cooper, R.& weekes, A. Data, Models and Statistical Analysis. Oxford:Philip Alan, 1983.
Crawford, J. Language Loyalties:A Source Book on the Official English Controversy. Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1992.
Crewe, W. The English Language in Singapore. Singapore:Eastern Universities Press, 1977.
Dai Qingxia[戴庆厦]& He Junfang[何俊芳].语言与民族.北京：中央民族大学出版社,2006.
Dai Qingxia[戴庆厦].各种少数民族语言研究.北京：民族出版社,2003.
Dai Qingxia[戴庆厦].中国濒危语言个案研究.北京：民族出版社,2004.
Downes, W. Language and Society. London:Fontana Paperbacks,1984.
Edwards, J. Language, Society and Identity. Oxford:Basil Blackwell,1985.
Ferguson, C.A. Language Structure and Language Use. Stanford:Stanford University Press,1972.
Florian Coulmas. The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Oxford, England:Blackwell, 1997.
Gao Yihong[高一虹].“回归前香港,北京,广州的语言态度.”外语教学与研究.2(1998)：38-42.
Gardner, R. C.& Lambert, W. E. Attitudes and Motivation in Second Language Learning. Rowley, Mass. Newbery House,1972.
Gardner, R. C. Social Psychology and Language Learning:the Role of Attitudes and Motivation. London:Edward Arnold Publishers,1985.
Gardner-Chloros, P. Language selection and Switching in Strasbourg. Oxford:Oxford University Press,1991.
Garrett, P. Coupland N.& Williams A. Investigating Language Attitudes:Social Meanings of Dialect, Ethnicity and Performance. Cardiff:University of Wales Press,2003.
GreenBaum, S.& Quirk, R. Elicitation Experiments in English Linguistics Study in Use and Attitude. London:Longman Group,1970.
Gui shichun[桂诗春]& Ning Chunyan[宁春岩著].语言学方法论.北京：外语教学与研究出版社,1997.
Gumperz, J. J. Language and Social Identity. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1982.
Gumperz, J. J. Language in Social Groups. Stanford:Stanford University Press,1971.
Han Baocheng[韩宝成].外语教学科研中的统计方法.北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2000.
Herden, G. Quantitative Linguistics. London:Butterworth,1964.
Hudson, R. A. Sociolinguistics. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000.
J.K. Chambers, Peter Trudgill,& Natalie Schilling-Estes. The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Oxford:Blackwell,2002.
Jahr, E. H. Language Conflict and Language Planning. Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter, 1993.
Jiang Di[江荻]& KongJiangping[孔江平].中国民族语言工程研究新进展.北京：社会科学文献出版社,2005.
Kiesler, Charles A. et al. Attitude Change. New York:John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,1969.
Lemon, N. Attitudes and Their Measurement. London:B. T. Batsford Ltd,1973.
Lieberson, S. Language and Ethnic Relations in Canada. New York:John Wiley, 1970.
Long Huizhu[龙惠珠].“从职业背境看语言态度的分层.”外语教学与研究.1(1999)：75-78.
Qin Xiaoqing[秦晓晴].外语教学研究中的定量数据分析.武汉：华中科技大学出版社2003.
Qinggeertai[清格尔泰].清格尔泰民族研究文集.北京：民族出版社,1998.
Qureshi, Hazel. "Integrating Methods in Applied Research in Social Policy:A Case study of Carers." Mixing Method:Qualitative and Quantitative Research 11 (1992):101-125.
Ramsey, S.R. The Languages of China. Princeton:Princeton University Press,1987.
Scott, W. A. " Attitude Measurement." Handbook of Social Psychology.2 (1968): 204-273.
Shaw, Marwin E.& Wright, Jack M. Scales of the Measurement of Attitudes. Sydney: McGraw-Hill Book Company,1967.
Tollefson,J.W. Planning Language, Planning Inequality. London:Longman,1991.
Wang Junmin[王俊敏].“蒙古语的社会变迁、困境与前景.”西北民族研究.2(2000)：26-28.
Wardhaugh, R..An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000.
Wei Zhong[魏忠].中国的各种民族文字及文献.北京：民族出版社,2004.
Wu Meili[邬美丽].2007.在京少数民族大学生语言使用及语言态度调查.中央民族大学
Yuan Yichuan[原一川].少数民族学生英语学习态度和动机实证研究.上海：上海外语教育出版社,2007.
Zhaorigetu[照日格图].“内蒙古蒙古语使用现状调查.”满语研究.33(2007)：42-44
Allport, G. W. "The Historical Background of Modern Social Psychology." Handbook of Social Psychology I, Theory and Method.1 (1954):3-56
Baker, C. Attitudes and Language. Adelaide:Multilingual Matters Ltd.,1992.
Banton M. Racial and Ethnic Competition. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1983.
Bao Manliang[包满亮].“我国蒙古语方言的研究现状及研究的主要意义.”内蒙古民族大学学报.33(2007)：32-34.
Bell, R. T. Sociolinguistics:Goals, Approaches and Problems. London:Batsford, 1976.
Chen Songcen[陈松岑].“新加坡华人的语言态度及其对语言能力和语言使用的影响.”语言教学与研究.1(1999)：85-87.
Cooper, R.& Fishman, J. "The study of Language Attitudes." International Journal of the Sociology of Language.3:5-19.
Cooper, R.& weekes, A. Data, Models and Statistical Analysis. Oxford:Philip Alan, 1983.
Crawford, J. Language Loyalties:A Source Book on the Official English Controversy. Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1992.
Crewe, W. The English Language in Singapore. Singapore:Eastern Universities Press, 1977.
Dai Qingxia[戴庆厦]& He Junfang[何俊芳].语言与民族.北京：中央民族大学出版社,2006.
Dai Qingxia[戴庆厦].各种少数民族语言研究.北京：民族出版社,2003.
Dai Qingxia[戴庆厦].中国濒危语言个案研究.北京：民族出版社,2004.
Downes, W. Language and Society. London:Fontana Paperbacks,1984.
Edwards, J. Language, Society and Identity. Oxford:Basil Blackwell,1985.
Ferguson, C.A. Language Structure and Language Use. Stanford:Stanford University Press,1972.
Florian Coulmas. The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Oxford, England:Blackwell, 1997.
Gao Yihong[高一虹].“回归前香港,北京,广州的语言态度.”外语教学与研究.2(1998)：38-42.
Gardner, R. C.& Lambert, W. E. Attitudes and Motivation in Second Language Learning. Rowley, Mass. Newbery House,1972.
Gardner, R. C. Social Psychology and Language Learning:the Role of Attitudes and Motivation. London:Edward Arnold Publishers,1985.
Gardner-Chloros, P. Language selection and Switching in Strasbourg. Oxford:Oxford University Press,1991.
Garrett, P. Coupland N.& Williams A. Investigating Language Attitudes:Social Meanings of Dialect, Ethnicity and Performance. Cardiff:University of Wales Press,2003.
GreenBaum, S.& Quirk, R. Elicitation Experiments in English Linguistics Study in Use and Attitude. London:Longman Group,1970.
Gui shichun[桂诗春]& Ning Chunyan[宁春岩著].语言学方法论.北京：外语教学与研究出版社,1997.
Gumperz, J. J. Language and Social Identity. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1982.
Gumperz, J. J. Language in Social Groups. Stanford:Stanford University Press,1971.
Han Baocheng[韩宝成].外语教学科研中的统计方法.北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2000.
Herden, G. Quantitative Linguistics. London:Butterworth,1964.
Hudson, R. A. Sociolinguistics. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000.
J.K. Chambers, Peter Trudgill,& Natalie Schilling-Estes. The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Oxford:Blackwell,2002.
Jahr, E. H. Language Conflict and Language Planning. Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter, 1993.
Jiang Di[江荻]& KongJiangping[孔江平].中国民族语言工程研究新进展.北京：社会科学文献出版社,2005.
Kiesler, Charles A. et al. Attitude Change. New York:John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,1969.
Lemon, N. Attitudes and Their Measurement. London:B. T. Batsford Ltd,1973.
Lieberson, S. Language and Ethnic Relations in Canada. New York:John Wiley, 1970.
Long Huizhu[龙惠珠].“从职业背境看语言态度的分层.”外语教学与研究.1(1999)：75-78.
Qin Xiaoqing[秦晓晴].外语教学研究中的定量数据分析.武汉：华中科技大学出版社2003.
Qinggeertai[清格尔泰].清格尔泰民族研究文集.北京：民族出版社,1998.
Qureshi, Hazel. "Integrating Methods in Applied Research in Social Policy:A Case study of Carers." Mixing Method:Qualitative and Quantitative Research 11 (1992):101-125.
Ramsey, S.R. The Languages of China. Princeton:Princeton University Press,1987.
Scott, W. A. " Attitude Measurement." Handbook of Social Psychology.2 (1968): 204-273.
Shaw, Marwin E.& Wright, Jack M. Scales of the Measurement of Attitudes. Sydney: McGraw-Hill Book Company,1967.
Tollefson,J.W. Planning Language, Planning Inequality. London:Longman,1991.
Wang Junmin[王俊敏].“蒙古语的社会变迁、困境与前景.”西北民族研究.2(2000)：26-28.
Wardhaugh, R..An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000.
Wei Zhong[魏忠].中国的各种民族文字及文献.北京：民族出版社,2004.
Wu Meili[邬美丽].2007.在京少数民族大学生语言使用及语言态度调查.中央民族大学
Yuan Yichuan[原一川].少数民族学生英语学习态度和动机实证研究.上海：上海外语教育出版社,2007.
Zhaorigetu[照日格图].“内蒙古蒙古语使用现状调查.”满语研究.33(2007)：42-44