中国和韩国沙尘天气过程与气溶胶物理特性对比研究
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摘要
大气气溶胶与环境问题密切相关,对人体和其它生物的生理健康也有密切的影响。在东亚地区北部的干燥地区多产生沙尘气溶胶,特别是每年春季,沙尘气溶胶影响中国和韩国等地,沙尘天气对人们的生活和生态环境等的影响已经引起了社会的高度重视。
本论文主要通过统计、诊断分析和数值模拟的方法,并利用卫星反演资料(MODIS、MISR和TOMS)、PM10和TSP浓度、AERONET资料等对中国和韩国沙尘天气的特征以及大气气溶胶物理特征进行了探讨。得到的主要结果如下:
首先,1960～2005年中国沙尘暴主要集中出现在春季和夏季。70年代以后沙尘天气出现的次数逐渐减少,而韩国沙尘天气主要集中出现在春季,2000年以后出现的沙尘天气呈现比以前增多的趋势。2000～2006年中国出现的沙尘天气中,在同样的天气系统下影响韩国的沙尘天气平均频率为33.7%。
其次,影响北京和首尔的沙尘源地和传输路径几乎一致,影响韩国的沙尘天气源地和传输路径主要有以下4种:第一条路径(浑善达克沙地附近)是影响韩国最多的沙尘天气路径。在沙尘天气过程中,在韩国附近高低层都形成了西北气流,其气流有利于输送沙尘。第二条路径(巴丹吉林沙漠附近)与高空急流有密切关系。在韩国上空通常形成高层为西风,低层为西北风的配置,大部分沙尘在高层输送然后下降的可能性较大。第三条路径(科尔沁沙地附近)与副冷锋有关系。沙尘发生后在西北风的引导下经过约12小时左右输送到韩国,传输时间最短。第四条路径(蒙古国中部)与第一条路径的特征较相似,中国出现的沙尘天气范围较广,而影响韩国的频率较小。
第三,TOMS气溶胶指数有明显的季节变化,可以较好地描述沙尘气溶胶和冬季燃烧气溶胶。用气溶胶指数可以监测大规模沙尘天气的发生、发展和传输过程,而且气溶胶指数能排除云的影响,能准确地检测到云覆盖的地区。
第四,在中国东部地区,春夏两季的MODIS和MISR的大气气溶胶光学厚度较大,而秋冬两季的光学厚度分布较低。MODIS光学厚度对沙尘等气溶胶的观测效果较好,而MISR光学厚度对海上和西部地区的观测效果较好,所以将两种观测资料相结合,对大气气溶胶的研究更有益。春季在韩国周围的风场主要有西北气流,在夏季有西-西南气流,兼有利于中国北部和蒙古国频繁发生的沙尘以及中国东部工业地区出现的高值气溶胶粒子传输到韩国。在春天,北京和安眠的PM10与MODIS光学厚度产品的日平均变化趋势一致,但北京的PM10与MODIS光学厚度都比安眠略大。
第五,北京和安眠从AERONET大气气溶胶资料得到的AOD月均极大值出现在春夏季,最小值出现在秋冬季。北京的AOD比安眠高。两地细粒子的AOD值要比粗粒子大。安眠春夏季节的细粒子AOD要比秋冬季节的略高,而春季的粗粒子AOD要比其他三个季节都高。北京一年四季都多出现细粒子,细粒子和粗粒子的季节变化趋势也与安眠的相似,但总体数值偏高。气溶胶粒子的谱分布主要出现沙尘气溶胶类型即粗粒子的含量较高,城市/工业气溶胶类型即细粒子含量较高。在两个地区细粒子气溶胶显著的情况下,细粒子和粗粒子的体积差异都不大。在粗粒子气溶胶显著的情况下,粗粒子比细粒子的体积大。与细粒子显著的个例相比,粗粒子气溶胶含量明显较高。在春季北京和安眠都是粗粒子的出现较多,夏季细粒子出现较多,秋冬季粗粒子和细粒子差异不大。北京的粗粒子含量比安眠高,而两地细粒子的含量几乎一样。
Atmospheric aerosol is closely related with other environmental problems, and has special effect on the health of human and other creatures. Sand-dust aerosol often takes place in the northern part of East Asia, where the weather is quite dry. Especially in spring, sand-dust aerosol affects China and Korea. The influence of sandy weather on human life and the ecological environment has attracted much attention from society and the government.
This study evaluated the characteristics of sandy weather and atmospheric aerosol physics properties in China and Korea using statistical methods, diagnostic analyzes and numerical simulation, satellite retrieval data (MODIS、MISR and TOMS), PM10, TSP, and AERONET data. The results are as follow:
Firstly, sandstorms happened mostly in spring and summer in 1960 to 2005 in China. After the 1970s, there were gradually fewer sandstorms. In Korea, sandy weather happened mainly in spring. After 2000, there is a trend of more sandy weather. It was 33.7% that sandy weather of China influenced to Korea under the same weather system from 2000 to 2006.
Secondly, the source and transmission path of sandy weather in China and Korea were nearly the same. There were 4 types of source and transmission path of the sandy weather in Korea. The first path (near Hunshandake desert) was the one that affects Korea most. Under sandy weather, there forms a northwesterly wind in both upper- and lower- level near Korea, which helps the transmission of sand. The second path (near Badain Jaran shamo) had close relationship with the upper-level jet stream. The upper-level wind above Korea was usually the westerly wind, while the low-level wind was the northwesterly wind. Most sand was probably transmitted in the upper place and then descends. The third path (near Kerqin sand land) was related to secondary cold front. It takes about 12 hours for sand to be transmitted by the northwest wind to Korea after a sand weather took place in the source. The time it costs was the least. The fourth path (near Gobi and hungriness in middle Mongolia) had similar features as the first path. For this path, China had extensive sand weather while Korea was less affected.
Thirdly, TOMS aerosol index had obvious seasonal change, which properly described the sand aerosol in spring and combustion aerosol in winter. Aerosol index can be used to monitor the beginning, developing and transmission of sand weather. Besides, aerosol index was not affected by clouds, so it can accurately work in the area covered by clouds.
Fourthly, in the eastern part of China, MODIS and MISR atmospheric aerosol optical thickness (AOD) was bigger in spring and summer, while AOD in autumn and winter was smaller. MODIS AOD can measure sand aerosol well and MISR AOD can measure well above the sea and in the western part of China. So when the two are combined together, it will be better for studying the atmospheric aerosol.
In spring, the wind field around Korea was mainly a northwesterly flow, while in summer it was west-southwestern flow. This fact leaded sand aerosols of the northern part of China and Mongolia and industrial aerosols of the eastern part of China to be transmitted to Korea well. In spring, the daily average trend of the PM10 and MODIS AOD in Beijing and Anmyon coincide with each other, but PM10 and MODIS AOD in Beijing were a little bigger than in Anmyon.
Fifthly, the monthly average maximum AOD from AERONET atmospheric aerosol data appeared in spring and summer in Beijing and Anmyon, and the minimum appeared in autumn and winter. The AOD in Beijing is higher than that in Anmyon. The fine mode AOD in the two districts was higher than that of coarse mode. In Anmyon, the fine mode AOD in spring and summer was a little higher than that in autumn and winter and the coarse mode AOD in spring was higher than that in the other three seasons. In Beijing, fine mode AOD remained highly in four seasons. Its seasonal trend was similar with that in Anmyon, while the value of AOD was higher in general. Aerosol volume size distribution appeared two forms, the one urban/industrial aerosol, that is, fine mode particle is more. The other is sand aerosol, that is, coarse particle mode was more. For predominately fine mode AOD cases, aerosol volume sizes of fine mode particle were similar that of coarse mode particle, while aerosol volume sizes of coarse mode particle were greater than fine mode particle, for predominately coarse mode AOD cases. In spring, coarse mode particle appeared more in both Beijing and Anmyon, while in summer, fine particle appeared more. They were nearly equal in autumn and winter. The volume size of coarse mode was more in Beijing than that in Anmyon, while that of the fine particle was almost the same in two districts.
本论文主要通过统计、诊断分析和数值模拟的方法,并利用卫星反演资料(MODIS、MISR和TOMS)、PM10和TSP浓度、AERONET资料等对中国和韩国沙尘天气的特征以及大气气溶胶物理特征进行了探讨。得到的主要结果如下:
首先,1960～2005年中国沙尘暴主要集中出现在春季和夏季。70年代以后沙尘天气出现的次数逐渐减少,而韩国沙尘天气主要集中出现在春季,2000年以后出现的沙尘天气呈现比以前增多的趋势。2000～2006年中国出现的沙尘天气中,在同样的天气系统下影响韩国的沙尘天气平均频率为33.7%。
其次,影响北京和首尔的沙尘源地和传输路径几乎一致,影响韩国的沙尘天气源地和传输路径主要有以下4种:第一条路径(浑善达克沙地附近)是影响韩国最多的沙尘天气路径。在沙尘天气过程中,在韩国附近高低层都形成了西北气流,其气流有利于输送沙尘。第二条路径(巴丹吉林沙漠附近)与高空急流有密切关系。在韩国上空通常形成高层为西风,低层为西北风的配置,大部分沙尘在高层输送然后下降的可能性较大。第三条路径(科尔沁沙地附近)与副冷锋有关系。沙尘发生后在西北风的引导下经过约12小时左右输送到韩国,传输时间最短。第四条路径(蒙古国中部)与第一条路径的特征较相似,中国出现的沙尘天气范围较广,而影响韩国的频率较小。
第三,TOMS气溶胶指数有明显的季节变化,可以较好地描述沙尘气溶胶和冬季燃烧气溶胶。用气溶胶指数可以监测大规模沙尘天气的发生、发展和传输过程,而且气溶胶指数能排除云的影响,能准确地检测到云覆盖的地区。
第四,在中国东部地区,春夏两季的MODIS和MISR的大气气溶胶光学厚度较大,而秋冬两季的光学厚度分布较低。MODIS光学厚度对沙尘等气溶胶的观测效果较好,而MISR光学厚度对海上和西部地区的观测效果较好,所以将两种观测资料相结合,对大气气溶胶的研究更有益。春季在韩国周围的风场主要有西北气流,在夏季有西-西南气流,兼有利于中国北部和蒙古国频繁发生的沙尘以及中国东部工业地区出现的高值气溶胶粒子传输到韩国。在春天,北京和安眠的PM10与MODIS光学厚度产品的日平均变化趋势一致,但北京的PM10与MODIS光学厚度都比安眠略大。
第五,北京和安眠从AERONET大气气溶胶资料得到的AOD月均极大值出现在春夏季,最小值出现在秋冬季。北京的AOD比安眠高。两地细粒子的AOD值要比粗粒子大。安眠春夏季节的细粒子AOD要比秋冬季节的略高,而春季的粗粒子AOD要比其他三个季节都高。北京一年四季都多出现细粒子,细粒子和粗粒子的季节变化趋势也与安眠的相似,但总体数值偏高。气溶胶粒子的谱分布主要出现沙尘气溶胶类型即粗粒子的含量较高,城市/工业气溶胶类型即细粒子含量较高。在两个地区细粒子气溶胶显著的情况下,细粒子和粗粒子的体积差异都不大。在粗粒子气溶胶显著的情况下,粗粒子比细粒子的体积大。与细粒子显著的个例相比,粗粒子气溶胶含量明显较高。在春季北京和安眠都是粗粒子的出现较多,夏季细粒子出现较多,秋冬季粗粒子和细粒子差异不大。北京的粗粒子含量比安眠高,而两地细粒子的含量几乎一样。
Atmospheric aerosol is closely related with other environmental problems, and has special effect on the health of human and other creatures. Sand-dust aerosol often takes place in the northern part of East Asia, where the weather is quite dry. Especially in spring, sand-dust aerosol affects China and Korea. The influence of sandy weather on human life and the ecological environment has attracted much attention from society and the government.
This study evaluated the characteristics of sandy weather and atmospheric aerosol physics properties in China and Korea using statistical methods, diagnostic analyzes and numerical simulation, satellite retrieval data (MODIS、MISR and TOMS), PM10, TSP, and AERONET data. The results are as follow:
Firstly, sandstorms happened mostly in spring and summer in 1960 to 2005 in China. After the 1970s, there were gradually fewer sandstorms. In Korea, sandy weather happened mainly in spring. After 2000, there is a trend of more sandy weather. It was 33.7% that sandy weather of China influenced to Korea under the same weather system from 2000 to 2006.
Secondly, the source and transmission path of sandy weather in China and Korea were nearly the same. There were 4 types of source and transmission path of the sandy weather in Korea. The first path (near Hunshandake desert) was the one that affects Korea most. Under sandy weather, there forms a northwesterly wind in both upper- and lower- level near Korea, which helps the transmission of sand. The second path (near Badain Jaran shamo) had close relationship with the upper-level jet stream. The upper-level wind above Korea was usually the westerly wind, while the low-level wind was the northwesterly wind. Most sand was probably transmitted in the upper place and then descends. The third path (near Kerqin sand land) was related to secondary cold front. It takes about 12 hours for sand to be transmitted by the northwest wind to Korea after a sand weather took place in the source. The time it costs was the least. The fourth path (near Gobi and hungriness in middle Mongolia) had similar features as the first path. For this path, China had extensive sand weather while Korea was less affected.
Thirdly, TOMS aerosol index had obvious seasonal change, which properly described the sand aerosol in spring and combustion aerosol in winter. Aerosol index can be used to monitor the beginning, developing and transmission of sand weather. Besides, aerosol index was not affected by clouds, so it can accurately work in the area covered by clouds.
Fourthly, in the eastern part of China, MODIS and MISR atmospheric aerosol optical thickness (AOD) was bigger in spring and summer, while AOD in autumn and winter was smaller. MODIS AOD can measure sand aerosol well and MISR AOD can measure well above the sea and in the western part of China. So when the two are combined together, it will be better for studying the atmospheric aerosol.
In spring, the wind field around Korea was mainly a northwesterly flow, while in summer it was west-southwestern flow. This fact leaded sand aerosols of the northern part of China and Mongolia and industrial aerosols of the eastern part of China to be transmitted to Korea well. In spring, the daily average trend of the PM10 and MODIS AOD in Beijing and Anmyon coincide with each other, but PM10 and MODIS AOD in Beijing were a little bigger than in Anmyon.
Fifthly, the monthly average maximum AOD from AERONET atmospheric aerosol data appeared in spring and summer in Beijing and Anmyon, and the minimum appeared in autumn and winter. The AOD in Beijing is higher than that in Anmyon. The fine mode AOD in the two districts was higher than that of coarse mode. In Anmyon, the fine mode AOD in spring and summer was a little higher than that in autumn and winter and the coarse mode AOD in spring was higher than that in the other three seasons. In Beijing, fine mode AOD remained highly in four seasons. Its seasonal trend was similar with that in Anmyon, while the value of AOD was higher in general. Aerosol volume size distribution appeared two forms, the one urban/industrial aerosol, that is, fine mode particle is more. The other is sand aerosol, that is, coarse particle mode was more. For predominately fine mode AOD cases, aerosol volume sizes of fine mode particle were similar that of coarse mode particle, while aerosol volume sizes of coarse mode particle were greater than fine mode particle, for predominately coarse mode AOD cases. In spring, coarse mode particle appeared more in both Beijing and Anmyon, while in summer, fine particle appeared more. They were nearly equal in autumn and winter. The volume size of coarse mode was more in Beijing than that in Anmyon, while that of the fine particle was almost the same in two districts.
引文
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