基于同心光学系统的新型成像光谱仪研究
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摘要
成像光谱仪将二维成像技术与光谱分析技术有机的结合在一起，可以同时采集目标的成像信息和光谱信息，实现被测目标的定性、定量、定时、定位分析，弥补了传统光学仪器中仅能进行单一的成像分析或光谱分析的不足。
传统的光栅色散型成像光谱仪存在光谱弯曲和色畸变，难以同时实现高信噪比和高分辨率的应用需求。同心光学系统具有成像质量好、数值孔径高、光谱弯曲和色畸变小、结构简单紧凑等优点，将同心光学系统应用于成像光谱仪中，可以有效地解决成像光谱仪信噪比和分辨率的矛盾，研究基于同心光学系统的新型成像光谱仪具有重要的科学意义。
鉴于此，本论文对基于同心光学系统的新型成像光谱仪进行了较为深入的研究。
第一，利用光线追迹法建立了同心光谱仪像差分析模型，根据光栅波像差理论，推导了光栅参数对同心光谱仪像差的影响和光栅的最优化选择条件，分析了物面偏移对同心光谱仪的像差影响，加深了对同心光谱仪系统的理解，为同心光谱仪的光学设计提供了理论指导。
第二，设计了两个同心光谱仪系统：凹面光栅同心光谱仪和凸面光栅同心光谱仪，分别建立了两个系统的数值计算模型，通过模型分析了系统的数值设计流程并进行了光学系统设计仿真。
第三，设计了凸面光栅同心光谱仪的核心元件—凸面光栅，以凸面光栅同心成像光谱仪为实例，研究了基于同心光学系统的新型成像光谱仪光学设计方法。针对成像光谱仪的前置成像系统和同心光谱仪系统的孔径匹配问题，提出了采用多重结构优化设计思想，通过合理分配前端成像系统和后端光谱仪系统的像差，实现全谱段内均衡成像的一体化设计的方法。
第四，根据同心成像光谱仪系统基本特点，提出了基于双光束干涉原理的干涉装调法，实现了凸面光栅同心光谱仪系统的高精度同心装调；利用谱图直读法控制前置成像系统和光谱仪系统的对接，完成同心成像光谱仪系统装调，有效的解决了同心成像光谱仪的装调问题。
第五，设计了同心成像光谱仪光谱定标平台，实现了凸面光栅同心成像光谱仪的光谱定标，得到了凸面光栅同心成像光谱仪的实际光谱响应函数，对凸面光栅同心成像光谱仪的光谱定标进行了误差分析和实验，得到了预期的实验结果。
Imaging spectrometers combine the imaging with spectroscopy and acquire theimaging information and spectral information of the target simultaneously. It can getthe time, location, component and quantity characteristics of the target, make up thelack of single image or spectrum analysis in the traditional optical instruments.
The traditional imaging spectrometer with grating has spectrum bend andchromatic distortion, it is hard to meet the requirements of high signal to noiseratio(SNR) and high resolution simultaneously. Concentric optical system has theadvantages of good performance, high numerical aperture, small distortion, compactand so on. The concentric optical system can effectively solve the contradictionbetween the signal to noise ratio and resolution of the imaging spectrometer. It hasgreat scientific significance to study the new imaging spectrometer based onconcentric optica optical configurations.
In view of this, the imaging spectrometer based on the concentric opticalsystem is studied in this thesis.
First, the aberration analysis model of concentric spectrometer with grating asthe dispersive element is established. According to the grating aberration theory, theimpact of the grating parameters on concentric spectrometer aberration is studied,the optimal conditions to select grating are given. The impact of object off onconcentric spectrum is analysised. The concentric spectrometer is deeply understanded. It provides a theoretical guidance for the optical design of concentricspectrometer.
Second, concave grating spectrometer and convex grating spectrometer aredesigned. The numerical calculation models of the two spectrometers are establishedand the method and system simulation of parameters design is given by model.
Third, as the core component of the imaging spectrometer with convex grating,the convex grating is designed. Integrated design method of imaging spectrometer isproposed taking the imaging spectrometer with convex grating as an example. Inorder to match the concentric spectrometer system and its fore-optics, the ideas ofmultiple structure optimization design is put forward. Through assigning theaberrations of the concentric spectrometer and its fore-optics reasonably, uniformimags of imaging spectrometer are achieved in the full spectrum by integrateddesign.
Fourth, according to the characteristics of concentric imaging spectrometers, theinterferometric alignment method based on double-beam interference is put forward,a high precision alignment of concentric imaging spectrometer with convex gratingis achieved. The method of direct-reading spectrum is used to control the alignmentof he concentric spectrometer system and its fore-optics. In this way, alignment ofconcentric imaging spectrometer is achieved efficiently.
Fifth, spectral calibration platform for the concentric imaging spectrometer isdesigned. Spectral calibration of the imaging spectrometer with convex grating iscarried out and its spectral response function is acquired. Error analysis of spectralcalibration and experiment are conducted and the expected results are obtained.
传统的光栅色散型成像光谱仪存在光谱弯曲和色畸变，难以同时实现高信噪比和高分辨率的应用需求。同心光学系统具有成像质量好、数值孔径高、光谱弯曲和色畸变小、结构简单紧凑等优点，将同心光学系统应用于成像光谱仪中，可以有效地解决成像光谱仪信噪比和分辨率的矛盾，研究基于同心光学系统的新型成像光谱仪具有重要的科学意义。
鉴于此，本论文对基于同心光学系统的新型成像光谱仪进行了较为深入的研究。
第一，利用光线追迹法建立了同心光谱仪像差分析模型，根据光栅波像差理论，推导了光栅参数对同心光谱仪像差的影响和光栅的最优化选择条件，分析了物面偏移对同心光谱仪的像差影响，加深了对同心光谱仪系统的理解，为同心光谱仪的光学设计提供了理论指导。
第二，设计了两个同心光谱仪系统：凹面光栅同心光谱仪和凸面光栅同心光谱仪，分别建立了两个系统的数值计算模型，通过模型分析了系统的数值设计流程并进行了光学系统设计仿真。
第三，设计了凸面光栅同心光谱仪的核心元件—凸面光栅，以凸面光栅同心成像光谱仪为实例，研究了基于同心光学系统的新型成像光谱仪光学设计方法。针对成像光谱仪的前置成像系统和同心光谱仪系统的孔径匹配问题，提出了采用多重结构优化设计思想，通过合理分配前端成像系统和后端光谱仪系统的像差，实现全谱段内均衡成像的一体化设计的方法。
第四，根据同心成像光谱仪系统基本特点，提出了基于双光束干涉原理的干涉装调法，实现了凸面光栅同心光谱仪系统的高精度同心装调；利用谱图直读法控制前置成像系统和光谱仪系统的对接，完成同心成像光谱仪系统装调，有效的解决了同心成像光谱仪的装调问题。
第五，设计了同心成像光谱仪光谱定标平台，实现了凸面光栅同心成像光谱仪的光谱定标，得到了凸面光栅同心成像光谱仪的实际光谱响应函数，对凸面光栅同心成像光谱仪的光谱定标进行了误差分析和实验，得到了预期的实验结果。
Imaging spectrometers combine the imaging with spectroscopy and acquire theimaging information and spectral information of the target simultaneously. It can getthe time, location, component and quantity characteristics of the target, make up thelack of single image or spectrum analysis in the traditional optical instruments.
The traditional imaging spectrometer with grating has spectrum bend andchromatic distortion, it is hard to meet the requirements of high signal to noiseratio(SNR) and high resolution simultaneously. Concentric optical system has theadvantages of good performance, high numerical aperture, small distortion, compactand so on. The concentric optical system can effectively solve the contradictionbetween the signal to noise ratio and resolution of the imaging spectrometer. It hasgreat scientific significance to study the new imaging spectrometer based onconcentric optica optical configurations.
In view of this, the imaging spectrometer based on the concentric opticalsystem is studied in this thesis.
First, the aberration analysis model of concentric spectrometer with grating asthe dispersive element is established. According to the grating aberration theory, theimpact of the grating parameters on concentric spectrometer aberration is studied,the optimal conditions to select grating are given. The impact of object off onconcentric spectrum is analysised. The concentric spectrometer is deeply understanded. It provides a theoretical guidance for the optical design of concentricspectrometer.
Second, concave grating spectrometer and convex grating spectrometer aredesigned. The numerical calculation models of the two spectrometers are establishedand the method and system simulation of parameters design is given by model.
Third, as the core component of the imaging spectrometer with convex grating,the convex grating is designed. Integrated design method of imaging spectrometer isproposed taking the imaging spectrometer with convex grating as an example. Inorder to match the concentric spectrometer system and its fore-optics, the ideas ofmultiple structure optimization design is put forward. Through assigning theaberrations of the concentric spectrometer and its fore-optics reasonably, uniformimags of imaging spectrometer are achieved in the full spectrum by integrateddesign.
Fourth, according to the characteristics of concentric imaging spectrometers, theinterferometric alignment method based on double-beam interference is put forward,a high precision alignment of concentric imaging spectrometer with convex gratingis achieved. The method of direct-reading spectrum is used to control the alignmentof he concentric spectrometer system and its fore-optics. In this way, alignment ofconcentric imaging spectrometer is achieved efficiently.
Fifth, spectral calibration platform for the concentric imaging spectrometer isdesigned. Spectral calibration of the imaging spectrometer with convex grating iscarried out and its spectral response function is acquired. Error analysis of spectralcalibration and experiment are conducted and the expected results are obtained.
引文
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