高速永磁电机流体场分析与温升计算
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摘要
本课题来源于国家自然科学基金重点资助项目“微型燃气轮机-高速发电机分布式发电与能量转换系统研究”。高速电机由于具有体积小、转速高、功率密度大等诸多优点,已经成为国内外相关领域的研究热点。但高速电机就是由于具有以上的特点,使得在其设计中产生了一系列新的问题,需要进行研究。本文重点研究了基于流体场分析的风摩耗计算方法、基于热流耦合场的温度场分析方法、高速电机损耗与温升的实验方法以及高速电机铁耗和风摩耗的分离方法。
首先,由于转子的高速旋转,在电机运行时转子表面与空气发生剧烈的摩擦而产生转子风摩耗。在高速电机产生的总损耗中风摩耗占有很大比例,所以需要准确计算风摩耗的大小。然而不管是通过理论分析还是实验测量都很难准确计算风摩耗,所以在本论文中提出一种基于高速电机流体场分析的方法来计算风摩耗。文中还讨论了转子速度、轴向风速、气隙结构以及转子表面粗糙度对风摩耗的影响,为减少风摩耗提供依据。
其次,如何准确计算高速电机各部分的温度分布也是电机设计中的一个关键问题。本文采用FLUENT CFD分析软件进行了基于热流耦合的高速电机的温升计算,对高速电机进行温度场的分析。该方法只需要给定通风风速、材料属性和热源的大小及分布就可计算温度分布,而不需要计算散热系数等量,提高了结果的准确性。采用该方法进行了24槽电机空载时温度场的计算,并比较了通风与不通风电机温度分布的不同。
最后,对24槽高速电机进行了空载的损耗与温升实验,得到了转速从24000r/min～60000r/min时定子绕组、转子轴端,以及内外通风道出口的风温、风速。通过这些数据计算得到高速电机的总损耗。根据实验和仿真计算的结果对高速电机中的铁耗和风摩耗进行了初步的分离计算,取得了较好的效果。
The work in this thesis is supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China. The project name is "The distributed high speed generator driven by micro-turbine and its energy conversion system". The high speed permanent magnet (HSPM) machine has been widely investigated since it has small size, high speed and power density. Although the HSPM machine has much merit, some new problems appear in high speed condition. Loss and temperature calculation for high speed machine is a key issue for the machine design. In this thesis, the calculation method of air friction loss based on fluid field analysis, the method of temperature field analysis based on coupling with fluid field and temperature field, the experiment for loss and temperature of the 24-slot high speed machine were researched in particularly in the thesis.
Firstly, the air friction loss on the rotor surface can take a large part of the total losses for motors and generators with high rotating speed. So the air friction loss should be calculated accurately, however, it is difficult to be determined theoretically or experimentally. In this thesis, a calculation method of air friction loss for high speed machine based on fluid field analysis was introduced. The influences of rotor speed, axial airflow velocity, air gap structure and roughness of the rotor surface on the air friction loss were discussed.
Then, it is a key issue to calculate and analyze the temperature distribution for the high speed machine accurately. In this thesis, the CFD software was adopted to analyze the temperature field of high speed machine. The method which was coupled by fluid field and temperature field was used in this software. The method only needs axial airflow velocity which is forced at the inlet of vent, material attribute and heat source and then the temperature distribution was calculated. In the thesis, the 3D model of 24-slot high speed machine was built and the temperature field was analyzed. Comparative research on with ventilation and without ventilation was carried on.
Finally, the experiment of loss and temperature for the 24-slot high speed machine is carried on under no load condition. During the experiment, the temperature sensor and anemometer was used to measure winding, the axis end, and airflow temperature and airflow velocity in the vent outlet among 24000r/min to 60000r/min. These experimental data was analyzed to calculate the total losses of the machine. The method of loss separation was researched preliminary about the iron loss and air friction loss.
首先,由于转子的高速旋转,在电机运行时转子表面与空气发生剧烈的摩擦而产生转子风摩耗。在高速电机产生的总损耗中风摩耗占有很大比例,所以需要准确计算风摩耗的大小。然而不管是通过理论分析还是实验测量都很难准确计算风摩耗,所以在本论文中提出一种基于高速电机流体场分析的方法来计算风摩耗。文中还讨论了转子速度、轴向风速、气隙结构以及转子表面粗糙度对风摩耗的影响,为减少风摩耗提供依据。
其次,如何准确计算高速电机各部分的温度分布也是电机设计中的一个关键问题。本文采用FLUENT CFD分析软件进行了基于热流耦合的高速电机的温升计算,对高速电机进行温度场的分析。该方法只需要给定通风风速、材料属性和热源的大小及分布就可计算温度分布,而不需要计算散热系数等量,提高了结果的准确性。采用该方法进行了24槽电机空载时温度场的计算,并比较了通风与不通风电机温度分布的不同。
最后,对24槽高速电机进行了空载的损耗与温升实验,得到了转速从24000r/min～60000r/min时定子绕组、转子轴端,以及内外通风道出口的风温、风速。通过这些数据计算得到高速电机的总损耗。根据实验和仿真计算的结果对高速电机中的铁耗和风摩耗进行了初步的分离计算,取得了较好的效果。
The work in this thesis is supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China. The project name is "The distributed high speed generator driven by micro-turbine and its energy conversion system". The high speed permanent magnet (HSPM) machine has been widely investigated since it has small size, high speed and power density. Although the HSPM machine has much merit, some new problems appear in high speed condition. Loss and temperature calculation for high speed machine is a key issue for the machine design. In this thesis, the calculation method of air friction loss based on fluid field analysis, the method of temperature field analysis based on coupling with fluid field and temperature field, the experiment for loss and temperature of the 24-slot high speed machine were researched in particularly in the thesis.
Firstly, the air friction loss on the rotor surface can take a large part of the total losses for motors and generators with high rotating speed. So the air friction loss should be calculated accurately, however, it is difficult to be determined theoretically or experimentally. In this thesis, a calculation method of air friction loss for high speed machine based on fluid field analysis was introduced. The influences of rotor speed, axial airflow velocity, air gap structure and roughness of the rotor surface on the air friction loss were discussed.
Then, it is a key issue to calculate and analyze the temperature distribution for the high speed machine accurately. In this thesis, the CFD software was adopted to analyze the temperature field of high speed machine. The method which was coupled by fluid field and temperature field was used in this software. The method only needs axial airflow velocity which is forced at the inlet of vent, material attribute and heat source and then the temperature distribution was calculated. In the thesis, the 3D model of 24-slot high speed machine was built and the temperature field was analyzed. Comparative research on with ventilation and without ventilation was carried on.
Finally, the experiment of loss and temperature for the 24-slot high speed machine is carried on under no load condition. During the experiment, the temperature sensor and anemometer was used to measure winding, the axis end, and airflow temperature and airflow velocity in the vent outlet among 24000r/min to 60000r/min. These experimental data was analyzed to calculate the total losses of the machine. The method of loss separation was researched preliminary about the iron loss and air friction loss.
引文
[1]杨淑英.电力系统概论.北京:中国电力出版社,2003.
[2]吴靖,江昊.分布式发电系统的应用及前景.农村电气化,2003,7:19-20.
[3]钟史明,徐海荣,应六二.“西气东输”天然气宜使用在热、电(冷)分布式全能系统.中国科协2004年学术年会电力分会场暨中国电机工程学会2004年学术年会,海南,2004:439-443.
[4]赵豫,于尔铿.新型分散式发电装置-微型燃气轮机.电网技术,2004,28(4):47-50.
[5]王凤翔.高速电机的设计特点及相关技术研究.沈阳工业大学学报,2006,6:258-264.
[6]O.Aglén.Back-to-back Tests of a High-Speed Generator.Proc.of IEMDC2003:1084-1090.
[7]肖晓劲,袁修干.高速电机驱动的空气循环制冷技术研究.中国安全科学学报,2004,14(1):80-83.
[8]魏凤春,张恒,蔡红等.飞轮储能技术研究.洛阳大学学报,2005,20(2):27-30.
[9]T.S.EI-Hasan,Luk P.CK.,F.S.Bhinder,et al.Modular Design of High Speed Permanent Magnet Axial-Flux Generators.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,2000,36(5):3558-3561.
[10]O.Aglén.A High-Speed Generator for Micro-turbines.Proc.of ICEET01 2001:356-358.
[11]刁正纲.微型燃气轮机走向商业化.燃气轮机技术,2000,13(3):13-14.
[12]J.L.F.Vanderveen,L.J.J.Offringa,A.J.A.Vandenput.Minimising Rotor Losses in High Power Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators with Rectifier Load.IEE Proc.-Electr.Power Appl.,1997,144(5):331-337.
[13]F.Crescimbini,A.Di.Napoli,L.Solero,et al.Compact Permanent-Magnet Generator for Hybrid Vehicle Applications.IEEE Transaction on Industry Applications,2005,41(5):1168-1177.
[14]C.Zwyssig,J W.Kolar,W.Thaler,et al.Design of a 100 W,500000 rpm Permanent Magnet Generator for Mesoscale Gas Turbines.IEEE-IAS'2005,Hong Kong,2005:253-260.
[15]K.Rafael,Jardan,N.Istvan,et al.Environment Friendly Utilisation of Waste Energies for the Production of Electric Energy in Disperse Power Plants.IEEE Trans.on Industry Application,2002:1119-1124.
[16]蔡瑞中,杨策,蒋滋康,老大中.跨音速低展弦比轴流风扇转子内部流场的数值研究.推进技术,1998,19(5):70-74.
[17]Wang F.X.,Zheng W.P.,Zong M.,et al.Design Considerations of High Speed PM Generators for Micro Turbines.IEEE Trans.on Industry Application,2002:158-162.
[18]P.Chudi,A.Malmquist.A Hybrid Drive for the Car of the Future.ABB Review,1993:1-5.
[19]G.Lagerstrom,A.Malmquist.Advanced Hybrid Propulsion System for Volvo ECT.Volvo Technology Report,1995:2.
[20]J.Kiley,M.Tolikas Design of a 28 HP 47000 rpm Permanent Magnet Motor for Rooftop Air Conditioning.Office of Industrial Technologies Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy U.S.Department of Energy,2000:1-6.
[21]D.Johnson,D.Dalengret and P.Dillay High speed Low Cost Flywheels for Energy Storage in Sustainable Power Systems with Distributed Generation.IEEE Trans.on Industry Application,2001:553-554.
[22]李冰,邓智泉,严仰光.高速异步电机设计的关键技术.微特电机,2002,06:7-10,43.
[23]陈庆文,毛志超.高速永磁同步电机的研制.中小型电机,1999,19(4):8-12.
[24]李贤明,张霄,王同章等.中小型高速电机滚动轴承发热与噪音问题的探讨.上海大中型电机,2005,2:11-13.
[25]郭长仕,袁益超,刘聿拯等.大型汽轮发电机转子气隙取气通风系统的技术进展.发电设备,2006,2:124-127.
[26]C.F.Toma,J.K.Lahteenmaki.Comparison of Optimization Algorithms Used with Finite Element Analysis for Designing High-Speed Induction Motors.Proc.of ICEM 2000:642-644.
[27]M.T.Caprio,V.Lelos,J.D.Herbst.Design and Stress Analysis of a High Speed Rotor for an Advanced Induction Motor.Electric Machine Technology Symposium 2004,American Society of Naval Engineers,2004:253-255.
[28]J.Saari.Thermal Analysis of High-Speed Induction Machines.Acta Polytechnica Scandinavica,Electrical Engineering Series No.90,Helsinki 1998.
[29]O.Aglén.Loss Calculation and Thermal Analysis of a High-Speed Generator.Proc.of IEMDC2003:1117-1125.
[30][苏]A.N.鲍里先科,B.T.丹科,A.H.亚科夫列夫(著).魏书慈,邱建甫(译).电机中的空气动力学与热分析.北京:机械工业出版社,1985.
[31]M.Anxo Prieto Alonso,X.M.LópezáFernádez,Manuel Pérez Donsión.Harmonic Effects on Rise of A Squirrel Cage Induction Motor.ICEM 2000.EspooFinland:Helsinki University of Technology,2000:144-147.
[32]K.Preis,O.Biro,R.Dyczij-Edlinger et al.Application of FEM to Coupled-Electric,Thermal and Mechanical Problems.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,1994,30(5):3316-3319.
[33]K.preis,I.Bardi,O.Biro et al.Numerical Analysis of 3D Magneto static Fields.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,1991,27(5):3798-3803.
[34]张大为,汤蕴璎.大型水轮发电机定子最热段三维温度场的有限元计算.哈尔滨电工学院学报,1992,15(3):186-194.
[35]张新波,许承千.电机三维温度场的综合分析.电工技术杂志,2000,3:4-6.
[36]李伟力,李守法,谢颖等.感应电动机定转子全域温度场数值计算及相关因素敏感性分析.中国电机工程学报,2007,27(24):85-91.
[37]Wei Yongtian,Fu Min.Finite Element Calculation of Rotor centre Segment 3D Temperature Field of Large Hydro generator.Harbin University of Science and Technology,1996:299-303.
[38]张艳芹.基于FLUENT的静压轴承流场及温度场研究:(硕士论文)哈尔滨理工大学,2007.
[39]廖毅刚.660kW风力发电机转子流场、温度场CFD分析.http://www.efluid.com.cn..
[40]杨菲.永磁电机温升计算及冷却系统设计:(硕士论文)沈阳工业大学,2007.
[41]R.A.Ahmad,D.M.Saban.On-Board Electrical Network Topology Using High Speed Permanent Magnet Generators.IEEE,2007:356-362.
[42]王福军.计算流体动力学分析-CFD软件原理与应用.北京:清华大学出版社,2004.
[43]O.Aglén,A.Andersson.Thermal Analysis of a High-Speed Generator.Industry Applications Conference,2003,1:547-554.
[44]韩占忠,王敬,兰小平.FLUENT流体工程仿真计算实例与应用.北京:北京理工大学出版社,2004.
[45]唐兴伦,范群波,张朝晖等.ANSYS工程应用教程-热与电磁学篇.北京:中国铁道出版社,2003.
[46]胡虔生,黄允凯,朱建国.永磁无刷直流电机铁耗计算方法.电机与控制应用,2007,34(4):55-58.
[47]于涛,高速永磁电机定子结构设计及其损耗计算,(硕士论文)沈阳工业大学,2006.
[48]陈世坤.电机设计.北京:机械工业出版社,1997.
[2]吴靖,江昊.分布式发电系统的应用及前景.农村电气化,2003,7:19-20.
[3]钟史明,徐海荣,应六二.“西气东输”天然气宜使用在热、电(冷)分布式全能系统.中国科协2004年学术年会电力分会场暨中国电机工程学会2004年学术年会,海南,2004:439-443.
[4]赵豫,于尔铿.新型分散式发电装置-微型燃气轮机.电网技术,2004,28(4):47-50.
[5]王凤翔.高速电机的设计特点及相关技术研究.沈阳工业大学学报,2006,6:258-264.
[6]O.Aglén.Back-to-back Tests of a High-Speed Generator.Proc.of IEMDC2003:1084-1090.
[7]肖晓劲,袁修干.高速电机驱动的空气循环制冷技术研究.中国安全科学学报,2004,14(1):80-83.
[8]魏凤春,张恒,蔡红等.飞轮储能技术研究.洛阳大学学报,2005,20(2):27-30.
[9]T.S.EI-Hasan,Luk P.CK.,F.S.Bhinder,et al.Modular Design of High Speed Permanent Magnet Axial-Flux Generators.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,2000,36(5):3558-3561.
[10]O.Aglén.A High-Speed Generator for Micro-turbines.Proc.of ICEET01 2001:356-358.
[11]刁正纲.微型燃气轮机走向商业化.燃气轮机技术,2000,13(3):13-14.
[12]J.L.F.Vanderveen,L.J.J.Offringa,A.J.A.Vandenput.Minimising Rotor Losses in High Power Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators with Rectifier Load.IEE Proc.-Electr.Power Appl.,1997,144(5):331-337.
[13]F.Crescimbini,A.Di.Napoli,L.Solero,et al.Compact Permanent-Magnet Generator for Hybrid Vehicle Applications.IEEE Transaction on Industry Applications,2005,41(5):1168-1177.
[14]C.Zwyssig,J W.Kolar,W.Thaler,et al.Design of a 100 W,500000 rpm Permanent Magnet Generator for Mesoscale Gas Turbines.IEEE-IAS'2005,Hong Kong,2005:253-260.
[15]K.Rafael,Jardan,N.Istvan,et al.Environment Friendly Utilisation of Waste Energies for the Production of Electric Energy in Disperse Power Plants.IEEE Trans.on Industry Application,2002:1119-1124.
[16]蔡瑞中,杨策,蒋滋康,老大中.跨音速低展弦比轴流风扇转子内部流场的数值研究.推进技术,1998,19(5):70-74.
[17]Wang F.X.,Zheng W.P.,Zong M.,et al.Design Considerations of High Speed PM Generators for Micro Turbines.IEEE Trans.on Industry Application,2002:158-162.
[18]P.Chudi,A.Malmquist.A Hybrid Drive for the Car of the Future.ABB Review,1993:1-5.
[19]G.Lagerstrom,A.Malmquist.Advanced Hybrid Propulsion System for Volvo ECT.Volvo Technology Report,1995:2.
[20]J.Kiley,M.Tolikas Design of a 28 HP 47000 rpm Permanent Magnet Motor for Rooftop Air Conditioning.Office of Industrial Technologies Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy U.S.Department of Energy,2000:1-6.
[21]D.Johnson,D.Dalengret and P.Dillay High speed Low Cost Flywheels for Energy Storage in Sustainable Power Systems with Distributed Generation.IEEE Trans.on Industry Application,2001:553-554.
[22]李冰,邓智泉,严仰光.高速异步电机设计的关键技术.微特电机,2002,06:7-10,43.
[23]陈庆文,毛志超.高速永磁同步电机的研制.中小型电机,1999,19(4):8-12.
[24]李贤明,张霄,王同章等.中小型高速电机滚动轴承发热与噪音问题的探讨.上海大中型电机,2005,2:11-13.
[25]郭长仕,袁益超,刘聿拯等.大型汽轮发电机转子气隙取气通风系统的技术进展.发电设备,2006,2:124-127.
[26]C.F.Toma,J.K.Lahteenmaki.Comparison of Optimization Algorithms Used with Finite Element Analysis for Designing High-Speed Induction Motors.Proc.of ICEM 2000:642-644.
[27]M.T.Caprio,V.Lelos,J.D.Herbst.Design and Stress Analysis of a High Speed Rotor for an Advanced Induction Motor.Electric Machine Technology Symposium 2004,American Society of Naval Engineers,2004:253-255.
[28]J.Saari.Thermal Analysis of High-Speed Induction Machines.Acta Polytechnica Scandinavica,Electrical Engineering Series No.90,Helsinki 1998.
[29]O.Aglén.Loss Calculation and Thermal Analysis of a High-Speed Generator.Proc.of IEMDC2003:1117-1125.
[30][苏]A.N.鲍里先科,B.T.丹科,A.H.亚科夫列夫(著).魏书慈,邱建甫(译).电机中的空气动力学与热分析.北京:机械工业出版社,1985.
[31]M.Anxo Prieto Alonso,X.M.LópezáFernádez,Manuel Pérez Donsión.Harmonic Effects on Rise of A Squirrel Cage Induction Motor.ICEM 2000.EspooFinland:Helsinki University of Technology,2000:144-147.
[32]K.Preis,O.Biro,R.Dyczij-Edlinger et al.Application of FEM to Coupled-Electric,Thermal and Mechanical Problems.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,1994,30(5):3316-3319.
[33]K.preis,I.Bardi,O.Biro et al.Numerical Analysis of 3D Magneto static Fields.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,1991,27(5):3798-3803.
[34]张大为,汤蕴璎.大型水轮发电机定子最热段三维温度场的有限元计算.哈尔滨电工学院学报,1992,15(3):186-194.
[35]张新波,许承千.电机三维温度场的综合分析.电工技术杂志,2000,3:4-6.
[36]李伟力,李守法,谢颖等.感应电动机定转子全域温度场数值计算及相关因素敏感性分析.中国电机工程学报,2007,27(24):85-91.
[37]Wei Yongtian,Fu Min.Finite Element Calculation of Rotor centre Segment 3D Temperature Field of Large Hydro generator.Harbin University of Science and Technology,1996:299-303.
[38]张艳芹.基于FLUENT的静压轴承流场及温度场研究:(硕士论文)哈尔滨理工大学,2007.
[39]廖毅刚.660kW风力发电机转子流场、温度场CFD分析.http://www.efluid.com.cn..
[40]杨菲.永磁电机温升计算及冷却系统设计:(硕士论文)沈阳工业大学,2007.
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