黄土隧道中地质雷达超前预报图像的实例分析
摘要
在国家大力发展基础设施的形势下,修建在我国北方黄土地区的隧道工程逐年增多。近年来,超前地质预报已经成为隧道工程技术中不可或缺的一环,而用的最多的预报手段就是地质雷达技术。因此,如何在黄土隧道中运用地质雷达技术准确、高效地进行地质预报工作,成了我们必须面对的课题。
本文介绍了我国黄土分布,特别是在山西地区的分布情况,详细叙述了黄土的工程性质,以及黄土隧道的施工方法。作为一种特殊土,黄土有着独特的工程性质,其孔隙比大,质地不均匀致密或均匀疏松,无明显层理等特征,使得以电磁波反射为原理的地质雷达在做黄土隧道地质超前预报时存在预报范围较短、构造特征难以判断等问题。而在国内外对地质雷达在超前地质预报应用的研究中,几乎没有单独针对在黄土地质条件下应用的阐述。
本文通过对地质雷达优缺点的分析以及和其他预报手段的对比,总结出地质雷达的优越性。详细介绍了GPR地质雷达的应用原理,并分析了影响其工作的因素,如雷达天线中心频率的影响、环境电导率和介质介电常数的影响等。
本文是以在山西太佳高速公路的井儿沟隧道和西庄一号隧道所做的地质超前预报工作为基础的。通过对预报结果与隧道开挖实际情况的对比,在总结经验的基础上,得出地质雷达在黄土隧道进行预报的有效距离,100MHz天线的有效距离约为12~15m左右,50MHz雷达天线的有效预报距离约为20~25m左右,并且总结得到了在黄土隧道中一些典型的雷达图像所表征的岩性特征,及预报当中的一些规律,希望对类似工程有一定的参考价值。
In the situation of development in infrastructure in our country, the number of tunnels constructed in the loess area of China is increasing. In recent years, the geology forecast is necessary in tunnel engineering, and the most popular method is ground-penetrating radar (GPR). Therefore, we have to face the problem that how to exert the GPR efficiently in the loess area.
The thesis introduces the distribution of the loess in China, especially in Shanxi province, as well as the engineering characteristics of loess and the method of constructing tunnel in the loess area. As a kind of special soil, the loess has some special engineering characteristics, for example, its void ratio is high, its quality is non-uniform compact or uniform loose, it has no clear stratification and so on. Those characteristics make the GPR which makes use of the elements of electromagnetic wave emerges have such problems as short forecast distance and difficulty in judging. There is few study of application of the GPR in the loess area all over the world.
According to the analysis of shortcomings and advantages and the comparison with other methods, the thesis summarizes the superiority of the GPR, introduces the application principle of the GPR, and analyzes the factors which affect the GPR, for example, the frequency of antenna, the specific conductance and the permittivity.
Based on the geology forecast on Taijia highway, according to the comparison with the excavation situation, the effective distance of geology forecast by the GPR is obtained. The GPR with 100MHz antenna can accurately forecast in 12 to 15 meters, and the GPR with 50MHz antenna can accurately forecast in 20 to 25 meters. Meanwhile, the thesis summarizes some classical rock characteristics charactered by images of the GPR and some regularity in geology forecast .The results is instructive to similar engineering in the future.
本文介绍了我国黄土分布,特别是在山西地区的分布情况,详细叙述了黄土的工程性质,以及黄土隧道的施工方法。作为一种特殊土,黄土有着独特的工程性质,其孔隙比大,质地不均匀致密或均匀疏松,无明显层理等特征,使得以电磁波反射为原理的地质雷达在做黄土隧道地质超前预报时存在预报范围较短、构造特征难以判断等问题。而在国内外对地质雷达在超前地质预报应用的研究中,几乎没有单独针对在黄土地质条件下应用的阐述。
本文通过对地质雷达优缺点的分析以及和其他预报手段的对比,总结出地质雷达的优越性。详细介绍了GPR地质雷达的应用原理,并分析了影响其工作的因素,如雷达天线中心频率的影响、环境电导率和介质介电常数的影响等。
本文是以在山西太佳高速公路的井儿沟隧道和西庄一号隧道所做的地质超前预报工作为基础的。通过对预报结果与隧道开挖实际情况的对比,在总结经验的基础上,得出地质雷达在黄土隧道进行预报的有效距离,100MHz天线的有效距离约为12~15m左右,50MHz雷达天线的有效预报距离约为20~25m左右,并且总结得到了在黄土隧道中一些典型的雷达图像所表征的岩性特征,及预报当中的一些规律,希望对类似工程有一定的参考价值。
In the situation of development in infrastructure in our country, the number of tunnels constructed in the loess area of China is increasing. In recent years, the geology forecast is necessary in tunnel engineering, and the most popular method is ground-penetrating radar (GPR). Therefore, we have to face the problem that how to exert the GPR efficiently in the loess area.
The thesis introduces the distribution of the loess in China, especially in Shanxi province, as well as the engineering characteristics of loess and the method of constructing tunnel in the loess area. As a kind of special soil, the loess has some special engineering characteristics, for example, its void ratio is high, its quality is non-uniform compact or uniform loose, it has no clear stratification and so on. Those characteristics make the GPR which makes use of the elements of electromagnetic wave emerges have such problems as short forecast distance and difficulty in judging. There is few study of application of the GPR in the loess area all over the world.
According to the analysis of shortcomings and advantages and the comparison with other methods, the thesis summarizes the superiority of the GPR, introduces the application principle of the GPR, and analyzes the factors which affect the GPR, for example, the frequency of antenna, the specific conductance and the permittivity.
Based on the geology forecast on Taijia highway, according to the comparison with the excavation situation, the effective distance of geology forecast by the GPR is obtained. The GPR with 100MHz antenna can accurately forecast in 12 to 15 meters, and the GPR with 50MHz antenna can accurately forecast in 20 to 25 meters. Meanwhile, the thesis summarizes some classical rock characteristics charactered by images of the GPR and some regularity in geology forecast .The results is instructive to similar engineering in the future.
引文
[1]汪成兵,丁文其,由明广.隧道超前地质预报技术及应用.水文地质工程地质,2007.1,P120-121
[2]刘际国,杨家松.四川锦屏二级水电站辅助洞超前地质预报总结报告2006.5,P34-35
[3]白哲.地质雷达在隧道超前预报中的应用.武汉理工大学硕士学位论文2006.4
[4]李大洪.地质雷达的应用现状和发展前景.煤田地质与勘探. 1997.10. P61-64
[5]刘利英.地质雷达在工程物探中的应用研究.成都理工大学硕士学位论文. 2008.5
[6]李东平.大断面黄土隧道施工技术探讨.山西建筑. 2008.2
[7]黄忆龙.红外线探水法在隧道超前探水预报中的应用.煤炭技术. 2007.4
[8]何小新,朱学文,詹建军.隧道掘进超前地质预报技术的比较与选择.矿山机械. 2005.8
[9]孔祥春.探地雷达的基本理论. 2005年地质雷达技术及其在工程检测中的应用学术研讨会. 2005
[10]刘四新,曾昭发.频散介质中地质雷达波传播的数值模拟.地球物理学报.2007.1.P320-326
[11]孙洪星.有耗介质高频脉冲电磁波传播衰减理论与应用的实践研究.煤炭学报.2001.12
[12]马海武,王丽黎,赵仙红.电磁场理论.北京邮电大学出版社,2004.
[13]熊皓.电磁波传播与空间环境.电子工业出版社,2004.
[14]董延朋,孔祥春.影响地质雷达工作的因素分析.物探装备.2007.6
[15]孙洪星,李凤明.探地雷达高频电磁波传播衰减机理与应用实例.岩石力学与工程学报.2002.3
[16]孙洪星,康永华.有耗介质探地雷达波传播衰减特性的研究.工程地质学报,1999.7.P344一345
[17]陈宏伟.关于黄土研究的简要综述.山西建筑.2009.8
[18]达瓦.黄土的工程特性及湿陷性评价实例.西部探矿工程.2007.11
[19]李毅.山西省湿陷性黄土地区地基处理方法的探讨.山西建筑.2008.11
[20]张卫华.山西省湿陷性黄土地区高速公路路基设计.山西交通科技.2009.12
[21]隋贵发,李凤霞.山西湿陷性的黄土特性及其地基土处理方法.山西建筑.2004.7
[22]邵生俊.黄土的结构性参数、强度特性及弹塑性本构模型.第一届全国岩土本构理论研讨会论文集.2008.11
[23]侯兆霞,刘中欣,武春龙.特殊土地基.中国建筑工业出版社.2007.8
[24]公路隧道施工技术规范(JTJ042-94).交通部重庆公路科学研究所
[25]客运专线铁路隧道工程施工技术指南(TZZ14-2005)
[26]太佳高速东段第DZ1合同段详细工程地质勘察报告(井儿沟隧道).中交第一公路勘察设计研究院有限公司.2009.2
[27]太佳高速东段第DZ1合同段详细工程地质勘察报告(西庄一号隧道).中交第一公路勘察设计研究院有限公司.2009.2
[34] RAMAC GroundVision Software Manuel. Mal? GeoScience USA, Inc
[35] RAMAC GroundVision CUII Manuel. Mal? GeoScience USA, Inc
[28]潘树荣,张永防,谢福明.从黄龙洞隧道施工探讨黄土隧道施工方法.铁道工程学报.2007.12
[29]由广明,刘学增,汪成兵.地质雷达在公路隧道超前地质预报中的应用.公路交通科技.2006.10
[30]葛增超,刘东升.土木工程中常见目标体的地质雷达图谱特征川.后勤工程学院学报,2005.2.P19-22
[31]方建立,应松,贾进.地质雷达在公路隧道超前地质预报中的应用.中国岩溶. 2005.2. P160-163.
[32]王东才.探地雷达与工程地质勘探.物探装备. 2001.3. P199-212
[33]刘传孝.探地雷达空洞探测机理研究及应用实例分析.岩石力学与工程学报. 2000.2. P238-241
[36] Kevin Black, Peter Kopac. The Application of Ground Penetrating Radar in Highway Engineering. Public Roads.1992.3
[37] Sylvie Jilard, Jean-Claude Dubois. Analysis of GPR Data: Wave Propagation Velocity Determination. Journal of Applied Geophysics,1995,vol33.
[38] Derald G.Smith,Harry M.Jol. Ground Penetrating Radar. Antenna Frequencies and Maximum Probable Depths of Penetration in Quaternary Sediments. Journal of Applied Geophysics,1995,vol.33, No.1-3
[39] Cheng Jiulong. Research on detecting of under ground mined-outareas by using GPR. Yantu Lixue and Soil Mechanics. 2004.9
[40] Guo.Y.C. Improved loading profile for GPR antenna applications. Journal of Electromagnetic Wave and Applications. 2007.9
[41] Davaru,Dauakar. Ground Penetrating Radar(GPR) base system for nondestructive detection of interior defects in wooden logs. International Journal of Manufacturing Research,n3,n4. P425-451. 2008
[42] Harari.Z. Ground Penetrating Radar for imaging stratigraphic features and groundwater in sand dunes. Journal of Applied Geophysics,v36,n1. P43-52. 1996.11
[43] Kositsky.Joel. Forward-looking high-resolution GPR system. Proceedings of SPIE– The international Society for Optical Engineering,v3710,n11. P1052-1062. 1999
[2]刘际国,杨家松.四川锦屏二级水电站辅助洞超前地质预报总结报告2006.5,P34-35
[3]白哲.地质雷达在隧道超前预报中的应用.武汉理工大学硕士学位论文2006.4
[4]李大洪.地质雷达的应用现状和发展前景.煤田地质与勘探. 1997.10. P61-64
[5]刘利英.地质雷达在工程物探中的应用研究.成都理工大学硕士学位论文. 2008.5
[6]李东平.大断面黄土隧道施工技术探讨.山西建筑. 2008.2
[7]黄忆龙.红外线探水法在隧道超前探水预报中的应用.煤炭技术. 2007.4
[8]何小新,朱学文,詹建军.隧道掘进超前地质预报技术的比较与选择.矿山机械. 2005.8
[9]孔祥春.探地雷达的基本理论. 2005年地质雷达技术及其在工程检测中的应用学术研讨会. 2005
[10]刘四新,曾昭发.频散介质中地质雷达波传播的数值模拟.地球物理学报.2007.1.P320-326
[11]孙洪星.有耗介质高频脉冲电磁波传播衰减理论与应用的实践研究.煤炭学报.2001.12
[12]马海武,王丽黎,赵仙红.电磁场理论.北京邮电大学出版社,2004.
[13]熊皓.电磁波传播与空间环境.电子工业出版社,2004.
[14]董延朋,孔祥春.影响地质雷达工作的因素分析.物探装备.2007.6
[15]孙洪星,李凤明.探地雷达高频电磁波传播衰减机理与应用实例.岩石力学与工程学报.2002.3
[16]孙洪星,康永华.有耗介质探地雷达波传播衰减特性的研究.工程地质学报,1999.7.P344一345
[17]陈宏伟.关于黄土研究的简要综述.山西建筑.2009.8
[18]达瓦.黄土的工程特性及湿陷性评价实例.西部探矿工程.2007.11
[19]李毅.山西省湿陷性黄土地区地基处理方法的探讨.山西建筑.2008.11
[20]张卫华.山西省湿陷性黄土地区高速公路路基设计.山西交通科技.2009.12
[21]隋贵发,李凤霞.山西湿陷性的黄土特性及其地基土处理方法.山西建筑.2004.7
[22]邵生俊.黄土的结构性参数、强度特性及弹塑性本构模型.第一届全国岩土本构理论研讨会论文集.2008.11
[23]侯兆霞,刘中欣,武春龙.特殊土地基.中国建筑工业出版社.2007.8
[24]公路隧道施工技术规范(JTJ042-94).交通部重庆公路科学研究所
[25]客运专线铁路隧道工程施工技术指南(TZZ14-2005)
[26]太佳高速东段第DZ1合同段详细工程地质勘察报告(井儿沟隧道).中交第一公路勘察设计研究院有限公司.2009.2
[27]太佳高速东段第DZ1合同段详细工程地质勘察报告(西庄一号隧道).中交第一公路勘察设计研究院有限公司.2009.2
[34] RAMAC GroundVision Software Manuel. Mal? GeoScience USA, Inc
[35] RAMAC GroundVision CUII Manuel. Mal? GeoScience USA, Inc
[28]潘树荣,张永防,谢福明.从黄龙洞隧道施工探讨黄土隧道施工方法.铁道工程学报.2007.12
[29]由广明,刘学增,汪成兵.地质雷达在公路隧道超前地质预报中的应用.公路交通科技.2006.10
[30]葛增超,刘东升.土木工程中常见目标体的地质雷达图谱特征川.后勤工程学院学报,2005.2.P19-22
[31]方建立,应松,贾进.地质雷达在公路隧道超前地质预报中的应用.中国岩溶. 2005.2. P160-163.
[32]王东才.探地雷达与工程地质勘探.物探装备. 2001.3. P199-212
[33]刘传孝.探地雷达空洞探测机理研究及应用实例分析.岩石力学与工程学报. 2000.2. P238-241
[36] Kevin Black, Peter Kopac. The Application of Ground Penetrating Radar in Highway Engineering. Public Roads.1992.3
[37] Sylvie Jilard, Jean-Claude Dubois. Analysis of GPR Data: Wave Propagation Velocity Determination. Journal of Applied Geophysics,1995,vol33.
[38] Derald G.Smith,Harry M.Jol. Ground Penetrating Radar. Antenna Frequencies and Maximum Probable Depths of Penetration in Quaternary Sediments. Journal of Applied Geophysics,1995,vol.33, No.1-3
[39] Cheng Jiulong. Research on detecting of under ground mined-outareas by using GPR. Yantu Lixue and Soil Mechanics. 2004.9
[40] Guo.Y.C. Improved loading profile for GPR antenna applications. Journal of Electromagnetic Wave and Applications. 2007.9
[41] Davaru,Dauakar. Ground Penetrating Radar(GPR) base system for nondestructive detection of interior defects in wooden logs. International Journal of Manufacturing Research,n3,n4. P425-451. 2008
[42] Harari.Z. Ground Penetrating Radar for imaging stratigraphic features and groundwater in sand dunes. Journal of Applied Geophysics,v36,n1. P43-52. 1996.11
[43] Kositsky.Joel. Forward-looking high-resolution GPR system. Proceedings of SPIE– The international Society for Optical Engineering,v3710,n11. P1052-1062. 1999