中国服务业生产率及其影响因素研究
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摘要
生产率是经济持续增长的源泉,生产率问题是当代经济学界的长青问题之一。未来我国经济将向服务经济转变,在当前转型升级、扩大内需的背景下,发展服务业是现阶段政策的重点。关注服务业生产率的Baumol-Fuchs假说指出,服务业是生产率滞后的部门,服务业的增长会拖累整体经济增长。虽然服务业增长滞后假说受到越来越多的质疑,但在我国,确实存在服务业发展滞后、生产率偏低的现象。这种现象的成因是什么?服务业发展受到何种因素阻碍?要用何种手段才能推动服务业发展?这一系列的问题归结起来是本文的研究主题：我国服务业生产率的影响因素。
服务业与制造业不同的特点是：无形性、异质性、生产消费的同时性、不可运输和储存性。为了突出服务业的特点,本文建立了一个基于服务业性质的行业发展的四化框架。它们按照企业-区域-国家-国际的递进顺序分别是：现代化、规模化、市场化和全球化。本文又进一步将抽象的四化具体表述为：创新、集聚、市场管制和国际一体化。在这四个具体因素的基础上,本文研究了它们和服务业生产率的关系。本文的第三章使用了统计年鉴数据和上市公司数据,对服务业生产率做了分地区、分时段、分行业以及分所有制的具体分析。在接下来的第四章到第七章中,本文所做工作如下：
在第四章,本文依照服务业创新的特点,设计了若干指标反映服务业创新。通过实证本文发现,有别于制造业的是,客户企业以及同行竞争企业是服务业创新的主要动力。这说明开放式创新在服务业创新中更加重要。在大多数情况下,创新对服务企业以及知识密集型的服务企业生产率有显著正面影响,但与非知识密集型服务业关系不显著。
在第五章,本文区别了服务业集聚与制造业集聚,建立了基于需求的集聚机制模型,指出需求在服务业集聚中的重要作用：较高的社会需求水平拉动了服务业的集聚,集聚的外溢效应刺激了服务业劳动生产率的提高,并且.通过收益递增的形式自我强化。实证表明,我国城市化是一种“半城市化”,这种“半城市化”无法产生对拉动服务业集聚的有效需求。此外,服务业集聚的模式也较为粗放。
在第六章,本文发现对服务业的政策歧视比制造业要严重。本文建立的管制影响企业生产率的模型的机理是,政府的管制政策有可能成为竞争道路上的障碍。它或是保护在位企业垄断,或是排斥新企业的进入,从而损害了正常竞争秩序,造成市场的扭曲。高效企业不能进入,低效企业没有变革压力,全行业的生产率就也无法提升。实证表明,放松对私营或外国资本进入并没有明显的对生产率的促进作用,而国有垄断力量下降时对生产率有促进作用。这说明对服务业的管制可能有结构失衡的问题,以及对服务业的管制实际上并未放松。
在第七章,考虑到服务业的本地化特性,主要讨论到底是全球化对生产率影响大,还是本土区域一体化对服务业生产率影响更大?本文从服务贸易的角度实证了全球化与服务业企业效率之问的关系,并从供应链全球化的角度分析了国际化与本土区域一体化对企业生产率的影响。从服务贸易的角度看,全球化程度与生产率之间有较为明显的正面关系。从供应链关系的角度看,竞争者的全球化程度与生产率正相关,供货商本土化的程度与生产率正相关。该结论说明对本土区域一体化和全球一体化不应当存在厚此薄彼的关系。对外开放的前提首先是对内开放。
第八章回顾了以前章节的内容,并对全文作了总结,提出了相应的政策和建议。
本文主要有两个方面的贡献,一是突出了服务的性质。本文分析框架有别于制造业,弥补了以往在制造业假定下研究生产率影响因素文献的不足。二是本文采用微观调查数据和宏观统计数据结合的相结合的实证,弥补了以往仅采用统计数据可能发生的核算缺陷。
Productivity is the source of economic growth, and the problems associated with productivity are long-term problems that have attracted many economists. As the contribution of the service industry to GDP gradually increases in China, the government would give high priority to develop service industry in the next period. Besides, developing service industry would help industrial structural transformation and expand domestic demand. However, the Baumol-Fuchs hypothesis argues that the productivity of service industry is lagged behind manufacturing. In Baumol's model, the lack of growth in productivity in service industry would lead to the lack of growth of the whole economy. Although this hypothesis has been challenged, the phenomena of lagging productivity and the underdevelopment of service industry in China are actually existent. What are the origins of such phenomena? Which factors hinder the growth of the service industry? How can we promote the development of the service industry? These questions capture the topics of this dissertation.
Services differ from goods in a number of ways. Services are intangible and insubstantial, so they are non-transportable and non-storable. Services are co-produced with the consumers and consumed during the same period of time. Services are regarded as heterogeneous, since they are typically produced for each consumer and one-time generated. In order to highlight these characteristics of services this dissertation uses four key dimensions of development to describe the determinant of productivity of service industry in China. The analysis is provided at four scales---enterprise-wide, regional, national, and international. Four dimensions of service industry development are innovation, agglomeration, regulation and internalization. This dissertation is written based on the relationship between four dimensions and productivity in service industry as follows:
Chapter3uses the macro data from statistical yearbook and the micro data from listed companies, then describes the production efficiency of service industry by sector, region, period, and ownership. This chapter aims to give a picture of the productivity of service industry in china.
Chapter4examines the relationship between innovation and productivity. Special features that services innovate differently from manufacturing is emphasized, and several indicators are used to proxy service innovation. The main findings of this chapter are:unlike manufacturing innovation, customers and competitors are the main drivers of service innovation. Under most circumstances, innovation has a positive impact on service firms, especially on knowledge-intensive sectors. There is no significant relationship between innovation and non-knowledge-intensive sectors.
Chapter5distinguishes the differences between service agglomeration and manufacturing agglomeration. This chapter rethinks the agglomeration of service industry using a demand-based perspective, i.e., market demand boosts the agglomeration, especially in service industry, and the productivity of service industry increases with the level of agglomeration. Empirical support is found using China's provincial data from2004-2009, and it also indicates a crude economic growth pattern and the existence of "semi-urbanization" which might be fail to generate effective demand that could drive service agglomeration.
Chapter6finds the evidence of tight regulation in service industry. In this chapter a model which shows regulation affects firm productivity is build. Regulation policy would discourage competition. It protects the incumbent monopoly firms and blocks the entry of efficient firms. In the absence of entry of efficient firms, low-efficiency firms could survive without investing in innovation, thus reduces the efficiency of the entire market. Empirical results show that relaxing entry of private or foreign firms does not significantly affect productivity growth. However, decreasing monopoly power of SOEs has a significant positive effect on productivity growth. These facts indicate that regulation in service industry might be imbalanced between sectors.
Chapter7considers two points:regional integration and internationalization of service industry. Service industry is more localized than manufacturing, hence regional integration might have positive impact on productivity of service industry. This chapter examines these relationships via trade liberalization and supply chain globalization. Empirical results show that more globalized service firms are more productive. Globalization degree of competitors and the degree of regional integration of supplier are positively associated with firm productivity. These results demonstrate regional integration and globalization is equally important for service firms in China.
Chapter8concludes and provides policy suggestions.
In sum, this dissertation contributes to the current literature on the service industry in two areas:1) it builds a service-oriented framework, highlighting the essential features of service.2) it employs micro-level data, compensating the potential measurement problems caused by statistical accounting.
服务业与制造业不同的特点是：无形性、异质性、生产消费的同时性、不可运输和储存性。为了突出服务业的特点,本文建立了一个基于服务业性质的行业发展的四化框架。它们按照企业-区域-国家-国际的递进顺序分别是：现代化、规模化、市场化和全球化。本文又进一步将抽象的四化具体表述为：创新、集聚、市场管制和国际一体化。在这四个具体因素的基础上,本文研究了它们和服务业生产率的关系。本文的第三章使用了统计年鉴数据和上市公司数据,对服务业生产率做了分地区、分时段、分行业以及分所有制的具体分析。在接下来的第四章到第七章中,本文所做工作如下：
在第四章,本文依照服务业创新的特点,设计了若干指标反映服务业创新。通过实证本文发现,有别于制造业的是,客户企业以及同行竞争企业是服务业创新的主要动力。这说明开放式创新在服务业创新中更加重要。在大多数情况下,创新对服务企业以及知识密集型的服务企业生产率有显著正面影响,但与非知识密集型服务业关系不显著。
在第五章,本文区别了服务业集聚与制造业集聚,建立了基于需求的集聚机制模型,指出需求在服务业集聚中的重要作用：较高的社会需求水平拉动了服务业的集聚,集聚的外溢效应刺激了服务业劳动生产率的提高,并且.通过收益递增的形式自我强化。实证表明,我国城市化是一种“半城市化”,这种“半城市化”无法产生对拉动服务业集聚的有效需求。此外,服务业集聚的模式也较为粗放。
在第六章,本文发现对服务业的政策歧视比制造业要严重。本文建立的管制影响企业生产率的模型的机理是,政府的管制政策有可能成为竞争道路上的障碍。它或是保护在位企业垄断,或是排斥新企业的进入,从而损害了正常竞争秩序,造成市场的扭曲。高效企业不能进入,低效企业没有变革压力,全行业的生产率就也无法提升。实证表明,放松对私营或外国资本进入并没有明显的对生产率的促进作用,而国有垄断力量下降时对生产率有促进作用。这说明对服务业的管制可能有结构失衡的问题,以及对服务业的管制实际上并未放松。
在第七章,考虑到服务业的本地化特性,主要讨论到底是全球化对生产率影响大,还是本土区域一体化对服务业生产率影响更大?本文从服务贸易的角度实证了全球化与服务业企业效率之问的关系,并从供应链全球化的角度分析了国际化与本土区域一体化对企业生产率的影响。从服务贸易的角度看,全球化程度与生产率之间有较为明显的正面关系。从供应链关系的角度看,竞争者的全球化程度与生产率正相关,供货商本土化的程度与生产率正相关。该结论说明对本土区域一体化和全球一体化不应当存在厚此薄彼的关系。对外开放的前提首先是对内开放。
第八章回顾了以前章节的内容,并对全文作了总结,提出了相应的政策和建议。
本文主要有两个方面的贡献,一是突出了服务的性质。本文分析框架有别于制造业,弥补了以往在制造业假定下研究生产率影响因素文献的不足。二是本文采用微观调查数据和宏观统计数据结合的相结合的实证,弥补了以往仅采用统计数据可能发生的核算缺陷。
Productivity is the source of economic growth, and the problems associated with productivity are long-term problems that have attracted many economists. As the contribution of the service industry to GDP gradually increases in China, the government would give high priority to develop service industry in the next period. Besides, developing service industry would help industrial structural transformation and expand domestic demand. However, the Baumol-Fuchs hypothesis argues that the productivity of service industry is lagged behind manufacturing. In Baumol's model, the lack of growth in productivity in service industry would lead to the lack of growth of the whole economy. Although this hypothesis has been challenged, the phenomena of lagging productivity and the underdevelopment of service industry in China are actually existent. What are the origins of such phenomena? Which factors hinder the growth of the service industry? How can we promote the development of the service industry? These questions capture the topics of this dissertation.
Services differ from goods in a number of ways. Services are intangible and insubstantial, so they are non-transportable and non-storable. Services are co-produced with the consumers and consumed during the same period of time. Services are regarded as heterogeneous, since they are typically produced for each consumer and one-time generated. In order to highlight these characteristics of services this dissertation uses four key dimensions of development to describe the determinant of productivity of service industry in China. The analysis is provided at four scales---enterprise-wide, regional, national, and international. Four dimensions of service industry development are innovation, agglomeration, regulation and internalization. This dissertation is written based on the relationship between four dimensions and productivity in service industry as follows:
Chapter3uses the macro data from statistical yearbook and the micro data from listed companies, then describes the production efficiency of service industry by sector, region, period, and ownership. This chapter aims to give a picture of the productivity of service industry in china.
Chapter4examines the relationship between innovation and productivity. Special features that services innovate differently from manufacturing is emphasized, and several indicators are used to proxy service innovation. The main findings of this chapter are:unlike manufacturing innovation, customers and competitors are the main drivers of service innovation. Under most circumstances, innovation has a positive impact on service firms, especially on knowledge-intensive sectors. There is no significant relationship between innovation and non-knowledge-intensive sectors.
Chapter5distinguishes the differences between service agglomeration and manufacturing agglomeration. This chapter rethinks the agglomeration of service industry using a demand-based perspective, i.e., market demand boosts the agglomeration, especially in service industry, and the productivity of service industry increases with the level of agglomeration. Empirical support is found using China's provincial data from2004-2009, and it also indicates a crude economic growth pattern and the existence of "semi-urbanization" which might be fail to generate effective demand that could drive service agglomeration.
Chapter6finds the evidence of tight regulation in service industry. In this chapter a model which shows regulation affects firm productivity is build. Regulation policy would discourage competition. It protects the incumbent monopoly firms and blocks the entry of efficient firms. In the absence of entry of efficient firms, low-efficiency firms could survive without investing in innovation, thus reduces the efficiency of the entire market. Empirical results show that relaxing entry of private or foreign firms does not significantly affect productivity growth. However, decreasing monopoly power of SOEs has a significant positive effect on productivity growth. These facts indicate that regulation in service industry might be imbalanced between sectors.
Chapter7considers two points:regional integration and internationalization of service industry. Service industry is more localized than manufacturing, hence regional integration might have positive impact on productivity of service industry. This chapter examines these relationships via trade liberalization and supply chain globalization. Empirical results show that more globalized service firms are more productive. Globalization degree of competitors and the degree of regional integration of supplier are positively associated with firm productivity. These results demonstrate regional integration and globalization is equally important for service firms in China.
Chapter8concludes and provides policy suggestions.
In sum, this dissertation contributes to the current literature on the service industry in two areas:1) it builds a service-oriented framework, highlighting the essential features of service.2) it employs micro-level data, compensating the potential measurement problems caused by statistical accounting.
引文
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