光伏并网发电系统若干关键技术的研究
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摘要
采用现代电力电子技术、数字信号处理技术和先进控制理论的光伏发电系统目前已经成为研究热点，它被视为解决能源危机的最有效和最具潜力的途径之一。本文以光伏并网发电系统为研究对象，针对系统中逆变器拓扑、并网电流控制以及提高系统可靠性等几个关键技术进行了深入研究，以提高光伏并网发电系统的性能。论文的主要内容如下：
1、深入研究一种新型逆变器——Z源逆变器。本文分析了Z源逆变器的电路拓扑，研究了Z源逆变器的各个状态变量之间存在的关系，提出在非理想条件下Z源逆变器直通矢量的最佳工作范围。本文阐述了Z源逆变器小信号动态模型，首次建立起基于动态相量法的Z源逆变器大信号模型，推导出Z源逆变器的时不变状态空间方程。与Z源逆变器的小信号模型相比较，本文建立的大信号模型可以更为准确地反应Z源逆变器的实际工作电压、电流状况。本文给出了Z源逆变器的小信号模型、大信号模型和实际电路的仿真对比结果。
2、借助于零极点图和Bode图分析方法，本文分析了Z源逆变器的非最小相位特性。考虑到光伏系统特性、Z源逆变器控制逻辑要求及非最小相位特性，本文提出了一种基于固定开关频率的滑模控制器，以改善系统的动态性能，增强鲁棒性。本文详细阐述了滑模控制器的设计过程，利用小信号法对该采用滑模控制器的闭环系统稳定性进行了分析，确定了控制器的参数选取原则。仿真和实验结果表明在滑模控制器作用下，直流侧非最小相位特性对系统产生的影响被消除，提高了直流母线电压质量，保证了并网电流不发生畸变。这种对Z源网络电压的控制方法可以进一步推广到其他类型Z源功率变换器中。
3、并网电流控制技术在并网发电系统中具有重要地位。采用T型并网滤波器可以提高并网电流质量。但是由于T型滤波器增加了系统阶数，不恰当的控制方法会导致并网电流谐振。本文重点分析了不同处阻尼对T型滤波器滤波效果影响，利用非线性控制中的重要理论——无源控制（PBC）理论，提出将“互联与阻尼配置无源控制（IDA-PBC）”策略应用到采用T型滤波器的并网逆变系统中，从而在保证并网电流质量前提下，实现了系统的全局稳定。该控制策略从能量平衡的角度出发，具有算法简单、物理意义明确的特点。仿真和实验结果均表明在该控制策略作用下，系统的动、静态性能俱佳，实现了系统的全局稳定。
4、电力系统普遍存在的传导干扰会通过电力线等进入供电子系统，可能导致光伏并网发电系统无法正常运行；同时供电子系统一般都要求与电力系统进行电气隔离。为了提高光伏并网发电系统的可靠性，本文提出一种具有抗传导干扰的变压器IFT（Interference-Free Transformer）。IFT采用具有气隙分路的磁路结构，从而在变压器一次侧和二次侧之间等效出一个降压电感。这个电感与一个并联谐振电路相串联以实现对高频差模干扰的抑制。此外，两个绕向相反的绕组与一次侧绕组串联以实现对共模干扰的抑制。本文推导出能真实反映IFT特性的等效电路模型，并给出了IFT具体的设计和优化方法。最后，本文通过Matlab/Simulink软件对IFT的等效电路的仿真和样机实验，验证了IFT对传导干扰的抑制效果。
5、光伏并网发电系统需要快速地获得电网电压的基波初相和频率。常用的硬件锁相环存在漂移、抖动、依赖过零检测等缺点。本文提出了一种基于软件的幅值、相位、频率一体化检测算法。在启动阶段，输入信号及其基波正交信号送入相位校正环节，对输出信号的相位和幅值进行控制。当系统进入稳态附近后，控制方法切换到用频率间接控制相位的方式，从而得到稳定的幅值、相位、频率信号。该算法在兼顾动态和稳态性能的同时，避免了实时正弦值计算，非常适合在DSP等数字信号处理器上应用。本文采用Matlab进行了仿真，并以TMS320C2812DSP实现了该算法。
The grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system which uses power electronics technology,digital signal processing and advanced control theory has been focused currently. It is one ofthe most effective and potential solutions to combat the energy crisis. In this thesis, invertertopologies, grid-connected current control methods and systematic reliability etc, all of whichare important to the performance of the grid-connected PV system, are discussed. At the sametime some new methods are proposed to improve the PV system performance. The maincontents of the thesis are as below:
1. The thesis studied a new inverter, namely Z-source inverter. In the thesis the topology ofthe Z-source inverter is analyzed and the relationships of the all state variables arerevealed. Research is done on the best range of the shoot-through state in the nonidealcondition. The small-signal model of Z-source expatiates. The large-signal model of theZ-source inverter which is based on the dynamic phasor method is proposed firstly and itstime-invariant state-space equations are deducted. Compared to the small-signal model,the proposed large-signal model can reflect more accurate of its voltage and current. Thesimulation results of the small-signal model, the large-signal model and the actual circuitsare contrasted and analyzed.
2. With the help of the pole and zero trajectories and the Bode diagram, the non-minimum-phase characteristic of Z-source inverter is studied in the thesis. According to thenon-minimum-phase characteristic presented in the DC-side and the functional demandsof the system, two constant-frequency sliding-mode controllers are proposed to guaranteethe system robustness. By using the controllers, the effects caused by thenon-minimum-phase characteristic are mitigated. The quality of grid-connected current isensured. The design process of the controllers is depicted. Also, a small-signal modelingmethod is employed to analyze stability of the close-loop system and its parameters arecalculated. The correctness and validity of the inverter and proposed controllers areproved by simulation and experimental results. Furthermore, the control method to theDC-side voltage of Z-source can also been used in other sorts of Z-source inverter and converter.
3. The current control method plays an important role to quality of the grid-connected PVsystem. Using T filter, the quality of the grid-connected current can be improved.However, due to T filter the systematic ranks are increased, improper control arithmeticwill cause grid-connected current resonance. In this thesis, the filtering performance isparticularly analyzed when the damping is imposed in different location on the T filter.One kind of passivity-based control theory, namely Interconnection and DampingAssignment Passivity-based Control (IDA-PBC), is proposed to improve the quality ofgrid-connected current and to realize the global stability. This simple control strategy,which is based on energy balancing, has a clear physical meaning. Simulation andexperimental results of this method verify that the static and dynamics characteristics ofthe system are fine and global stabilities are realized.
4. The grid-connected PV system would not operate normally if the conduction-interferences,which exist universally in the power system, come into the power-supply subsystem viathe power line. Meanwhile, it is necessary that the power-supply subsystem is isolatedfrom the power source. In order to improve the systematic reliability, a novelInterference-free Transformer (IFT) is proposed to suppress conduction-interference. Thefabrication of IFT is materialized through an air-gap shunt added to the magnetic circuit ofthis transformer, while an equivalent step-down inductor can be obtained between theprimary and the secondary windings. The inductor is connected with a parallelresonance-circuit in series to form a filter-network which makes the high-frequencydifference-mode (DM) interferences be attenuated. Two windings in opposite directionsare connected in series with the primary winding to suppress the common-mode (CM)interferences. A design procedure is proposed, and a prototype is built and analyzed. Thesimulation and experimental results validate the analysis and the optimizing method forthe design of the proposed transformer.
5. Grid voltage information, such as the frequency and phase angle, is very important ingrid-connected PV system. There are some drawbacks in hardware phase-locked loop(PLL). This thesis proposes a novel software algorithm that can detects the frequency,phase and amplitude of the grid voltage simultaneously. In the start-up stage, both thegrid-voltage signal and its orthogonal signal are sent to a software phase control loop todetermine the phase and amplitude of the output. After the algorithm steps into theneighborhood of steady status, the algorithm adopts indirectly phase control method andfinally obtains stable the amplitude, frequency and phase of the input signal. The control method can meet the demands of the static state and dynamic, and also avoid to calculatethe sine value in real-time. This algorithm shows practical to be planted in MCUs andDSPs. Simulation and experimental results verify its validity.
1、深入研究一种新型逆变器——Z源逆变器。本文分析了Z源逆变器的电路拓扑，研究了Z源逆变器的各个状态变量之间存在的关系，提出在非理想条件下Z源逆变器直通矢量的最佳工作范围。本文阐述了Z源逆变器小信号动态模型，首次建立起基于动态相量法的Z源逆变器大信号模型，推导出Z源逆变器的时不变状态空间方程。与Z源逆变器的小信号模型相比较，本文建立的大信号模型可以更为准确地反应Z源逆变器的实际工作电压、电流状况。本文给出了Z源逆变器的小信号模型、大信号模型和实际电路的仿真对比结果。
2、借助于零极点图和Bode图分析方法，本文分析了Z源逆变器的非最小相位特性。考虑到光伏系统特性、Z源逆变器控制逻辑要求及非最小相位特性，本文提出了一种基于固定开关频率的滑模控制器，以改善系统的动态性能，增强鲁棒性。本文详细阐述了滑模控制器的设计过程，利用小信号法对该采用滑模控制器的闭环系统稳定性进行了分析，确定了控制器的参数选取原则。仿真和实验结果表明在滑模控制器作用下，直流侧非最小相位特性对系统产生的影响被消除，提高了直流母线电压质量，保证了并网电流不发生畸变。这种对Z源网络电压的控制方法可以进一步推广到其他类型Z源功率变换器中。
3、并网电流控制技术在并网发电系统中具有重要地位。采用T型并网滤波器可以提高并网电流质量。但是由于T型滤波器增加了系统阶数，不恰当的控制方法会导致并网电流谐振。本文重点分析了不同处阻尼对T型滤波器滤波效果影响，利用非线性控制中的重要理论——无源控制（PBC）理论，提出将“互联与阻尼配置无源控制（IDA-PBC）”策略应用到采用T型滤波器的并网逆变系统中，从而在保证并网电流质量前提下，实现了系统的全局稳定。该控制策略从能量平衡的角度出发，具有算法简单、物理意义明确的特点。仿真和实验结果均表明在该控制策略作用下，系统的动、静态性能俱佳，实现了系统的全局稳定。
4、电力系统普遍存在的传导干扰会通过电力线等进入供电子系统，可能导致光伏并网发电系统无法正常运行；同时供电子系统一般都要求与电力系统进行电气隔离。为了提高光伏并网发电系统的可靠性，本文提出一种具有抗传导干扰的变压器IFT（Interference-Free Transformer）。IFT采用具有气隙分路的磁路结构，从而在变压器一次侧和二次侧之间等效出一个降压电感。这个电感与一个并联谐振电路相串联以实现对高频差模干扰的抑制。此外，两个绕向相反的绕组与一次侧绕组串联以实现对共模干扰的抑制。本文推导出能真实反映IFT特性的等效电路模型，并给出了IFT具体的设计和优化方法。最后，本文通过Matlab/Simulink软件对IFT的等效电路的仿真和样机实验，验证了IFT对传导干扰的抑制效果。
5、光伏并网发电系统需要快速地获得电网电压的基波初相和频率。常用的硬件锁相环存在漂移、抖动、依赖过零检测等缺点。本文提出了一种基于软件的幅值、相位、频率一体化检测算法。在启动阶段，输入信号及其基波正交信号送入相位校正环节，对输出信号的相位和幅值进行控制。当系统进入稳态附近后，控制方法切换到用频率间接控制相位的方式，从而得到稳定的幅值、相位、频率信号。该算法在兼顾动态和稳态性能的同时，避免了实时正弦值计算，非常适合在DSP等数字信号处理器上应用。本文采用Matlab进行了仿真，并以TMS320C2812DSP实现了该算法。
The grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system which uses power electronics technology,digital signal processing and advanced control theory has been focused currently. It is one ofthe most effective and potential solutions to combat the energy crisis. In this thesis, invertertopologies, grid-connected current control methods and systematic reliability etc, all of whichare important to the performance of the grid-connected PV system, are discussed. At the sametime some new methods are proposed to improve the PV system performance. The maincontents of the thesis are as below:
1. The thesis studied a new inverter, namely Z-source inverter. In the thesis the topology ofthe Z-source inverter is analyzed and the relationships of the all state variables arerevealed. Research is done on the best range of the shoot-through state in the nonidealcondition. The small-signal model of Z-source expatiates. The large-signal model of theZ-source inverter which is based on the dynamic phasor method is proposed firstly and itstime-invariant state-space equations are deducted. Compared to the small-signal model,the proposed large-signal model can reflect more accurate of its voltage and current. Thesimulation results of the small-signal model, the large-signal model and the actual circuitsare contrasted and analyzed.
2. With the help of the pole and zero trajectories and the Bode diagram, the non-minimum-phase characteristic of Z-source inverter is studied in the thesis. According to thenon-minimum-phase characteristic presented in the DC-side and the functional demandsof the system, two constant-frequency sliding-mode controllers are proposed to guaranteethe system robustness. By using the controllers, the effects caused by thenon-minimum-phase characteristic are mitigated. The quality of grid-connected current isensured. The design process of the controllers is depicted. Also, a small-signal modelingmethod is employed to analyze stability of the close-loop system and its parameters arecalculated. The correctness and validity of the inverter and proposed controllers areproved by simulation and experimental results. Furthermore, the control method to theDC-side voltage of Z-source can also been used in other sorts of Z-source inverter and converter.
3. The current control method plays an important role to quality of the grid-connected PVsystem. Using T filter, the quality of the grid-connected current can be improved.However, due to T filter the systematic ranks are increased, improper control arithmeticwill cause grid-connected current resonance. In this thesis, the filtering performance isparticularly analyzed when the damping is imposed in different location on the T filter.One kind of passivity-based control theory, namely Interconnection and DampingAssignment Passivity-based Control (IDA-PBC), is proposed to improve the quality ofgrid-connected current and to realize the global stability. This simple control strategy,which is based on energy balancing, has a clear physical meaning. Simulation andexperimental results of this method verify that the static and dynamics characteristics ofthe system are fine and global stabilities are realized.
4. The grid-connected PV system would not operate normally if the conduction-interferences,which exist universally in the power system, come into the power-supply subsystem viathe power line. Meanwhile, it is necessary that the power-supply subsystem is isolatedfrom the power source. In order to improve the systematic reliability, a novelInterference-free Transformer (IFT) is proposed to suppress conduction-interference. Thefabrication of IFT is materialized through an air-gap shunt added to the magnetic circuit ofthis transformer, while an equivalent step-down inductor can be obtained between theprimary and the secondary windings. The inductor is connected with a parallelresonance-circuit in series to form a filter-network which makes the high-frequencydifference-mode (DM) interferences be attenuated. Two windings in opposite directionsare connected in series with the primary winding to suppress the common-mode (CM)interferences. A design procedure is proposed, and a prototype is built and analyzed. Thesimulation and experimental results validate the analysis and the optimizing method forthe design of the proposed transformer.
5. Grid voltage information, such as the frequency and phase angle, is very important ingrid-connected PV system. There are some drawbacks in hardware phase-locked loop(PLL). This thesis proposes a novel software algorithm that can detects the frequency,phase and amplitude of the grid voltage simultaneously. In the start-up stage, both thegrid-voltage signal and its orthogonal signal are sent to a software phase control loop todetermine the phase and amplitude of the output. After the algorithm steps into theneighborhood of steady status, the algorithm adopts indirectly phase control method andfinally obtains stable the amplitude, frequency and phase of the input signal. The control method can meet the demands of the static state and dynamic, and also avoid to calculatethe sine value in real-time. This algorithm shows practical to be planted in MCUs andDSPs. Simulation and experimental results verify its validity.
引文
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