赣江峡江段四大家鱼资源及其遗传多样性研究
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摘要
赣江位于长江中下游南岸,发源于石城县洋地乡赣源岽,于永修县吴城镇注入鄱阳湖,主河道全长823km,以赣州、新干为界,赣江分为上游、中游和下游三段,其中上游长312km,中游303km,下游208km。峡江县位于赣江中游,介于北纬27°27'-27°45'和东径114°53'-115°31'之间。赣江峡江段的江面狭窄,流水急湍,其特殊的地理位置和复杂的自然环境,孕育了该地区丰富的鱼类资源。在赣江中游河段,1993年建设了万安水利枢纽,近几年,陆续开始建设石虎塘、峡江水利枢纽。这些水利设施对赣江中游的鱼类资源构成了严重的威胁,产生了非常不利的影响。
本文对赣江峡江段的渔业状况、四大家鱼当龄幼鱼的形态学、四大家鱼资源现状和赣江中游四大家鱼产卵场现状进行分析,并且对四大家鱼遗传结构进行ISSR分子标记研究,目的在于揭示赣江峡江段四大家鱼资源现状及其繁殖群体情况,为保护四大家鱼的资源提供科学依据,同时为水利工程对鱼类资源的影响研究打下基础。主要研究结果如下：
1.2008年的12月和2009年4-6月,对赣江峡江段的渔业状况进行了采样调查,共采集鱼类标本8134尾,鉴定为71种或亚种,隶属7目16科58属,以鲤形目鱼类为主要类群,占总数的70.42%。对比文献,赣江鱼类新增记录6种：短颌鲚(Coilia brachygnathus)、革条副鱊(Paracheilognathus himantegus)、寡鳞鱊(Acheilognathus hypselonotus)、侧条光唇鱼(Acrossocheilus parallens)、青梢红鮊(Erythroculter dabryi)、间下鱵(Hyporhamphus intermedius)。
2.2009年7月和8月,分别采集到青鱼、草鱼、鲢、鳙当龄幼鱼4、47、32、37尾,对其常规形态学数据进行测量,结果显示4种鱼的种内差异较小,显示出种群比较整齐,但4种鱼各自表现出特有的形态学特点。
3.2008年4-6月和2009年4-6月,对赣江峡江段的四大家鱼资源现状进行调查,共采集四大家鱼464尾,其中青鱼49尾,占10.56%；草鱼272尾,占58.62%；鲢84尾,占18.10%；鳙59尾,占12.72%。结果表明：赣江峡江段四大家鱼资源匮乏,四大家鱼占总渔获物的比例很少,除草鱼还有一定数量外,青鱼、鲢、鳙的较难捕到。年龄以1-2龄为主,其数量超过整个四大家鱼总数的80%。除青鱼个体相对较大外,草鱼、鲢、鳙均个体均较小。另外,繁殖群体的数量极少,仅占四大家鱼总数的32%。
4.2008年12月和2009年6月,通过现场采样分析、问卷调查渔民等方式对赣江中游四大家鱼产卵场现状进行了初步分析,结果表明：赣江中游12处传统四大家鱼产卵场已逐渐消失,产卵场的规模已经大大缩小。仅位于万安水利枢纽上游的赣州储潭和下游的峡江产卵场保存较好。
5.利用ISSR分子标记技术对赣江峡江段四大家鱼的遗传多样性进行分析,青鱼、草鱼、鲢、鳙扩增出的位点数分别为47、74、55、59,多态性位点数分别为33、50、29、30,多态性位点比例分别为70.21%、67.57%、52.73%、51.72%。青鱼的Nei's基因多样性和Shannon信息指数分别为0.2606和0.3846,草鱼为0.2391和0.3560,鲢为0.1858和0.2769,鳙为0.1908和0.2827。4种鱼的遗传相似度和变异指数为：青鱼0.7486和0.2514,草鱼0.7700和0.2300,鲢0.8184和0.1816,鳙0.8150和0.1850。结果显示赣江四大家鱼群体遗传相似度较低,存在较大的遗传变异空间,其遗传多样性丰富,仍然保持着天然种群的遗传性状。
The Ganjiang river locates at south shore of Yangtze River and originate from Ganyuandong in Yangdi township、Shicheng County, pour into Poyang lake at Wucheng town of yongxiu country, the main stem of Ganjiang river is Length 823 km, fringe by Ganzhou state and Xingan country, Ganjiang river is divided into upstream, midstream and the downstream, among which the upstream Length 312 km, midstream Length 303 km, downstream Length 208 km. The Xiajiang county locates at midstream of Ganjiang river, the Longitude east of Greenwich is from 114°53'to 115°31', and the Northern latiutde is from 27°27'to 27°45'. The river's noodles of the Ganjiang river in the Xiajiang reach is narrow, flowing water rapids, owning to its special geography position and complicated natural environment, it is abundant in fish resources. In the middle reach of Ganjiang river, the wan'an Dam was build up in 1993, in recent years, are starting to build Shihutang and Xiajiang Dam. These water facilities in the middle reach of Ganjiang river's fish resources constitutes a serious threat, resulting in a very negative impact.
This paper study the fish resources, morphological characters of Four major Chinese carps'young fish, resources status of Four major Chinese carps and genetic diversity of Four major Chinese carps in Xiajiang reach of Ganjiang river. In addition, we studied spawning ground status of four major Chinese carps in the middle reach of Ganjiang river, Aim at reveal the resource status and breeding population of four major Chinese carps in Xiajiang reach of Ganjiang river, and offer scientific proof to the protection of four major Chinese carps'resource status, at the same time evaluate the influence by the water project of fish resources investigation in the future. The primary results were showed as follows:
1. Investigated the fish resources in Xiajiang reach of Ganjiang river in December,2008 and April to June,2009.8134 specimens, including seventy-one species, belonging to fifty-eight genera, sixteen families and seven orders, were collected. Cypriniformes, including 46 species, is the most species-rich order, account for 70.42% of total stream fish. Six new records of fish fauna were found such as: Acheilognathus hypselonotus, Coilia brachygnathus, Acrossocheilus parallens, Erythroculter dabryi, Paracheilognathus himantegus, Hemirhamphus intermedius.
2. Gather young fish of four major Chinese carps, we collected 4 black carp,47 grass carp,32 silver carp and 37 bighead carp. Measured the morphological characters of them, The results showing, intraspecific difference in 4 kinds of fishes is small and these population growing tidiness, but 4 kinds of fishes respectively express a special appearance of characteristics.
3. Investigated the resource status of the four major Chinese carps in Xiajiang reach of Ganjiang river from April to June in 2008 and 2009, Collected 464 samples in all,including 49 Mylopharyngodon piceus,272 Ctenopharyngodon idellus,84 Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and 59 Aristichthys nobilis, each of them takes the proportion of 10.56%,58.62%,18.10%,12.72%. Among these carps, fewer sexual maturation individuals were found, which are 8 Mylopharyngodon piceus,5 Ctenopharyngodon idellus,1 in each of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Aristichthys nobilis, accounted 3.2%. Besides, the age structure of them are simple, mainly low age groups fish of age 1 and 2, which accounted over 80%. The results showed that the Xiajiang reach of Ganjiang river is lack in the resource of the four major Chinese carps and also less amount of reproduction groups.
4. December,2008 and June,2009, through survey sampling analysis, questionnaire survey and enquiry fisherman etc. we investigated the status of in the middle reach of Ganjiang river, the result display the midddle reach of Ganjiang river's 12 tradition four major Chinese carps'spawning ground that has already disappeared gradually, the size of them has decreased. Only the chutan spawning ground and Xiajiang spawning ground keep better.
5. The oclonial genetic variations in four major chinese carps were analyzed with ISSR. Which generate 47(black carp),74(grass carp),55(silver carp),59 (bighead carp)bands. The number of Polymorphic band was33,50,29,30, and the Pecerentage of Polmoryphism was 70.21%,67.57%,52.73%,51.72%. The index of Nei s gene diversity and Genetic diversity quantified by Shannon Index varied of black carp are 0.2606 and 0.3846, grass carp are 0.2391 and 0.3560, silver carp are 0.1858 and 0.2769, bighead carp are 0.1908 and 0.2827. The genetic similarity between populations and coefficient of gene differentiation are:black carp (0.7486,0.2514), grass carp(0.7700,0.2300), silver carp(0.8184,0.1816), bighead carp (0.8150,0.1850). The date above showing four major Chinese carps in Xiajiang reach of Ganjiang river is lower in it's coefficient of gene differentiation, the heredity and variation space is larger, they still keeping natural population's genetic character.
本文对赣江峡江段的渔业状况、四大家鱼当龄幼鱼的形态学、四大家鱼资源现状和赣江中游四大家鱼产卵场现状进行分析,并且对四大家鱼遗传结构进行ISSR分子标记研究,目的在于揭示赣江峡江段四大家鱼资源现状及其繁殖群体情况,为保护四大家鱼的资源提供科学依据,同时为水利工程对鱼类资源的影响研究打下基础。主要研究结果如下：
1.2008年的12月和2009年4-6月,对赣江峡江段的渔业状况进行了采样调查,共采集鱼类标本8134尾,鉴定为71种或亚种,隶属7目16科58属,以鲤形目鱼类为主要类群,占总数的70.42%。对比文献,赣江鱼类新增记录6种：短颌鲚(Coilia brachygnathus)、革条副鱊(Paracheilognathus himantegus)、寡鳞鱊(Acheilognathus hypselonotus)、侧条光唇鱼(Acrossocheilus parallens)、青梢红鮊(Erythroculter dabryi)、间下鱵(Hyporhamphus intermedius)。
2.2009年7月和8月,分别采集到青鱼、草鱼、鲢、鳙当龄幼鱼4、47、32、37尾,对其常规形态学数据进行测量,结果显示4种鱼的种内差异较小,显示出种群比较整齐,但4种鱼各自表现出特有的形态学特点。
3.2008年4-6月和2009年4-6月,对赣江峡江段的四大家鱼资源现状进行调查,共采集四大家鱼464尾,其中青鱼49尾,占10.56%；草鱼272尾,占58.62%；鲢84尾,占18.10%；鳙59尾,占12.72%。结果表明：赣江峡江段四大家鱼资源匮乏,四大家鱼占总渔获物的比例很少,除草鱼还有一定数量外,青鱼、鲢、鳙的较难捕到。年龄以1-2龄为主,其数量超过整个四大家鱼总数的80%。除青鱼个体相对较大外,草鱼、鲢、鳙均个体均较小。另外,繁殖群体的数量极少,仅占四大家鱼总数的32%。
4.2008年12月和2009年6月,通过现场采样分析、问卷调查渔民等方式对赣江中游四大家鱼产卵场现状进行了初步分析,结果表明：赣江中游12处传统四大家鱼产卵场已逐渐消失,产卵场的规模已经大大缩小。仅位于万安水利枢纽上游的赣州储潭和下游的峡江产卵场保存较好。
5.利用ISSR分子标记技术对赣江峡江段四大家鱼的遗传多样性进行分析,青鱼、草鱼、鲢、鳙扩增出的位点数分别为47、74、55、59,多态性位点数分别为33、50、29、30,多态性位点比例分别为70.21%、67.57%、52.73%、51.72%。青鱼的Nei's基因多样性和Shannon信息指数分别为0.2606和0.3846,草鱼为0.2391和0.3560,鲢为0.1858和0.2769,鳙为0.1908和0.2827。4种鱼的遗传相似度和变异指数为：青鱼0.7486和0.2514,草鱼0.7700和0.2300,鲢0.8184和0.1816,鳙0.8150和0.1850。结果显示赣江四大家鱼群体遗传相似度较低,存在较大的遗传变异空间,其遗传多样性丰富,仍然保持着天然种群的遗传性状。
The Ganjiang river locates at south shore of Yangtze River and originate from Ganyuandong in Yangdi township、Shicheng County, pour into Poyang lake at Wucheng town of yongxiu country, the main stem of Ganjiang river is Length 823 km, fringe by Ganzhou state and Xingan country, Ganjiang river is divided into upstream, midstream and the downstream, among which the upstream Length 312 km, midstream Length 303 km, downstream Length 208 km. The Xiajiang county locates at midstream of Ganjiang river, the Longitude east of Greenwich is from 114°53'to 115°31', and the Northern latiutde is from 27°27'to 27°45'. The river's noodles of the Ganjiang river in the Xiajiang reach is narrow, flowing water rapids, owning to its special geography position and complicated natural environment, it is abundant in fish resources. In the middle reach of Ganjiang river, the wan'an Dam was build up in 1993, in recent years, are starting to build Shihutang and Xiajiang Dam. These water facilities in the middle reach of Ganjiang river's fish resources constitutes a serious threat, resulting in a very negative impact.
This paper study the fish resources, morphological characters of Four major Chinese carps'young fish, resources status of Four major Chinese carps and genetic diversity of Four major Chinese carps in Xiajiang reach of Ganjiang river. In addition, we studied spawning ground status of four major Chinese carps in the middle reach of Ganjiang river, Aim at reveal the resource status and breeding population of four major Chinese carps in Xiajiang reach of Ganjiang river, and offer scientific proof to the protection of four major Chinese carps'resource status, at the same time evaluate the influence by the water project of fish resources investigation in the future. The primary results were showed as follows:
1. Investigated the fish resources in Xiajiang reach of Ganjiang river in December,2008 and April to June,2009.8134 specimens, including seventy-one species, belonging to fifty-eight genera, sixteen families and seven orders, were collected. Cypriniformes, including 46 species, is the most species-rich order, account for 70.42% of total stream fish. Six new records of fish fauna were found such as: Acheilognathus hypselonotus, Coilia brachygnathus, Acrossocheilus parallens, Erythroculter dabryi, Paracheilognathus himantegus, Hemirhamphus intermedius.
2. Gather young fish of four major Chinese carps, we collected 4 black carp,47 grass carp,32 silver carp and 37 bighead carp. Measured the morphological characters of them, The results showing, intraspecific difference in 4 kinds of fishes is small and these population growing tidiness, but 4 kinds of fishes respectively express a special appearance of characteristics.
3. Investigated the resource status of the four major Chinese carps in Xiajiang reach of Ganjiang river from April to June in 2008 and 2009, Collected 464 samples in all,including 49 Mylopharyngodon piceus,272 Ctenopharyngodon idellus,84 Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and 59 Aristichthys nobilis, each of them takes the proportion of 10.56%,58.62%,18.10%,12.72%. Among these carps, fewer sexual maturation individuals were found, which are 8 Mylopharyngodon piceus,5 Ctenopharyngodon idellus,1 in each of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Aristichthys nobilis, accounted 3.2%. Besides, the age structure of them are simple, mainly low age groups fish of age 1 and 2, which accounted over 80%. The results showed that the Xiajiang reach of Ganjiang river is lack in the resource of the four major Chinese carps and also less amount of reproduction groups.
4. December,2008 and June,2009, through survey sampling analysis, questionnaire survey and enquiry fisherman etc. we investigated the status of in the middle reach of Ganjiang river, the result display the midddle reach of Ganjiang river's 12 tradition four major Chinese carps'spawning ground that has already disappeared gradually, the size of them has decreased. Only the chutan spawning ground and Xiajiang spawning ground keep better.
5. The oclonial genetic variations in four major chinese carps were analyzed with ISSR. Which generate 47(black carp),74(grass carp),55(silver carp),59 (bighead carp)bands. The number of Polymorphic band was33,50,29,30, and the Pecerentage of Polmoryphism was 70.21%,67.57%,52.73%,51.72%. The index of Nei s gene diversity and Genetic diversity quantified by Shannon Index varied of black carp are 0.2606 and 0.3846, grass carp are 0.2391 and 0.3560, silver carp are 0.1858 and 0.2769, bighead carp are 0.1908 and 0.2827. The genetic similarity between populations and coefficient of gene differentiation are:black carp (0.7486,0.2514), grass carp(0.7700,0.2300), silver carp(0.8184,0.1816), bighead carp (0.8150,0.1850). The date above showing four major Chinese carps in Xiajiang reach of Ganjiang river is lower in it's coefficient of gene differentiation, the heredity and variation space is larger, they still keeping natural population's genetic character.
引文
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