缩合单宁与水解单宁对奶牛日粮氮利用影响及作用机制的研究
|
摘要
本研究通过4个试验系统研究了缩合单宁与水解单宁对瘤胃蛋白质保护、瘤胃甲烷排放、微生物合成、甲烷菌群变化以及奶牛日粮氮利用、氮排放的影响,探讨了单宁对奶牛日粮氮利用及氮排放影响的可能作用机制。
试验一,选择豆粕作为试验饲料来源,将杨梅、马占相思两种缩合单宁以不同浓度添加到蒸馏水中(0,3,6,9mg/100ml),处理豆粕(100ml/100mg豆粕DM),使处理后的豆粕中不同来源的缩合单宁浓度分别达到0%,3%,6%和9%(豆粕DM)。充分混匀后将处理后的豆粕放在恒温培养箱中39℃C条件下放置12h,使豆粕蛋白和单宁充分反应,而橡椀单宁(水解单宁)直接以干基形式与豆粕混合。用处理后的豆粕进行尼龙袋降解和十二指肠模拟消化试验,结果表明：缩合单宁与水解单宁添加均显著降低了豆粕蛋白的瘤胃降解率,3%,6%和9%添加水平下,杨梅缩合单宁添加组分别下降了14.5%,18.9%和25.4%,马占相思缩合单宁添加组,分别下降了18.4%,24.5%和38.8%,橡椀水解单宁组分别下降了19.7%,25.1%和33%。豆粕蛋白的瘤胃有效降解率随着各试验组单宁浓度的增加均呈下降趋势,下降程度与添加单宁源有关,同时浓度与单宁源对豆粕瘤胃蛋白质瘤胃降解率也存在互作影响(P<0.05)；三种单宁的处理都影响了瘤胃未降解蛋白质后段肠道消化率,其影响规律不同。
试验二,应用试验一的处理方法,应用马占相思缩合单宁和橡椀水解单宁对不同RDP/RUP比例饲料进行处理,单宁浓度为0%,3%,6%和9%,三种饲料RDP/RUP比例分别为：饲料A(2.25：1)；饲料B(1.76：1)；饲料C(1.4：1),以处理后的饲料作为培养底物进行体外产气和尼龙袋降解试验,结果表明：随着马占相思缩合单宁添加浓度的提高,各饲料组产气参数“a”“b”、瘤胃微生物蛋白合成指标均呈显著线性下降(P<0.05),单宁浓度与RDP/RUP比例存在显著的互作作用(P<0.05)；单宁浓度与RDP/RUP比例对蛋白瘤胃有效降解率存在极显著的互作作用(P<0.001)。
随着橡椀水解单宁添加浓度的提高,饲料A组产气参数“a”呈极显著性线性下降(P<0.001),饲料B组呈显著性线性下降(P<0.05),单宁浓度与饲料RDP/RUP比例对其存在极显著的互作作用(P<0.001)；各饲料组产气参数“b”呈显著性线性下降(P<0.05),单宁浓度与RDP/RUP比例对其不存在显著的互作作用(P>0.05)；饲料A组与B组瘤胃微生物蛋白合成未受到水解单宁添加的影响,但饲料C组呈显著性线性下降(P<0.05),单宁浓度与饲料RDP/RUP比例对微生物蛋白合成不存在显著的互作作用(P>0.05)；单宁浓度与RDP/RUP比例对蛋白瘤胃有效降解率存在极显著的互作作用(P<0.001)。
试验三,应用试验二设计的B组饲料,随着马占相思缩合单宁添加浓度的提高,甲烷占总气体的比例呈显著性线性下降(P<0.05),以每g培养底物(干物质)所产生的甲烷量(mM)计算,3%,6%和9%添加组分别降低了12.6%,29.8%和44.9%,呈极显著性线性下降(P<0.001),甲烷菌占总细菌的比例呈显著性线性下降(P<0.05)；随着橡椀水解单宁添加浓度的提高甲烷占总气体的比例呈显下降趋势,但未呈显著线性下降(P>0.05),以每g培养底物(干物质)所产生的甲烷量(mM)计算,3%,6%和9%添加组分别降低了4.1%,11.8%和20.4%,呈显出极显著性线性下降(P<0.05)。甲烷菌占总细菌的比例呈显著性线性下降(P<0.05)。
试验四,选择4头体重、产奶量、泌乳阶段相近健康奶牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,分为四组,分别添加0%、3%杨梅缩合单宁、3%马占相思缩合单宁和3%橡椀水解单宁,结果表明：单宁添加并未影响奶牛采食量,对奶牛产奶量、4%乳脂校正乳、能量校正乳、乳蛋白、乳脂、乳糖影响也均不显著(P>0.05),但显著降低了乳中尿素氮浓度(P<0.05)；单宁添加对干物质,粗蛋白、NDF和ADF摄入量未产生显著影响(P>0.05)；马占相思缩合单宁组以及橡椀水解单宁的添加显著影响了奶牛日粮干物质的消化率(P<0.01),橡椀水解单宁组下降了6.8%。马占相思缩合单宁添加组下降了24%；马占相思缩合单宁添加组显著降低了日粮NDF、ADF消化率,分别下降了7.4%和8.5%；日粮粗蛋白消化率比较,杨梅缩合单宁添加组提高了4%(P<0.05),橡椀水解单宁添加组下降了11%,马占相思缩合单宁添加组下降了19%(P<0.05)；微生物嘌呤产量,杨梅缩合单宁添加组提高了14%(P<0.05),橡椀水解单宁添加组也呈上升趋势,但差异不显著,马占相思缩合单宁添加组下降了5%(P<0.05)；单宁添加对奶牛日粮氮利用率未产生影响(P>0.05),但与未添加组相比,均降低了尿氮的净排放(P<0.05),改变了粪氮/氮比例(P<0.05),其中杨梅缩合单宁尿氮和粪氮排出均显著减少(P<0.05),马占相思缩合单宁与橡椀水解单宁组粪氮尿氮总排出量增加(P<0.05)。
Four experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of condensed tannins and hydrolyzable tannins additions on ruminal protein protection, microbial synthesis,nitrogen utilization, methanogen and nitrogen emissions in dairy cows, and to explore possible mechanism on utilization of dietary nitrogen and nitrogen emissions in dairy cows with condensed tannins and hydrolyzable tannins additions.
Experiment1, Myrica rubra (Lour.)Zucc and Acacia mangium condensed tannins were distilled water and was added to the experiment feeds (soybean meal) to achieve ratios of0,300,600or900mg CT/g experiment feeds DM. Experiment feeds were incubated at39℃for12h to allow the CT to interact with the CP. Vilonia hydrolyzable tannins and soybean meal directly mixed in dry form. This experiment were conducted to investigate the effects on In situ degradability and intestinal digestibility of soybean meal with condensed tannins and hydrolyzable tannins additions. Addition of condensed tannins and hydrolyzable tannins significantly reduced In situ rumen protein digestibility of soybean meal, Addition of Myrica rubra (Lour.)Zucc condensed tannins at30,60, and90g/kg DM decreased In situ rumen protein digestibility by14.5,18.9and25.4%, Addition of Acacia mangium condensed tannins at30,60, and90g/kg DM decreased In situ rumen protein digestibility by18.4,24.5and38.8%, Addition of valonia hydrolyzable tannins at30,60, and90g/kg DM decreased In situ rumen protein digestibility by19.7,25.1%and33%.Rumen protein effective degradability of soybean meal showed a downward trend with addition concentration increasing of condensed and hydrolyzable tannin(P<0.05), there existed a significant interaction effect on rumen protein digestibility between the concentration and source of tannins (P<0.05); the intestinal protein digestibility of rumen undegraded protein of soybean meal with condensed and hydrolyzable tannins addition.
Experiment2, method was applied in experiment1, Acacia mangium condensed tannins and valonia hydrolyzable tannins was mixed to the feed with different ratio of RDP to RUP, tannin concentration was0%,3%,6%and9%respectively, ratio of RDP to RUP was feed A (2.25:1); feed B (1.76:1); feed C (1.4:1) respectively. This experiment was conducted to investigate the interaction effects on in vitro rumen fermentation and in situ digestibility between the concentration of tannins and different ratio of RDP to RUP in feed. with the increasing of Acacia mangium condensed tannins condensation, rumen microbial protein synthesis, gas production parameters "a" and "b" decreased linearly (P<0.05), There was significant effect in terms of rumen microbial protein synthesis, gas production parameters "a" and "b" between the concentration of tannins and different ratio of RDP to RUP in feed (P<0.05); significant interaction effect was observed in terms of rumen protein effective degradability between the concentration of tannins and different ratio of RDP to RUP in feed (P<0.001). with the increase of valonia hydrolyzable tannins condensation, gas production parameters "a" decreased linearly in feed A(.P<0.001) and feed B(P<0.05), There was significant effect in terms of gas production parameters "a" between the concentration of tannins and different ratio of RDP to RUP in feed (P<0.001), significant interaction effect was observed in terms of rumen protein effective degradability between the concentration of tannins and different ratio of RDP to RUP in feed (P<0.001), with the increase of valonia hydrolyzable tannins condensation, gas production parameters "b" decreased linearly in all feed (P<0.05), rumen microbial protein synthesis, significant interaction effect was not observed between the concentration of tannins and different ratio of RDP to RUP in feed (P>0.05), microbial protein synthesis was not affected with valonia hydrolyzable tannins addition in feed A and B group (P>0.05),but linearly declined in feed C group (P<0.05), there was not significant interaction effect in terms of microbial protein synthesis between the concentration of tannins and different ratio of RDP to RUP in feed (P>0.05), significant interaction effect was observed in term of rumen protein effective between the concentration of tannins and different ratio of RDP to RUP in feed (P<0.001).
Experiment3, feed treated with tannins in experiment2was used. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects on rumen methane emissions, microbial synthesis and methanogen of soybean meal with condensed tannins and hydrolyzable tannins additions. With the increase of Acacia mangium condensed tannins concentration, the proportion of methane in total gas was decreased linearly (P<0.05), Addition of Acacia mangium condensed tannins at30,60, and90g/kg DM decreased CH4by12.6%,29.8%and44.9%, showed a highly significant linear decrease (P<0.001), proportion of methanogens to total bacteria showed a significant linear decrease (P<0.05). With the increase of valonea hydrolyzable tannins concentration, proportion methane to total gas showed downward trend (P>0.05), Addition of valonea hydrolyzable tannins at30,60, and90g/kg DM decreased CH4by by4.1%,11.8%and20.4%, was showing highly significant linear decrease (P<0.05), proportion of methanogens to total bacteria decreased linearly (P<0.05).
Experiment4, four Holstein cows were used in a4×4Latin square design to determine the effects of condensed tannins and hydrolyzable tannins additions(3%DM) on ruminal microbial synthesis,nitrogen utilization and nitrogen emissions in dairy cows. Addition of condensed and hydrlyzable tannins did not affect feed intake, milk yield,4%fat-corrected milk yield, energy corrected milk yield, milk protein percentage, milk fat percentage, milk lactose percentage (P>0.05), but significantly reduced the MUN concentration (P<0.05). Addition of condensed and hydrlyzable tannins did not affect the intake of dry matter, crude protein, NDF and ADF in dairy cows (P>0.05). Addition of Acacia mangium of condensed tannins and valonia hydrolyzable tannins significantly decreased DM digestibility by6.8%and24%in dairy cows respectively (P<0.01), and Addition of Acacia mangium of condensed tannins significantly decreased NDF and ADF digestibility by7.4%and8.5%. Addition of Myrica rubra (Lour.)Zucc condensed tannins increased dietary CP digestibility by4%(P<0.05), But Addition of Acacia mangium of condensed tannins and valonia hydrolyzable tannins decreased CP digestibility by19%and11%(P<0.05). Addition of Myrica rubra (Lour.)Zucc condensed tannins increased microbial purine production by14%(P<0.05), Addition of Valonia hydrolyzable tannins showed an upward trend(P>0.05), Addition of Acacia mangium condensed tannins decreased microbial purine production by5%(P<0.05). Addition of condensed tannins and hydrolyzable tannins did not affect dietary nitrogen utilization efficiency (P>0.05), but net excretion of urinary nitrogen reduced (P<0.05), and changed the ratio of fecal nitrogen to urinary nitrogen (P<0.05), Addition of Myrica rubra (Lour.)Zucc condensed tannins decreased urinary nitrogen and fecal nitrogen excretion(P <0.05), Addition of Acacia mangium condensed tannins and valonia hydrolyzable tannins increased fecal nitrogen and urinary nitrogen excretion (P<0.05).
试验一,选择豆粕作为试验饲料来源,将杨梅、马占相思两种缩合单宁以不同浓度添加到蒸馏水中(0,3,6,9mg/100ml),处理豆粕(100ml/100mg豆粕DM),使处理后的豆粕中不同来源的缩合单宁浓度分别达到0%,3%,6%和9%(豆粕DM)。充分混匀后将处理后的豆粕放在恒温培养箱中39℃C条件下放置12h,使豆粕蛋白和单宁充分反应,而橡椀单宁(水解单宁)直接以干基形式与豆粕混合。用处理后的豆粕进行尼龙袋降解和十二指肠模拟消化试验,结果表明：缩合单宁与水解单宁添加均显著降低了豆粕蛋白的瘤胃降解率,3%,6%和9%添加水平下,杨梅缩合单宁添加组分别下降了14.5%,18.9%和25.4%,马占相思缩合单宁添加组,分别下降了18.4%,24.5%和38.8%,橡椀水解单宁组分别下降了19.7%,25.1%和33%。豆粕蛋白的瘤胃有效降解率随着各试验组单宁浓度的增加均呈下降趋势,下降程度与添加单宁源有关,同时浓度与单宁源对豆粕瘤胃蛋白质瘤胃降解率也存在互作影响(P<0.05)；三种单宁的处理都影响了瘤胃未降解蛋白质后段肠道消化率,其影响规律不同。
试验二,应用试验一的处理方法,应用马占相思缩合单宁和橡椀水解单宁对不同RDP/RUP比例饲料进行处理,单宁浓度为0%,3%,6%和9%,三种饲料RDP/RUP比例分别为：饲料A(2.25：1)；饲料B(1.76：1)；饲料C(1.4：1),以处理后的饲料作为培养底物进行体外产气和尼龙袋降解试验,结果表明：随着马占相思缩合单宁添加浓度的提高,各饲料组产气参数“a”“b”、瘤胃微生物蛋白合成指标均呈显著线性下降(P<0.05),单宁浓度与RDP/RUP比例存在显著的互作作用(P<0.05)；单宁浓度与RDP/RUP比例对蛋白瘤胃有效降解率存在极显著的互作作用(P<0.001)。
随着橡椀水解单宁添加浓度的提高,饲料A组产气参数“a”呈极显著性线性下降(P<0.001),饲料B组呈显著性线性下降(P<0.05),单宁浓度与饲料RDP/RUP比例对其存在极显著的互作作用(P<0.001)；各饲料组产气参数“b”呈显著性线性下降(P<0.05),单宁浓度与RDP/RUP比例对其不存在显著的互作作用(P>0.05)；饲料A组与B组瘤胃微生物蛋白合成未受到水解单宁添加的影响,但饲料C组呈显著性线性下降(P<0.05),单宁浓度与饲料RDP/RUP比例对微生物蛋白合成不存在显著的互作作用(P>0.05)；单宁浓度与RDP/RUP比例对蛋白瘤胃有效降解率存在极显著的互作作用(P<0.001)。
试验三,应用试验二设计的B组饲料,随着马占相思缩合单宁添加浓度的提高,甲烷占总气体的比例呈显著性线性下降(P<0.05),以每g培养底物(干物质)所产生的甲烷量(mM)计算,3%,6%和9%添加组分别降低了12.6%,29.8%和44.9%,呈极显著性线性下降(P<0.001),甲烷菌占总细菌的比例呈显著性线性下降(P<0.05)；随着橡椀水解单宁添加浓度的提高甲烷占总气体的比例呈显下降趋势,但未呈显著线性下降(P>0.05),以每g培养底物(干物质)所产生的甲烷量(mM)计算,3%,6%和9%添加组分别降低了4.1%,11.8%和20.4%,呈显出极显著性线性下降(P<0.05)。甲烷菌占总细菌的比例呈显著性线性下降(P<0.05)。
试验四,选择4头体重、产奶量、泌乳阶段相近健康奶牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,分为四组,分别添加0%、3%杨梅缩合单宁、3%马占相思缩合单宁和3%橡椀水解单宁,结果表明：单宁添加并未影响奶牛采食量,对奶牛产奶量、4%乳脂校正乳、能量校正乳、乳蛋白、乳脂、乳糖影响也均不显著(P>0.05),但显著降低了乳中尿素氮浓度(P<0.05)；单宁添加对干物质,粗蛋白、NDF和ADF摄入量未产生显著影响(P>0.05)；马占相思缩合单宁组以及橡椀水解单宁的添加显著影响了奶牛日粮干物质的消化率(P<0.01),橡椀水解单宁组下降了6.8%。马占相思缩合单宁添加组下降了24%；马占相思缩合单宁添加组显著降低了日粮NDF、ADF消化率,分别下降了7.4%和8.5%；日粮粗蛋白消化率比较,杨梅缩合单宁添加组提高了4%(P<0.05),橡椀水解单宁添加组下降了11%,马占相思缩合单宁添加组下降了19%(P<0.05)；微生物嘌呤产量,杨梅缩合单宁添加组提高了14%(P<0.05),橡椀水解单宁添加组也呈上升趋势,但差异不显著,马占相思缩合单宁添加组下降了5%(P<0.05)；单宁添加对奶牛日粮氮利用率未产生影响(P>0.05),但与未添加组相比,均降低了尿氮的净排放(P<0.05),改变了粪氮/氮比例(P<0.05),其中杨梅缩合单宁尿氮和粪氮排出均显著减少(P<0.05),马占相思缩合单宁与橡椀水解单宁组粪氮尿氮总排出量增加(P<0.05)。
Four experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of condensed tannins and hydrolyzable tannins additions on ruminal protein protection, microbial synthesis,nitrogen utilization, methanogen and nitrogen emissions in dairy cows, and to explore possible mechanism on utilization of dietary nitrogen and nitrogen emissions in dairy cows with condensed tannins and hydrolyzable tannins additions.
Experiment1, Myrica rubra (Lour.)Zucc and Acacia mangium condensed tannins were distilled water and was added to the experiment feeds (soybean meal) to achieve ratios of0,300,600or900mg CT/g experiment feeds DM. Experiment feeds were incubated at39℃for12h to allow the CT to interact with the CP. Vilonia hydrolyzable tannins and soybean meal directly mixed in dry form. This experiment were conducted to investigate the effects on In situ degradability and intestinal digestibility of soybean meal with condensed tannins and hydrolyzable tannins additions. Addition of condensed tannins and hydrolyzable tannins significantly reduced In situ rumen protein digestibility of soybean meal, Addition of Myrica rubra (Lour.)Zucc condensed tannins at30,60, and90g/kg DM decreased In situ rumen protein digestibility by14.5,18.9and25.4%, Addition of Acacia mangium condensed tannins at30,60, and90g/kg DM decreased In situ rumen protein digestibility by18.4,24.5and38.8%, Addition of valonia hydrolyzable tannins at30,60, and90g/kg DM decreased In situ rumen protein digestibility by19.7,25.1%and33%.Rumen protein effective degradability of soybean meal showed a downward trend with addition concentration increasing of condensed and hydrolyzable tannin(P<0.05), there existed a significant interaction effect on rumen protein digestibility between the concentration and source of tannins (P<0.05); the intestinal protein digestibility of rumen undegraded protein of soybean meal with condensed and hydrolyzable tannins addition.
Experiment2, method was applied in experiment1, Acacia mangium condensed tannins and valonia hydrolyzable tannins was mixed to the feed with different ratio of RDP to RUP, tannin concentration was0%,3%,6%and9%respectively, ratio of RDP to RUP was feed A (2.25:1); feed B (1.76:1); feed C (1.4:1) respectively. This experiment was conducted to investigate the interaction effects on in vitro rumen fermentation and in situ digestibility between the concentration of tannins and different ratio of RDP to RUP in feed. with the increasing of Acacia mangium condensed tannins condensation, rumen microbial protein synthesis, gas production parameters "a" and "b" decreased linearly (P<0.05), There was significant effect in terms of rumen microbial protein synthesis, gas production parameters "a" and "b" between the concentration of tannins and different ratio of RDP to RUP in feed (P<0.05); significant interaction effect was observed in terms of rumen protein effective degradability between the concentration of tannins and different ratio of RDP to RUP in feed (P<0.001). with the increase of valonia hydrolyzable tannins condensation, gas production parameters "a" decreased linearly in feed A(.P<0.001) and feed B(P<0.05), There was significant effect in terms of gas production parameters "a" between the concentration of tannins and different ratio of RDP to RUP in feed (P<0.001), significant interaction effect was observed in terms of rumen protein effective degradability between the concentration of tannins and different ratio of RDP to RUP in feed (P<0.001), with the increase of valonia hydrolyzable tannins condensation, gas production parameters "b" decreased linearly in all feed (P<0.05), rumen microbial protein synthesis, significant interaction effect was not observed between the concentration of tannins and different ratio of RDP to RUP in feed (P>0.05), microbial protein synthesis was not affected with valonia hydrolyzable tannins addition in feed A and B group (P>0.05),but linearly declined in feed C group (P<0.05), there was not significant interaction effect in terms of microbial protein synthesis between the concentration of tannins and different ratio of RDP to RUP in feed (P>0.05), significant interaction effect was observed in term of rumen protein effective between the concentration of tannins and different ratio of RDP to RUP in feed (P<0.001).
Experiment3, feed treated with tannins in experiment2was used. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects on rumen methane emissions, microbial synthesis and methanogen of soybean meal with condensed tannins and hydrolyzable tannins additions. With the increase of Acacia mangium condensed tannins concentration, the proportion of methane in total gas was decreased linearly (P<0.05), Addition of Acacia mangium condensed tannins at30,60, and90g/kg DM decreased CH4by12.6%,29.8%and44.9%, showed a highly significant linear decrease (P<0.001), proportion of methanogens to total bacteria showed a significant linear decrease (P<0.05). With the increase of valonea hydrolyzable tannins concentration, proportion methane to total gas showed downward trend (P>0.05), Addition of valonea hydrolyzable tannins at30,60, and90g/kg DM decreased CH4by by4.1%,11.8%and20.4%, was showing highly significant linear decrease (P<0.05), proportion of methanogens to total bacteria decreased linearly (P<0.05).
Experiment4, four Holstein cows were used in a4×4Latin square design to determine the effects of condensed tannins and hydrolyzable tannins additions(3%DM) on ruminal microbial synthesis,nitrogen utilization and nitrogen emissions in dairy cows. Addition of condensed and hydrlyzable tannins did not affect feed intake, milk yield,4%fat-corrected milk yield, energy corrected milk yield, milk protein percentage, milk fat percentage, milk lactose percentage (P>0.05), but significantly reduced the MUN concentration (P<0.05). Addition of condensed and hydrlyzable tannins did not affect the intake of dry matter, crude protein, NDF and ADF in dairy cows (P>0.05). Addition of Acacia mangium of condensed tannins and valonia hydrolyzable tannins significantly decreased DM digestibility by6.8%and24%in dairy cows respectively (P<0.01), and Addition of Acacia mangium of condensed tannins significantly decreased NDF and ADF digestibility by7.4%and8.5%. Addition of Myrica rubra (Lour.)Zucc condensed tannins increased dietary CP digestibility by4%(P<0.05), But Addition of Acacia mangium of condensed tannins and valonia hydrolyzable tannins decreased CP digestibility by19%and11%(P<0.05). Addition of Myrica rubra (Lour.)Zucc condensed tannins increased microbial purine production by14%(P<0.05), Addition of Valonia hydrolyzable tannins showed an upward trend(P>0.05), Addition of Acacia mangium condensed tannins decreased microbial purine production by5%(P<0.05). Addition of condensed tannins and hydrolyzable tannins did not affect dietary nitrogen utilization efficiency (P>0.05), but net excretion of urinary nitrogen reduced (P<0.05), and changed the ratio of fecal nitrogen to urinary nitrogen (P<0.05), Addition of Myrica rubra (Lour.)Zucc condensed tannins decreased urinary nitrogen and fecal nitrogen excretion(P <0.05), Addition of Acacia mangium condensed tannins and valonia hydrolyzable tannins increased fecal nitrogen and urinary nitrogen excretion (P<0.05).
引文
Agricultural and Food Research Council,1992. Nutrient requirements of ruminant animals:protein. Technical Committee on Responses to Nutrients, Report No.10. Nutr. Abstr. Rev., Series B 62 (2),787-835.
Aguerre, M. J., Wattiaux, M. A., Capozzolo, M. C, Lencioni, P. and Cabral, C.2010. Effect of quebracho-chestnut tannin extracts at two dietary crude protein levels on performance and rumen fermentation of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci.93 (Suppl.1):445. (Abstr.)
Aharoni, Y., Gilboa,N., Silanikove.N.1998.Models of suppressive effect of tannins.Analysis of the suppressive effect of tannins on ruminal degradation by compartmental models. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.71,251-267.
Al-Dobaib S.N.2009.Effect of different levels of quebracho tannin on nitrogen utilization and growth performance of Najdi sheep fed alfalfa (Medicago sativa) hay as a sole diet. Anim Sci J 80:532-541.
Alipour, D. and Rouzbehan, Y.2010. Effects of several levels of extracted tannin from grape pomace on intestinal digestibility of soybean meal. Livestock Science 128(1):87-91.
Anderson R C, Callaway, T.R., Van Kessel, J. A.2003. Effect of select nitro compounds on ruminal fermentation:An initial look at their potential to reduce economic and environmental costs associated with ruminal methanogenesis[J].Bioresource Technology,90:59-63.
Animut, G., Puchala, R., Goetsch A.L.2008. Methane emission by goats consuming different sources of condensed tannins[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,144:228-241.
Animut, G., Puchala, R., Goetsch, A.L., Patra, A.K., Sahlu, T., Varel, V.H., Wells, J.2008. Methane emission by goats consuming diets with different levels of condensed tannins from lespedeza. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.144,212-227.
Asbe, A.2006. ASAE S319.3-method of determining and expressing fineness of feed materials by sieving. ASABE Standards, American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, St. Joseph, MI:602-605.
Asquith T.N and Butler LG.,1986. Interactions of condensed tannins with selected proteins. Phytochemistry 25:1591-1593.
Aufrere, J., Dudilieu, M., Poncet, C.2008. In vivo and in situ measurements of the digestive characteristics of sainfoin in comparison with lucerne fed to sheep as fresh forages at two growth stages and as hay. Animal 2,1331-1339.
Azuhnwia. B.N., Thomann. B., Arrigo. Y, Bollerc. B., Hess., H.D. Kreuzer. M., Dohme-Meier. F.2012.Ruminal dry matter and crude protein degradation kinetics of five sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop) accessions differing in condensed tannin content and obtained from different harvests. Animal Feed Science and Technology 177 (2012) 135-143.
Baah, J., Ivan, M., Hristov, A.N., Koenig, K. M., Rode, L.M., McAllister, T.A.2007. Effects of potential dietary antiprotozoal supplements on rumen fermentation and digestibility in heifers. Anim. Feed Sci.Technol.137:126-137.
Bach, A., Ruiz Moreno, M., Thrune M, Stern, M. D.2008. Evaluation of the fermentation dynamics of soluble crude protein from three protein sources in continuous culture fermenters. J Anim Sci,86 (6):1364-1371
Bal, M. A., Shaver, R.D., Jirovec, A.G., Shinners, K. J., Coors, J. G. 2000. Crop Processing and Chop Length of Corn Silage:Effects on Intake, Digestion, and Milk Production by Dairy Cows. J Dairy Sci.83:1264-1273.
Baker, L. D., Ferguson, J. D., Chalupa, W.1995. Responses in urea and true protein of milk to different protein feeding schemes for dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci.78:2424-2434.
Baker, S. K.1997. Gut microbiology and its consequences for the ruminant. Proc. Nutr. Soc. Aust.21: 6-13.
Barahona, R., Lascano, C.E., Cochran, R., Morrill, J., Titgemeyer, E.C.1997. Intake, digestion, and nitrogen utilization by sheep fed tropical legumes with contrasting tannin concentration and astringency. J. Anim. Sci.75,1633-1640.
Barry, T. N., and McNabb, W. C.1999. The implications of condensed tannins on the nutritive value of temperate forages fed to ruminants. Br. J. Nutr.81:263-272.
Barry, T.N., McNeill, D.M., McNabb, W.C.2001. Plant secondary compounds; their impact on nutritive value and upon animal production.In:Gomide, J.A., Mattos, W.R.S., da Silva, S.C. (Eds.), Proceedings of the XIX International Grasslands Congress. Brazilian Society of Animal Husbandry, Sao Paulo, Brazil, pp.445-452.
Barry, T.N.. Manley,T.R.2007. The role of condensed tannins in the nutritional value of Lotus pedunculatus for sheep [J].British Jour-nal of Nutrition.12:15-18.
Beauchemin, K. A., McGinn, S. M., Martinez,T. F., McAllister,T. A.2007. Use of condensed tannin extract from quebracho trees to reduce methane emissions from cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 85:1990-1996.
Benchaar, C., McAllister,T. A., Chouinard, P. Y.2008. Digestion, ruminal fermentation, ciliate protozoal populations, and milk production from dairy cows fed cinnamaldehyde, quebracho condensed tannin, or Yucca schidigera saponin extract. J. Dairy Sci.91:4765-4777.
Benchaar, C., Chouinard, P.Y.2009. Assessment of the potential of cinnamaldehyde, condensed tannins, and saponins to modify milk fatty acid composition of dairy cows[J]. journal of dairy science,92: 3392-3396.
Bhatta, R., Krishnamoorthy, U., Mohammed, F.2000. Effect of feeding tamarind (< i> Tamarindus indica) seed husk as a source of tannin on dry matter intake, digestibility of nutrients and production performance of crossbred dairy cows in mid-lactation. Anim Feed Sci Tech 83(1):67-74.
Bhatta, R., Shinde, A.K., Vaithiyanathan, S., Sankhyan, S.K., Verma, D. L.2002. Effect of polyethylene glycol-6000 on nutrient intake, digestion and growth of kids browsing Prosopis cineraria. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.101:45-54.
Bhatta, R., S. Vaithiyanathan, A., Shinde, K., Jakhmola., R.C.2005. Effect of feeding complete feed block containing Prosopis cineraria leaves and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-6000 on nutrient intake, its utilization, rumen fermentation pattern and rumen enzyme profile in kids. J Sci Food Agr 85(11):1788-1794.
Bhatta, R., Vaithiyanathan S., Singh P., and Verma, D. L.2007.Effect of feeding complete diets containing graded levels of Prosopis cineraria leaves on feed intake, nutrient utilization and rumen fermentation in lambs and kids. Small Rumin. Res.67:75-83.
Bhatta, R., Uyeno, Y., Tajima, K., Takenaka, A., Yabumoto, Y., Nonaka, I., Enishi, O., Kurihara, M. 2009. Difference in the nature of tannins on in vitro ruminal methane and volatile fatty acid production and on methanogenic archaea and protozoal populations. J Dairy Sci 92(11):5512-5522.
Broderick, G A., Kang, J. H.1980. Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. J Dairy Sci.63:64-75.
Broderick, G. A.1995b. Performance of lactating dairy cows fed either alfalfa silages or alfalfa hay as the sole forage. J. Dairy Sci.78:320-329
Broderick, G. A., Clayton, M. K.1997. A statistical evaluation of animal and nutritional factors influencing concentrations of milk urea nitrogen. J. Dairy Sci.80:2964-2971.
Broderick, G. A.2003. Effect of varying dietary protein and energy levels on the production of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci.86:1370-1381.
Bu, D. P., Wang, J. Q., Dhiman, T. R., Liu, S. J.2007. Effectiveness of oils rich in linoleic and linolenic acids to enhance conjugated linoleic acid in milk from dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 90:998-1007.
Bussink, D. W., and Oenema, O.1998. Ammonia volatilization from dairy farming systems in temperate areas:A review. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst.51:19-33.
Borsting, C. F, Kristensen,T., Misciattelli, L., Hvelplund, T., Weisbjerg, M. R.2003. Reducing nitrogen surplus from dairy farms. Effects of feeding and management. Livest Prod Sci,83(2-3):165-178
Cao, Z. J., M. Ma, X. Y. Yan, S. L. Li, and X. M. Zhang.2009. A simple urine-collecting apparatus and method for cows and heifers. J. Dairy Sci.92:5224-5228.
Cabiddu. A., Molle, G., Decandia, M.2009. Responses to condensed tannins of flowering sulla (Hedysarum coronariumL.) grazed by dairy sheep. Part 2:Effects on milk fatty acid profile[J]. journal of Livestock science,123:230-240.
Carulla J E, Kreuzer M, Machmuller A, et al.2005. Supplementation of Acacia mearnsii tannins decreases methanogenesis and urinary nitrogen in forage-fed sheep[J]. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,56:961-970.
Carulla, J.E., Lascano, C.E., Klopfenstein, T.2001. Reduction of tannin level in a tropical legume (Desmodium ovalifolium) with polyethylene glycol (PEG):effects on intake and N balance, digestion and absorption by sheep. Arch. Latinoam. Prod. Anim.9,17-24.
Chen, X. B., Gomes, M. J.1992. Estimation of microbial protein supply to sheep and cattle based on urinary excretion of purine derivatives-an overview of the technical details. International Feed Resources Unit.
Chen, X. B., Gomes, M. J.1995. Estimation of microbial protein supply to sheep and cattle based on urinary excretion of purine derivatives-an overview of the technical details. International Feed Resources Unit.
Chikhou, F. H., Moloney, A. P., Allen, P., Quirke, J. F., Austin, F. H., Roche, J. F.1993. Long-term effects of cimaterol in Friesian steers:I. Growth, feed efficiency, and selected carcass traits. J. Anim. Sci.71:906-913.
Colin-Schoellen O, Jurjanz S, Laurent F,2000. Metabolizable protein supply (PDIE) and restricted level of ruminally degradable nitrogen (PDIN) in total mixed rations:Effect on milk production and composition and on nitrogen utilization by dairy cows. Livest ProdSci,67 (1-2):41-53
Colombari, G., G. M. Crovetto, G. Borreani, E. Tabacco, and G. A. Zapparoli.2005. L'aggiunta di tannini per migliorare 1'insilato di medica. Inf. Agric.61:51-56.
Cooper, S. M., and N. Owen-Smith.1985. Condensed tannins deter feeding by browsing ungulates in a South African savanna. Oecologia 67:142-146.
Cope, W. A., and J. C. Burns.1971. Relationship between tannin levels and nutritive value of sericea. Crop Sci.11:231-233.
Cort6s, J. E., B. Moreno, M. L. Pab6n, P. Avila, M. Kreuzer, H. D. Hess, and J. E. Carulla.2009. Effects of purified condensed tannins extracted from Calliandra, Flemingia and Leucaena on ruminal and postruminal degradation of soybean meal as estimated< i> in vitro. Anim Feed Sci Tech 151(3):194-204.
Czerkawski, J.W., Breckenridge, G.,1977. Design and development of a long-term rumen simulation technique (Rusitec). Br. J.Nutr.38,371-384.
Deaville, E. R. and D. I. Givens and I. Mueller-Harvey.2010a. Chestnut and mimosa tannin silages: Effects in sheep differ for apparent digestibility, nitrogen utilisation and losses. Anim Feed Sci Tech 157(3):129-138.
Deaville, E. R. and D. I. Givens and I. Mueller-Harvey.2010b. Chestnut and mimosa tannin silages: Effects in sheep differ for apparent digestibility, nitrogen utilisation and losses. Anim Feed Sci Tech 157(3):129-138.
Dschaak, C. M., C. M. Williams, M. S. Holt, J. Eun, A. J. Young, and B. R. Min.2011. Effects of supplementing condensed tannin extract on intake, digestion, ruminal fermentation, and milk production of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 94(5):2508-2519.
Ekinci, C. and G. A. Broderick.1997. Effect of processing high moisture ear corn on ruminal fermentation and milk yield. J Dairy Sci.80:3298-3307.
Erwin, E. S. and G. J. Marco and E. M. Emery.1961. Volatile fatty acid analyses of blood and rumen fluid by gas chromatography.J Dairy Sci.44:1768-1771.
Erasmus L J, Botha P M, Cruywagen C W,1994 b. Effect of protein source on ruminal fermentation and passage of amino acids to the small intestine of lactating cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,77: 3655.
Fadi Hassanat and Chaouki Benchaar,2011. Assessment of the effect of condensed (acacia and quebracho) and hydrolysable (chestnut and valonea) tannins on rumen fermentation and methane production in vitro.J Sci Food Agric 93:332-339
Feeny, P. P., and Bostock., H.1968. Seasonal changes in the tannin content of oak leaves. Phytochemistry 7(5):871-880.
Ferguson, J. D., Sklan., D.2005. Effects of dietary phosphorus and nitrogen on cattle reproduction. Pages 233-253 in Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nutrition of Cattle and Environment. A. N. Hristov and E. Pfeffer, ed. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
Fernandez. H.T., Catanesea. F., Puthod. G., Distel. R.A., Villalb. J.J.,2012. Depression of rumen ammonia and blood urea by quebracho tannin-containing supplements fed after high-nitrogen diets with no evidence of self-regulation of tannin intake by sheep. Small Ruminant Research 105:126-134.
Finlay, B. J., G. Esteban, K. J. Clarke, A. G. Williams, T. M. Embley,and R. P. Hirt.1994. Some rumen ciliates have endosymbiotic methanogens. FEMS Microbiol. Lett.117:157-161.
Frank, B., M. Persson, Gustafsson. G.2002. Feeding dairy cows for decreased ammonia emission. Livest. Prod. Sci.76:171-179.
Frutos, P., Hervas, G., Giraldez, F.J., Fernandez, M., Mantecon, A.R.,2000. Digestive utilization of quebracho-treated soya bean meals in sheep.J. Agric. Sci. Camb.134,101-108.
Frutos, P., Raso, M., Hervas, G., Mantecon, A.R., Perez, V., Giraldez, F.J.,2004b. Is there any detrimental effect when a chestnut hydrolysable tannin extract is included in the diet of finishing lambs? Anim. Res.53,127-136.
Fujihara, T., E. R.(?)rskov, P. J. Reeds, and D. J. Kyle.1987. The effect of protein infusion on urinary excretion of purine derivatives in ruminants nourished by intragastric nutrition. The Journal of Agricultural Science 109(01):7-12.
Ganev G, Orskov E R, Smart R I,1979. The effect of roughage or concentrate feeding and rumen retention time on total degradation of protein in the rumen[J] Journal of Agricultural Science,93: 651 -656.
Getachew, G., Makkar, H.P.S., Becker, K.,2000a. Effect of polyethylene glycol on in vitro degradability of nitrogen and microbial protein synthesis from tannin-rich browse and herbaceous legumes. Br. J.Nutr.84,73-83.
Getachew, G., Pittroff, W., Putnam, D.H., Dandekar, A., Goyal, S., DePeters,E.J.,2008. The influence of addition of gallic acid, tannin acid, or quebracho tannins to alfalfa hay on in vitro rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.140,444-461.
Gonzalez, S., Pabon, M.L., Carulla, J.,2002. Effects of tannins on in vitro ammonia release and drymatter degradation of soybean meal. Arch. Latinoam. Prod. Anim.10,97-101.
Gonzalez-Ronquillo M, Balcells J,Guada J A,2003.Purine derivative excretion in dairy cows: endogenous excretion and the effect of exogenous nucleic acid supply [J]. Journal of Dairy Science,86:1282-1291.
Hagerman A.E., Butler L.G.1991. The specificity of proanthocyanidin-protein interactions[J].J.Biol. Chem.256:4494-4497
Hagerman A.E., Robbins C.T., Weerasuriya Y., Wilson T.C., McArthur C.1992. Tannin chemistry inrelation to digestion[J]. J range Manage.45:57-62
Hervas, G, P. Frutos, E. Serrano, A. R. Mantecon, and F. J. Giraldez.2000. Effect of tannic acid on rumen degradation and intestinal digestion of treated soya bean meals in sheep
Hess, H. D., L. M. Monsalve, C. E. Lascano, J. E. Carulla, T. E. Diaz, and M. Kreuzer.2003. Supplementation of a tropical grass diet with forage legumes and Sapindus saponaria fruits: effects on in vitro ruminal nitrogen turnover and methanogenesis. Crop and Pasture Science 54(7):703-713.
Hoong, Y. B., A. Pizzi, P. Md Tahir, and H. Pasch.2010. Characterization of< i> Acacia mangium polyflavonoid tannins by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and CP-MAS< sup> 13 C NMR. Eur Polym J 46(6):1268-1277.
Hove, L., Topps, J.H., Sibanda, S., Ndlovu, L.R.,2001. Nutrient intake and utilisation by goats fed dried leaves of the shrub legumes Acacia angustissima. Calliandra calothyrsus and Leucaena leucocephala as supplements to native pasture hay. Anim. Feed Sci.Technol.91,95-106.
Hristov, A. N., W. Hazen, and J. W. Ellsworth.2006. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium balance and potentials for reducing phosphorus imports in Idaho dairy farms. J. Dairy Sci.89:3702-3712.
Huhtanen, P., and A. N. Hristov.2009. A meta-analysis of the effects of protein concentration and degradability on milk protein yield and milk N efficiency in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 92:3222-3232.
Hvelplund T, Hesselholt M.Digestibility of individual amino acids in rumen microbial protein and undegraded protein in the small intestine of sheep [J].Acta Agric Scand,1987,37:469-477.
IPCC.2007. Climate Change 2007:Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. UK.
Jayanegara, A., N. Togtokhbayar, H. P. Makkar, and K. Becker.2009. Tannins determined by various methods as predictors of methane production reduction potential of plants by an< i> in vitro rumen fermentation system. Anim Feed Sci Tech 150(3):230-237.
Johnson, K.A., Johnson, D.E.,1995. Methane emissions from cattle. J. Anim. Sci.73,2483-2492.
Jones, W., Mangan, J.,1977. Complexes of condensed tannins of sanfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) with fraction 1 leaf protein and submaxillary mucoprotein, and their reversal by polyethylene glycol and pH. J. Sci. Food Agric.28,126-136.
Jones G A, T A McAllister, K-J Cheng, et al.Effect of sainfoin (Onobrychris viciifolia Scop) condensed tannins on growth and proteolysis by 4 strains of rumen bacteria[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1994,60:1374-1378.
Jonker, J. S., R. A. Kohn, and R. A. Erdman.1998. Using milk urea nitrogen to predict nitrogen excretion and utilization efficiency in lactating dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci.81:2681-2692.
Jonker, J. S., R. A. Kohn, and J. High.2002. Dairy herd management practices that impact nitrogen utilization efficiency. J. Dairy Sci.85:1218-1226.
Jouany, J. P., and B. Lassalas.1997. Study of the adaptation of the rumen ecosystem to the antimethanoginic effect of monensin measured in vivo. Reprod. Nutr. Dev.37 (Suppl. 1):S69-S70.
Juottonen H, Galand PE, Yrjala K.2006Detection of methanogenic Archaea in peat:comparison of PCR primers targeting the mcrA gene. Res Microbiol,157(10):914-21
Kramer, J. K. G, V. Fellner, M. E. R. Dugan, F. D. Sauer, M. M. Mossoba, and M. P. Yurawecz.1997. Evaluating acid and base catalysts in the methylation of milk and rumen fatty acids with special emphasis on conjugated dienes and total trans fatty acids. Lipids.32:1219-1228.
Khazaalk H, Orskov E R,1994.The in vitro gas production technique:an nestigation on its potential use with polyvinylpyrrolid one for the assessnient of phenolic related antinutritive factors in browse[J].Anim Feed Sci and Technol,47:305-320.
Khazaal K A, Parissi Z, T siouvaras C,1996. Assessment of phenolis-related ant inutritive levels using the In Vitro gas product ion technique:a comparison between different types of poly vinyl polyrrolidone or polyethylene glycol[J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,71:405-414.
Khiaosa-Ard, R., S. F. Bryner, M. Scheeder, H. Wettstein, F. Leiber, M. Kreuzer, and C. R. Soliva.2009. Evidence for the inhibition of the terminal step of ruminal a-linolenic acid biohydrogenation by condensed tannins. J Dairy Sci 92(1):177-188.
Komolong, M.K., Barber, D.G., McNeill, D.M.,2001. Post-ruminal protein supply and N retention of weaned sheep fed on a basal diet of lucerne hay (Medicago sativa) with increasing levels of quebracho tannins. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.92,59-72.
Krause, K. M. and D. K. Combs.2003. Effects of forage particle size, forage source, and grain fermentability on performance and ruminal pH in midlactation cows. J Dairy Sci.86:1382-1397.
Kumar R., Singh M.1984. Tannins:their adverse role in ruminat nutrition[J]. J Agr Food Chem. 32:447-453
Kumar, R., Vaithiyanathan, S.,1990. Occurrence, nutritional significance and effect on animal productivity of tannins in tree leaves. Anim. Feed Sci.Technol.30,21-38.
Lammers, B. P. and D. R. Buckmaster and A. J. Heinrichs.1996. A simple method for the analysis of particle sizes of forage and total mixed rations. J Dairy Sci.79:922-928.
Landau, S., A. Perevolotsky, D. Bonfil, D. Barkai, and N. Silanikove.2000. Utilization of low quality resources by small ruminants in Mediterranean agro-pastoral systems:The case of browse and aftermath cereal stubble. Livest. Prod. Sci.64:39-49.
Lassey, K. R.2007. Livestock methane emission:From the individual grazing animal through national inventories to the global methane cycle. Agric. For. Meteorol.142:120-132.
Lee, J. H., M. Vanguru, G. Kannan, D. A. Moore, T. H. Terrill, and B. Kouakou.2009. Influence of dietary condensed tannins from sericea lespedeza on bacterial loads in gastrointestinal tracts of meat goats. Livestock Science 126(1):314-317.
Makkar, H.P.S., Blummel, M., Becker, K.,1995. In vitro effects of and interactions between tannins and saponins and fate of tannins in the rumen. J. Sci. Food Agric.69,481-493.
Makkar H. P. S., Becker K, Abel H,1997. Nutrient contents, rumen protein degradability and antinutritional factors in some colour- and white-flowering cultivars of Vicia faba beans[J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,75:511-520.
Makkar, H. P. S.2003. Effects and fate of tannins in ruminant animals, adaptation to tannins, and strategies to overcome detrimental effects of feeding tannin-rich feeds. Small Rumin. Res.49:241-256.
Mane, C., Sommerer, N., Yalcin, T., Cheynier, V., Cole, R.B., Fulcrand, H.,2007. Assessment of the molecular weight distribution of tannin fractions through MALDI-TOF MS analysis of protein-tannin complexes. Anal. Chem.79,2239-2248.
McAllister, T.A., Martinez, T., Hee, D.B., Muir, A.D., Yanke, L.J., Jones, G.A.,2005. Characterization of condensed tannins purified from legume forages:chromophore production, protein precipitation, and inhibitory effects on cellulose digestion. J. Chem. Ecol.31,2049-2068.
McMahon, L.R., McAllister, T.A., Berg, B.P., Majak, W., Acharya, S.N., Popp, J.D., Coulman, B.E., Wang, Y.,Cheng, K.J.,2002. A review of the effects of forage condensed tannins on ruminal fermentation and bloat in grazing cattle. Can. J. Plant Sci.80,469-485.
McNabb W.C., Waghorn. G. C., Peters.J.S., Barry. T.N.,1996.The effect of condensed tannins in Lotus pedunculatus upon the solubilization and degradation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase protein in the rumenand on sites of digestion. Br JNutr76:535-549.
Martin C., D. P. Morgavi and M. Doreau,2010.Methane mitigation in ruminants:from microbe to the arm scale[J].Animal,4:351-365
McAllister, T. A., Okine, E. K., Mathison, G. W. and Cheng, K.J.1996. Dietary, environmental and microbiological aspects of methane production in ruminants. Can. J. Anim. Sci.76:231-243.
McMahon, L. R., T. A. McAllister, B. P. Berg, W. Majak, S. N. Acharya, J. D. Popp, B. E. Coulman, Y. Wang, and K. J. Cheng.2000. A review of the effects of forage condensed tannins on ruminalfermentation and bloat in grazing cattle. Can. J. Plant Sci.80:469-485.
McNeill D.M., Osborne N., Komolong M., Nankervis D.1998. Condensed tannins in the Leucaena genus and their nutritional significance for ruminants. In:Shelton H.M., Gutteridge R.C., Mullin B.F., Bray R.A., (eds.), Leucaena-Adaptation, Quality and Farming Systems. ACIAR Proceedings No.86, pp.205-214
McSweeney C.S., Palmer. B,, Bunch Rand., Krause D.O.,2001. Effectof thetropical forage calliandra onmicrobial protein synthesis and ecology in the rumen. J Appl Microbiol 90:78-88.
Michael H. Tavendale, Lucy P. Meagher, David Pacheco,Nicola Walker, Graeme T. Attwood, Subathira Sivakumaran,2005. Methane production from in vitro rumen incubations with Lotus pedunculatus and Medicago sativa, and effects of extractable condensed tannin fractions on methanogenesis, Animal Feed Science and Technology,403-419.
Miller, K. A., D. S. Siscovick, L. Sheppard, K. Shepherd, J. H. Sullivan, G L. Anderson, and J. D. Kaufman.2007. Long-term exposure to air pollution and incidence of cardiovascular events in women. N.Engl. J. Med.356:447-458.
Milano, G. D., A. Hotston-Moore, and G. E. Lobley.2000. Influence of hepatic ammonia removal on ureagenesis, amino acid utilization and energy metabolism in the ovine liver. Br. J. Nutr. 83:307-315.
Min, B. R., T. N. Barry, W. C. McNabb, and P. D. Kemp.1998.Effect of condensed tannins on the production of wool and on its processing characteristics in sheep grazing Lotus corniculatus.Aust. J. Agric. Res.49:597-605
Min. B.R., McNabb.W.C., Barry.T.N., and Peters. J.S.,2000. Solubilization and degradation of ribulose-1,5-bis-phosphate carboxylase/oxygenase(EC 4.1.1.39; rubisco) protein from white clover (Trifolium repens) and Lotus corniculatus by rumen microorganisms and the effect of condensed tannins on these processes. J Agric Sci (Camb) 134:305-317.
Min, B.R., Barry, T.N., Attwood, G.T., McNabb,W.C.,2003. The effect of condensed tannins on the nutrition and health of ruminants fed fresh temperate forages:a review. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 106,3-19.
Min, B.R., Attwood, G.T., McNabb, W.C., Molan, A.L., Barry, T.N.,2005. The effect of condensed tannins from Lotus corniculatus on the proteolytic activities and growth of rumen bacteria. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.121,45-58.
Mlambo V., Smith T., Owen E., Mould FL., Sikosana J.L.N., Mueller-Harvey I.2004 Tanniniferous Dichrostachys cinerea fruits do not require detoxification for goat nutrition:in sacco and in vivo evaluations[J]. Livestock Prod Sci.90:135-144
Molan, A. L., G. T. Attwood, B. R. Min, and W. C. McNabb.2001. The effect of condensed tannins from Lotus pedunculatus and Lotus corniculatus on the growth of proteolytic rumen bacteria in vitro and their possible mode of action. Can J Microbiol 47(7):626-633.
Moss, A. R., Jouany, J. P. and Newbold, J.2000. Methane production by ruminants:its contribution to global warming. Ann. Zootech.49:231-253.
Mueller-Harvey I. Unravelling the conundrum of tannins in animal nutrition and health[J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2006,86:2010-2037.
Mueller-Harvey.analysis of hydrolysable tannin.Anim.Feed Sci.Technol,2001,9:3-20.
Murray, R. M., Bryant, A. M. and Leng, R. A.1976. Rates of production of methane in the rumen and large intestines of sheep.Br. J. Nutr.36:1-14.
Murdiati, T.B., McSweeney, C.S., Lowry, J.B.,1992. Metabolism in sheep of gallic acid, tannic acid, and hydrolysable tannin from Terminalia oblongata. Aust. J. Agric. Res.43,1307-1319.
Narjisse. H., Elhonsali. M.A., Olsen. J.D.,1995. Effects of oak (Quercus ibex) tannins on digestion and nitrogen balance in sheep and goats. Small Ruminant Research 18 (1995) 201-206
National Research Council.2001. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. Vol.1. National Academies Press.
Nathalie D.P, Didier D.B, Gerard B.L,2006.Breakdown of peptides from a soya protein hydrolysate by rumen bacteria. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,68(l):25-31
Ndegwa, P. M., A. N. Hristov, J. Arogo, and R. E. Sheffield.2008. A review of ammonia emissions mitigation techniques for concentrated animal feeding operations. Biosystems Eng.100:453-469.
Nicole Zimmer., Rene Cordesse.,1996. Digestibility and ruminal digestion of non-nitrogenous compounds in adult sheep and goats:Effects of chestnut tannins[]J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,61 (1):259-273
Oberdorster, G.2000. Pulmonary effects of inhaled ultrafine particles.Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 74:1-8.
Oenema, O. and S. Tamminga.2005. Nitrogen in global animal production and management options for improving nitrogen use efficiency. Science in China Series C:Life Sciences 48(2):871-887.
Ogino A, Orito H, Shimadad K and Hirooka H 2007. Evaluating environmental impacts of the Japanese beef cow-calf system by the life cycle assessment method. Animal Science Journal 78,424-432.
Oliveira, S.G., Berchielli, T.T., Pedreira, M.S., Primavesi, O., Frighetto, R., Lima, M.A.,2007. Effect of tannin levels in sorghum silage and concentrate supplementation on apparent digestibility and methane emission in beef cattle. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.135,236-248.
Olmos Colmenero, J. J., and G. A. Broderick.2006. Effect of dietary crude protein concentration on milk production and nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci.89:1704-1712.
(?)rskov, E.R., McDonald, I.,1979. The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighed according to rate of passage. J. Agric. Sci.92,499-503.
Patra A K, Kamra D N, Agarwal N,2006. Effect of plant extractson in vitro methanogenesis,enzyme activities and fermentation of feed in rumen liquor of buffalo[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,128:276-291.
Pablo G Toral, Gonzalo Hervas, Elena Bichi, et al.2011.Tannins as feed additives to modulate ruminal biohydrogenation:Effects on animal performance, milk fatty acid composition and ruminal fermentation in dairy ewes fed a diet containing sunflower oil[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,164:199-206.
Palmer B., McSweeney C.S.2000. Tannins in Calliandra calothyrsus:effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and evaluation of 19 accessions. In:Brooker J.D. (ed.), Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition. ACIAR Proceedings No.92, pp.36-39Perez Maldonado R.A., Norton B.W., Kerven G.L.1995. Factors affecting in vitro formation of tannin-protein complexs[J]. J.Sci.Food Agric.69:291-298
Pilar FRUTOS, Miguel RASOa, Gonzalo HERVAS, Angel R. MANTECON, Valentin PEREZ, F. Javier GIRALDEZ,2004.1s there any detrimental effect when a chestnut hydrolysable tannin extract is included in the diet of finishing lambs? Anim. Res.53:127-136
Place, S. E., and F. M. Mitloehner.2010. Invited review:Contemporary environmental issues:A review of the dairy industry's role in climate change and air quality and the potential of mitigation through improved production efficiency. J. Dairy Sci.93:3407-3416.
Powell, J. M., G. A. Broderick, J. H. Grabber, and U. C. Hymes-Fecht.2009. Technical note:Effects of forage protein-binding polyphenols on chemistry of dairy excreta. J. Dairy Sci.92:1765-1769.
Praetorius, E. and H. Poulsen.1953. Enzymatic determination of uric acid with detailed directions. Scand J Clin Lab Inv.5:273-280.
Priolo, A., Waghorn, G.C., Lanza, M., Biondi, L., Pennisi, P.,2000. Polyethylene glycol as a means for reducing the impact of condensed tannins in carob pulp:effects on lamb growth performance and meat quality. J. Anim.Sci.78,810-816.
Provenza, F. D.2006. Postingestive feedback as an elementary determinant of food preference and intake in ruminants. J Range Manage 48(1):2-17.
Puchala, R., B. R. Min, A. L. Goetsch, and T. Sahlu.2005. The effect of a condensed tannin-containing forage on methane emission by goats. J Anim Sci 83(1):182-186.Putnam, D.E., Varga, G.A.,1998. Protein density and its influence on metabolite concentration and nitrogen retention by Holstein cows in late gestation. J. Dairy Sci.81,1608-1618.
Reed, J.D.,1986. Relationships among soluble phenolics, insoluble proanthocyanidins and fiber in East African browse species. J. Range Manage.39,5-7
Richardson, J.M., Wilkinson, R.G., Sinclair, L.A.,2003. Synchrony of nutrient supply to the rumen and dietary energy source and their effects on the growth and metabolism of lambs. J. Anim. Sci.81, 1332-1347.
Rittner, Reed U,1992. Phenolics and in-vitro degradability of protein and fibre in west african browse[J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture58:21-28.
Robbins C T, Hariey T A, Hanley A E.1987.Role of tannins in defending plants against ruminants: Reduction in protein availability[J].Ecology,68 (1):98-107.
Roth S, H Steingass, W Drochner.2002.inderung von Methane emission und optimierung der N-Versorgung bei Wiederkauern durch die Behandlung von Futtermitteln mitTanninen. in 34 Hohenheimer Umwelttagung. R.Bocker, ed.. Verlag Gunter Heimbach, Stuttgart, Germany: 181-186
Salminen J-P and Karonen M,2011. Chemical ecology of tannins and other phenolics:we need a change in approach. Funct Ecol 25:325-338
Santos, G.T., Oliveira, R.L., Petit, H.V., Cecato, U., Zeoula, L.M., Rigolon, L.P., Damasceno, J.C.,Branco,A.F., Bett, V.,2000. Short communication:effect of tannic acid on composition and ruminal degradability of bermudagrass and alfalfa silages. J. Dairy Sci.83,2016-2020.
Santoso B, A Kilmaskossu, and P Sambodo,2007. Effects of saponin from Biophytum petersianum Klotzsch on ruminal fermentation, microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen utilization in goats[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,137:58-68.
Satter LD, Klopfenstein T J, Erickson G E,2002. The role of nutrition in reducing nutrient output fromruminants. J Anim Sci,80 (E. Suppl2):E143-E156.
Scalbert,A., 1991. Antimicrobial properties of tannins. Phytochemistry 30,3875-3883.
Schwab, C. G., P. Huhtanen, C. W. Hunt, and T. Hvelplund.2005. Nitrogen requirements of cattle. Pages 13-70 in Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nutrition of Cattle and Environment. A. N. Hristov and E. Pfeffer, ed. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
Schonhusen, U., R. Zitnan, S. Kuhla, W. Jentsch, M. Derno, and J. Voigt.2003. Effects of protozoa on methane production in rumen and hindgut of calves around time of weaning. Archives of Animal Nutrition 57(4):279-295.
Sinclair, L. A., K. J. Hart, R. G. Wilkinson, and J. A. Huntington.2009. Effects of inclusion of whole-crop pea silages differing in their tannin content on the performance of dairy cows fed high or low protein concentrates. Livestock Science 124(1):306-313.
Singh G P, Nagpal A K, Sainj N. Methane production in relation to productivity of livestock and environment:a review. Indian[J]. journal of animal science,2005,75:143-148.
Sliwinski, B.J., Kreuzer M., Sutter F., Machmuller A., Weststein H.R.2004. Performance, body nitrogen conversion and nitrogen emission from manure of dairy cows fed diets supplemented with different plant extracts[J]. J Anim Feed Sci.13:73-91
Smith A K, Frank M, Phil M,2004.Reducing post-harvest losses of forage protein[M].IGER IN-NOVATIONS,30-33.
Stienezen, M.,Waghorn, G.C., Douglas, G.B.,1996. Digestibility and effects of condensed tannins on digestion of sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) when fed to sheep. NZ J. Agric. Res.39,215-221.
Steinfeld H, Gerber P, Wassenaar T, Castel V, Rosales M and de Haan C 2006. Livestock's role in climate change and air pollution. In Livestock's long shadow:environmental issues and options (ed. H Steinfeld, P Gerber, T Wassenaar, V Castel, M Rosales and C de Haan),79-123. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
Sturm, C.D., Tiemann, T.T., Lascano, C.E., Kreuzer, M., Hess, H.D.,2007. Nutrient composition and in vitro ruminal fermentation of tropical legumes mixtures with contrasting tannin contents. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.138,29-46.
Tamminga S, Van Straalen W N, Subnel A P J, Meijer R G M, Steg A, Wener C J G, Block M C,1994. The Dutch protein evaluation system:The DVE/OEB system. Livest Prod Sci,40:139-155
Tavendale, M.H., Meagher, L.P., Pacheco, D., Walker, N., Attwood, G.T., Sivakumaran, S.,2005. Methane production from in vitro rumen incubations with Lotus pedunculatus and Medicago sativa, and effects of extractable condensed tannin fractions on methanogenesis. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.123,403-419.
Teferedegne B,2000. New perspectives on the use of tropical plants to improve ruminant nutrition[J]. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society,209-214.
Theodoridou, K., Aufrere, J., Andueza, D., Pourrat, J., Le Morvan, A., Stringano, E., Mueller-Harvey, I., Baumont, R.,2010. Effects of condensed tannins in fresh sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) on in vivo and in situ digestion in sheep. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.160,23-38.
Thomsen, I. K.2000. C and N transformations in 15N cross-labelled solid ruminant manure during anaerobic and aerobic storage. Bioresour. Technol.72:267-274.
Torrent, J. and Johnson, D. E.1994. Methane production in the large intestine of sheep. Pages 391-394 in J. F. Aquilera, eds. Energy metabolism of farm animals. EAAP Publication No.76. CSIC. Publishing Service. Granada, Spain.
Ultee, A., M. H. J. Bennik, and R. Moezelaar.2002. The phenolic hydroxyl group of carvacrol is essential for action against the food-borne pathogen Bacillus cereus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.68:1561-1568.
USEPA.1997. Ruminant Livestock Efficiency Program. Proc. Annual Conference EPA.USDA, Aug. 18-20.
USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency).2004. National Emission Inventory-Ammonia Emissions from Animal Husbandry Operations. US EPA, Washington, DC.
Valadares, R., L. C. Goncalves, I. B. Sampaio, N. M. Rodriguez, and J. F. COELHO DA SILVA.1997. Niveis de proteina em dietas de bovinos.2. Consumo, digestibilidades e balanco de compostos nitrogenados. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia.26:1259-1263.
Van Keulen, J. and B. A. Young.1977. Evaluation of acid-insoluble ash as a natural marker in ruminant digestibility studies. J Anim Sci.44:282-287.
Van Nevel C. J. and D. I. Demeyer 1996. Control of rumcn methanogenesis. Environ. Monit. Assess. 42:73-97
Van Duinkerken, G., G. Andre, M. Smits, G. J. Monteny, and L. Sebek.2005. Effect of rumen-degradable protein balance and forage type on bulk milk urea concentration and emission of ammonia from dairy cow houses. J Dairy Sci 88(3):1099-1112.
Van Soest, P. J. and J. B. Robertson and B. A. Lewis.1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J Dairy Sci.74:3583-3597.
Van Soest, P. J.1982. Gastrointestinal fermentations. Pages 152-177 in Nutritional ecology of the ruminant. Ruminant metabolism, nutritional strategies, the cellulolytic fermentation and the chemistry of forages and plant fibers. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
Vasta V, Makkar H P S, Mele M, et al. Ruminal biohydrogenation as affected by tannins in vitro[J].British journal of nutrition,2009a,102:82-92.
Vasta V, Mele M, Serra A, ea al. Metabolic fate of fatty acids involved in ruminal biohydrogenation in sheep fed concentrate or herbage with or without tannins[J]. journal of animal science,2009b,87: 2674-2684.
Waghorn, G. C, and I. D. Shelton.1997. Effect of condensed tannins in Lotus corniculatus on the nutritive value of pasture for sheep.J. Agric. Sci. (Camb.) 128:365-372.
Waghorn, G. C., W. T. Jones, I. D. Shelton, and W. C. McNabb.1990.Condensed tannins and the nutritive value of herbage. Proc. N.Z.Grassl. Assoc.51:171-176.
Waghorn, G. C., M. H. Tavendale, and D. R. Woodfield.2002.Methanogenesis from forages fed to sheep. Proc. N. Z. Grassl.Assoc.64:167-171.
Waghorn G C, McNabb W C. Consequences of plant phenolic compounds for productivity and health of ruminants[J].Proceedings of the Nutrition Society,2003,62:383-392.
Waghorn G C, Clark D A. Greenhouse gas mitigation opportunities with immediate application to pastoral grazing for ruminants. In:Soliva, C.R., Takahashi, J., Kreuzer, M. (Eds.), Greenhouse Gases and Animal Agriculture; An Update. Int. Congress Series 1293. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2006:107-110.
Wang, C., J. X. Liu, S. W. Zhai, J. L. Lai, and Y. M. Wu.2008. Effects of rumen-degradable-protein to rumen-undegradable-protein ratio on nitrogen conversion of lactating dairy cows. Acta Agriculturae Scand Section A 58(2):100-103.
Ward, W.R., Murray, R.D., White, A.R., Rees, E.M.,1995. The use of blood biochemistry for determining the nutritional status of dairy cows. In:Garnsworthy, P.C., Cole, D.J.A. (Eds.), Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK, pp.29-51.
Weatherburn, M.W.,1967. Phenol-hypochlorite reaction for determination of ammonia. Anal Chem.39: 971-974.
Weimer P. J., D. M. Stevenson. D. R. Mertens, and E. E. Thomas.2008. Effect of moonensin feeding and withdrawal on populations of individual bacterial species in the rumen of lactating dairy cows fed high-starch rations. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol.80:135-145
Whitelaw, F. G., J. S. Miline, and X. B. Chen.1991. The effect of rumen microbial fermentation on urea and nitrogen metabolism of sheep nourished by intragastric infusion. Exp. Phys.76:91-101.
Wilbert F Pellikaan, Elisabetta Stringano, Jan Leenaars, et al.2011.Evaluating effects of tannins on extent and rate of in vitro gas andCH4 production using an automated pressure evaluation system (APES) [J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,377-390.
Woodward S L,Waghorn G C, Ulyatt M J, et al,2001. Early indications that feeding lotus will reduce methane emissions from ruminants. In Proceedings of the The New Zealand Society of Animal Production.ACIAR, Adelaide,23-26.
Yanagida, A., Shoji, T., Kanda, T.,2002. Characterization of polymerized polyphenols by size-exclusion HPLC. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.66,1972-1975.
Young, E. G and C. F. Conway.1942. On the estimation of allantoin by the Rimini-Schryver reaction. J Biol Chem 142(2):839-853.
YuP, ChristensenDA,McKinnonJ J,2003.Comparisonof theNRC2001 model with the Dutch System (DVE/OEB) in the prediction of nutrient supply to dairy cows from forages. J Dairy Sci,86: 2178-2192
Zhong, R. Z., J. G. Li, Y. X. Gao, Z. L. Tan, and G. P. Ren.2008. Effects of substitution of different levels of steam-flaked corn for finely ground corn on lactation and digestion in early lactation dairy cows. J Dairy Sci.91:3931-3937.
Zinn, R.A., Owens, F.N.,1986. A rapid procedure for purine measurement and its use for estimating net ruminal protein synthesis. Can. J. Anim. Sci.66:157-166.
Zucker W.V.1983. Tannins:does structure determine function? An ecological perspective[J].Am Nat. 121:335-365
陆忠兵,石碧,刘欣,2011.植物单宁-蛋白质相互作用的计算机模拟科学与工程[J].中国饲料,11(4)：1-8
陈丹丹,刁其玉,姜成钢,屠焰,赵一广,2012.反刍动物甲烷的产生机理和减排技术研究进展,[J].中国草食动物科学,32(4)：65-69.
付春丽,王瑞宁,傅彤,高腾云,2012.降低奶牛氮排放的营养调控措施[J].家畜生态学报,33(4)：96-101
郭彦军,龙瑞军,2003.利用体外产气法测定高山牧草和灌木的干物质降解率[J].草业学报,12：54-60.
霍振华,方热军,2007.单宁对反刍动物的抗营养作用机理及其消除措施.[J].中国饲料,2007,20：20-22.
倪丽丽,闫素梅,赵鹏,鲍宏云,成海荣,2011.粗蛋白与过瘤胃蛋白对奶牛氮排泄的影响[J].饲料研究,7：60-62
潘发明,李发弟,郝正里,郑琛,董淑慧,2012.茶渣单宁含量对绵羊养分消化利用与氮代谢参数的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,43(1)：71-81.
苏华为.中国荷斯坦奶牛围产气能量平衡及其调控研究：[博士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2010.
汪海峰,2004.缩合单宁对反刍动物的营养作用[J].中国饲料,3：26-28
翟少伟,2009.日粮蛋白质摄入量对泌乳奶牛氮排泄量的影响[J].中国奶牛,8：57-58.
翟少伟,2008.日粮蛋白质水平对奶牛乳尿素氮浓度及氮利用率的影响[J].中国奶牛,31(6)：266-268.
张晓庆,赫正里,李发弟,2010.红豆草缩合单宁对绵羊瘤胃代谢及饲料尼龙袋降解率的影响[J].草业学报,1：166-172.
赵祖春,罗庆云,孙达旺,1987.毛杨梅及油柑树皮单宁组分的研究[J].林产化学与工业,7(3)：20-29.
郑会超,刘建新,吴跃明,黄新,张晓锋,蒋永清,2004.单宁对反刍动物营养代谢的影响[J].黄牛杂志,30(6)：23-26.
郑琛,2009.从朱樱花、大叶千斤拔和银合欢中提纯的缩合单宁对体外试验豆粕瘤胃及过瘤胃降解率的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,10：20-30.
Aguerre, M. J., Wattiaux, M. A., Capozzolo, M. C, Lencioni, P. and Cabral, C.2010. Effect of quebracho-chestnut tannin extracts at two dietary crude protein levels on performance and rumen fermentation of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci.93 (Suppl.1):445. (Abstr.)
Aharoni, Y., Gilboa,N., Silanikove.N.1998.Models of suppressive effect of tannins.Analysis of the suppressive effect of tannins on ruminal degradation by compartmental models. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.71,251-267.
Al-Dobaib S.N.2009.Effect of different levels of quebracho tannin on nitrogen utilization and growth performance of Najdi sheep fed alfalfa (Medicago sativa) hay as a sole diet. Anim Sci J 80:532-541.
Alipour, D. and Rouzbehan, Y.2010. Effects of several levels of extracted tannin from grape pomace on intestinal digestibility of soybean meal. Livestock Science 128(1):87-91.
Anderson R C, Callaway, T.R., Van Kessel, J. A.2003. Effect of select nitro compounds on ruminal fermentation:An initial look at their potential to reduce economic and environmental costs associated with ruminal methanogenesis[J].Bioresource Technology,90:59-63.
Animut, G., Puchala, R., Goetsch A.L.2008. Methane emission by goats consuming different sources of condensed tannins[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,144:228-241.
Animut, G., Puchala, R., Goetsch, A.L., Patra, A.K., Sahlu, T., Varel, V.H., Wells, J.2008. Methane emission by goats consuming diets with different levels of condensed tannins from lespedeza. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.144,212-227.
Asbe, A.2006. ASAE S319.3-method of determining and expressing fineness of feed materials by sieving. ASABE Standards, American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, St. Joseph, MI:602-605.
Asquith T.N and Butler LG.,1986. Interactions of condensed tannins with selected proteins. Phytochemistry 25:1591-1593.
Aufrere, J., Dudilieu, M., Poncet, C.2008. In vivo and in situ measurements of the digestive characteristics of sainfoin in comparison with lucerne fed to sheep as fresh forages at two growth stages and as hay. Animal 2,1331-1339.
Azuhnwia. B.N., Thomann. B., Arrigo. Y, Bollerc. B., Hess., H.D. Kreuzer. M., Dohme-Meier. F.2012.Ruminal dry matter and crude protein degradation kinetics of five sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop) accessions differing in condensed tannin content and obtained from different harvests. Animal Feed Science and Technology 177 (2012) 135-143.
Baah, J., Ivan, M., Hristov, A.N., Koenig, K. M., Rode, L.M., McAllister, T.A.2007. Effects of potential dietary antiprotozoal supplements on rumen fermentation and digestibility in heifers. Anim. Feed Sci.Technol.137:126-137.
Bach, A., Ruiz Moreno, M., Thrune M, Stern, M. D.2008. Evaluation of the fermentation dynamics of soluble crude protein from three protein sources in continuous culture fermenters. J Anim Sci,86 (6):1364-1371
Bal, M. A., Shaver, R.D., Jirovec, A.G., Shinners, K. J., Coors, J. G. 2000. Crop Processing and Chop Length of Corn Silage:Effects on Intake, Digestion, and Milk Production by Dairy Cows. J Dairy Sci.83:1264-1273.
Baker, L. D., Ferguson, J. D., Chalupa, W.1995. Responses in urea and true protein of milk to different protein feeding schemes for dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci.78:2424-2434.
Baker, S. K.1997. Gut microbiology and its consequences for the ruminant. Proc. Nutr. Soc. Aust.21: 6-13.
Barahona, R., Lascano, C.E., Cochran, R., Morrill, J., Titgemeyer, E.C.1997. Intake, digestion, and nitrogen utilization by sheep fed tropical legumes with contrasting tannin concentration and astringency. J. Anim. Sci.75,1633-1640.
Barry, T. N., and McNabb, W. C.1999. The implications of condensed tannins on the nutritive value of temperate forages fed to ruminants. Br. J. Nutr.81:263-272.
Barry, T.N., McNeill, D.M., McNabb, W.C.2001. Plant secondary compounds; their impact on nutritive value and upon animal production.In:Gomide, J.A., Mattos, W.R.S., da Silva, S.C. (Eds.), Proceedings of the XIX International Grasslands Congress. Brazilian Society of Animal Husbandry, Sao Paulo, Brazil, pp.445-452.
Barry, T.N.. Manley,T.R.2007. The role of condensed tannins in the nutritional value of Lotus pedunculatus for sheep [J].British Jour-nal of Nutrition.12:15-18.
Beauchemin, K. A., McGinn, S. M., Martinez,T. F., McAllister,T. A.2007. Use of condensed tannin extract from quebracho trees to reduce methane emissions from cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 85:1990-1996.
Benchaar, C., McAllister,T. A., Chouinard, P. Y.2008. Digestion, ruminal fermentation, ciliate protozoal populations, and milk production from dairy cows fed cinnamaldehyde, quebracho condensed tannin, or Yucca schidigera saponin extract. J. Dairy Sci.91:4765-4777.
Benchaar, C., Chouinard, P.Y.2009. Assessment of the potential of cinnamaldehyde, condensed tannins, and saponins to modify milk fatty acid composition of dairy cows[J]. journal of dairy science,92: 3392-3396.
Bhatta, R., Krishnamoorthy, U., Mohammed, F.2000. Effect of feeding tamarind (< i> Tamarindus indica) seed husk as a source of tannin on dry matter intake, digestibility of nutrients and production performance of crossbred dairy cows in mid-lactation. Anim Feed Sci Tech 83(1):67-74.
Bhatta, R., Shinde, A.K., Vaithiyanathan, S., Sankhyan, S.K., Verma, D. L.2002. Effect of polyethylene glycol-6000 on nutrient intake, digestion and growth of kids browsing Prosopis cineraria. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.101:45-54.
Bhatta, R., S. Vaithiyanathan, A., Shinde, K., Jakhmola., R.C.2005. Effect of feeding complete feed block containing Prosopis cineraria leaves and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-6000 on nutrient intake, its utilization, rumen fermentation pattern and rumen enzyme profile in kids. J Sci Food Agr 85(11):1788-1794.
Bhatta, R., Vaithiyanathan S., Singh P., and Verma, D. L.2007.Effect of feeding complete diets containing graded levels of Prosopis cineraria leaves on feed intake, nutrient utilization and rumen fermentation in lambs and kids. Small Rumin. Res.67:75-83.
Bhatta, R., Uyeno, Y., Tajima, K., Takenaka, A., Yabumoto, Y., Nonaka, I., Enishi, O., Kurihara, M. 2009. Difference in the nature of tannins on in vitro ruminal methane and volatile fatty acid production and on methanogenic archaea and protozoal populations. J Dairy Sci 92(11):5512-5522.
Broderick, G A., Kang, J. H.1980. Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. J Dairy Sci.63:64-75.
Broderick, G. A.1995b. Performance of lactating dairy cows fed either alfalfa silages or alfalfa hay as the sole forage. J. Dairy Sci.78:320-329
Broderick, G. A., Clayton, M. K.1997. A statistical evaluation of animal and nutritional factors influencing concentrations of milk urea nitrogen. J. Dairy Sci.80:2964-2971.
Broderick, G. A.2003. Effect of varying dietary protein and energy levels on the production of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci.86:1370-1381.
Bu, D. P., Wang, J. Q., Dhiman, T. R., Liu, S. J.2007. Effectiveness of oils rich in linoleic and linolenic acids to enhance conjugated linoleic acid in milk from dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 90:998-1007.
Bussink, D. W., and Oenema, O.1998. Ammonia volatilization from dairy farming systems in temperate areas:A review. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst.51:19-33.
Borsting, C. F, Kristensen,T., Misciattelli, L., Hvelplund, T., Weisbjerg, M. R.2003. Reducing nitrogen surplus from dairy farms. Effects of feeding and management. Livest Prod Sci,83(2-3):165-178
Cao, Z. J., M. Ma, X. Y. Yan, S. L. Li, and X. M. Zhang.2009. A simple urine-collecting apparatus and method for cows and heifers. J. Dairy Sci.92:5224-5228.
Cabiddu. A., Molle, G., Decandia, M.2009. Responses to condensed tannins of flowering sulla (Hedysarum coronariumL.) grazed by dairy sheep. Part 2:Effects on milk fatty acid profile[J]. journal of Livestock science,123:230-240.
Carulla J E, Kreuzer M, Machmuller A, et al.2005. Supplementation of Acacia mearnsii tannins decreases methanogenesis and urinary nitrogen in forage-fed sheep[J]. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,56:961-970.
Carulla, J.E., Lascano, C.E., Klopfenstein, T.2001. Reduction of tannin level in a tropical legume (Desmodium ovalifolium) with polyethylene glycol (PEG):effects on intake and N balance, digestion and absorption by sheep. Arch. Latinoam. Prod. Anim.9,17-24.
Chen, X. B., Gomes, M. J.1992. Estimation of microbial protein supply to sheep and cattle based on urinary excretion of purine derivatives-an overview of the technical details. International Feed Resources Unit.
Chen, X. B., Gomes, M. J.1995. Estimation of microbial protein supply to sheep and cattle based on urinary excretion of purine derivatives-an overview of the technical details. International Feed Resources Unit.
Chikhou, F. H., Moloney, A. P., Allen, P., Quirke, J. F., Austin, F. H., Roche, J. F.1993. Long-term effects of cimaterol in Friesian steers:I. Growth, feed efficiency, and selected carcass traits. J. Anim. Sci.71:906-913.
Colin-Schoellen O, Jurjanz S, Laurent F,2000. Metabolizable protein supply (PDIE) and restricted level of ruminally degradable nitrogen (PDIN) in total mixed rations:Effect on milk production and composition and on nitrogen utilization by dairy cows. Livest ProdSci,67 (1-2):41-53
Colombari, G., G. M. Crovetto, G. Borreani, E. Tabacco, and G. A. Zapparoli.2005. L'aggiunta di tannini per migliorare 1'insilato di medica. Inf. Agric.61:51-56.
Cooper, S. M., and N. Owen-Smith.1985. Condensed tannins deter feeding by browsing ungulates in a South African savanna. Oecologia 67:142-146.
Cope, W. A., and J. C. Burns.1971. Relationship between tannin levels and nutritive value of sericea. Crop Sci.11:231-233.
Cort6s, J. E., B. Moreno, M. L. Pab6n, P. Avila, M. Kreuzer, H. D. Hess, and J. E. Carulla.2009. Effects of purified condensed tannins extracted from Calliandra, Flemingia and Leucaena on ruminal and postruminal degradation of soybean meal as estimated< i> in vitro. Anim Feed Sci Tech 151(3):194-204.
Czerkawski, J.W., Breckenridge, G.,1977. Design and development of a long-term rumen simulation technique (Rusitec). Br. J.Nutr.38,371-384.
Deaville, E. R. and D. I. Givens and I. Mueller-Harvey.2010a. Chestnut and mimosa tannin silages: Effects in sheep differ for apparent digestibility, nitrogen utilisation and losses. Anim Feed Sci Tech 157(3):129-138.
Deaville, E. R. and D. I. Givens and I. Mueller-Harvey.2010b. Chestnut and mimosa tannin silages: Effects in sheep differ for apparent digestibility, nitrogen utilisation and losses. Anim Feed Sci Tech 157(3):129-138.
Dschaak, C. M., C. M. Williams, M. S. Holt, J. Eun, A. J. Young, and B. R. Min.2011. Effects of supplementing condensed tannin extract on intake, digestion, ruminal fermentation, and milk production of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 94(5):2508-2519.
Ekinci, C. and G. A. Broderick.1997. Effect of processing high moisture ear corn on ruminal fermentation and milk yield. J Dairy Sci.80:3298-3307.
Erwin, E. S. and G. J. Marco and E. M. Emery.1961. Volatile fatty acid analyses of blood and rumen fluid by gas chromatography.J Dairy Sci.44:1768-1771.
Erasmus L J, Botha P M, Cruywagen C W,1994 b. Effect of protein source on ruminal fermentation and passage of amino acids to the small intestine of lactating cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,77: 3655.
Fadi Hassanat and Chaouki Benchaar,2011. Assessment of the effect of condensed (acacia and quebracho) and hydrolysable (chestnut and valonea) tannins on rumen fermentation and methane production in vitro.J Sci Food Agric 93:332-339
Feeny, P. P., and Bostock., H.1968. Seasonal changes in the tannin content of oak leaves. Phytochemistry 7(5):871-880.
Ferguson, J. D., Sklan., D.2005. Effects of dietary phosphorus and nitrogen on cattle reproduction. Pages 233-253 in Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nutrition of Cattle and Environment. A. N. Hristov and E. Pfeffer, ed. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
Fernandez. H.T., Catanesea. F., Puthod. G., Distel. R.A., Villalb. J.J.,2012. Depression of rumen ammonia and blood urea by quebracho tannin-containing supplements fed after high-nitrogen diets with no evidence of self-regulation of tannin intake by sheep. Small Ruminant Research 105:126-134.
Finlay, B. J., G. Esteban, K. J. Clarke, A. G. Williams, T. M. Embley,and R. P. Hirt.1994. Some rumen ciliates have endosymbiotic methanogens. FEMS Microbiol. Lett.117:157-161.
Frank, B., M. Persson, Gustafsson. G.2002. Feeding dairy cows for decreased ammonia emission. Livest. Prod. Sci.76:171-179.
Frutos, P., Hervas, G., Giraldez, F.J., Fernandez, M., Mantecon, A.R.,2000. Digestive utilization of quebracho-treated soya bean meals in sheep.J. Agric. Sci. Camb.134,101-108.
Frutos, P., Raso, M., Hervas, G., Mantecon, A.R., Perez, V., Giraldez, F.J.,2004b. Is there any detrimental effect when a chestnut hydrolysable tannin extract is included in the diet of finishing lambs? Anim. Res.53,127-136.
Fujihara, T., E. R.(?)rskov, P. J. Reeds, and D. J. Kyle.1987. The effect of protein infusion on urinary excretion of purine derivatives in ruminants nourished by intragastric nutrition. The Journal of Agricultural Science 109(01):7-12.
Ganev G, Orskov E R, Smart R I,1979. The effect of roughage or concentrate feeding and rumen retention time on total degradation of protein in the rumen[J] Journal of Agricultural Science,93: 651 -656.
Getachew, G., Makkar, H.P.S., Becker, K.,2000a. Effect of polyethylene glycol on in vitro degradability of nitrogen and microbial protein synthesis from tannin-rich browse and herbaceous legumes. Br. J.Nutr.84,73-83.
Getachew, G., Pittroff, W., Putnam, D.H., Dandekar, A., Goyal, S., DePeters,E.J.,2008. The influence of addition of gallic acid, tannin acid, or quebracho tannins to alfalfa hay on in vitro rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.140,444-461.
Gonzalez, S., Pabon, M.L., Carulla, J.,2002. Effects of tannins on in vitro ammonia release and drymatter degradation of soybean meal. Arch. Latinoam. Prod. Anim.10,97-101.
Gonzalez-Ronquillo M, Balcells J,Guada J A,2003.Purine derivative excretion in dairy cows: endogenous excretion and the effect of exogenous nucleic acid supply [J]. Journal of Dairy Science,86:1282-1291.
Hagerman A.E., Butler L.G.1991. The specificity of proanthocyanidin-protein interactions[J].J.Biol. Chem.256:4494-4497
Hagerman A.E., Robbins C.T., Weerasuriya Y., Wilson T.C., McArthur C.1992. Tannin chemistry inrelation to digestion[J]. J range Manage.45:57-62
Hervas, G, P. Frutos, E. Serrano, A. R. Mantecon, and F. J. Giraldez.2000. Effect of tannic acid on rumen degradation and intestinal digestion of treated soya bean meals in sheep
Hess, H. D., L. M. Monsalve, C. E. Lascano, J. E. Carulla, T. E. Diaz, and M. Kreuzer.2003. Supplementation of a tropical grass diet with forage legumes and Sapindus saponaria fruits: effects on in vitro ruminal nitrogen turnover and methanogenesis. Crop and Pasture Science 54(7):703-713.
Hoong, Y. B., A. Pizzi, P. Md Tahir, and H. Pasch.2010. Characterization of< i> Acacia mangium polyflavonoid tannins by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and CP-MAS< sup> 13 C NMR. Eur Polym J 46(6):1268-1277.
Hove, L., Topps, J.H., Sibanda, S., Ndlovu, L.R.,2001. Nutrient intake and utilisation by goats fed dried leaves of the shrub legumes Acacia angustissima. Calliandra calothyrsus and Leucaena leucocephala as supplements to native pasture hay. Anim. Feed Sci.Technol.91,95-106.
Hristov, A. N., W. Hazen, and J. W. Ellsworth.2006. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium balance and potentials for reducing phosphorus imports in Idaho dairy farms. J. Dairy Sci.89:3702-3712.
Huhtanen, P., and A. N. Hristov.2009. A meta-analysis of the effects of protein concentration and degradability on milk protein yield and milk N efficiency in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 92:3222-3232.
Hvelplund T, Hesselholt M.Digestibility of individual amino acids in rumen microbial protein and undegraded protein in the small intestine of sheep [J].Acta Agric Scand,1987,37:469-477.
IPCC.2007. Climate Change 2007:Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. UK.
Jayanegara, A., N. Togtokhbayar, H. P. Makkar, and K. Becker.2009. Tannins determined by various methods as predictors of methane production reduction potential of plants by an< i> in vitro rumen fermentation system. Anim Feed Sci Tech 150(3):230-237.
Johnson, K.A., Johnson, D.E.,1995. Methane emissions from cattle. J. Anim. Sci.73,2483-2492.
Jones, W., Mangan, J.,1977. Complexes of condensed tannins of sanfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) with fraction 1 leaf protein and submaxillary mucoprotein, and their reversal by polyethylene glycol and pH. J. Sci. Food Agric.28,126-136.
Jones G A, T A McAllister, K-J Cheng, et al.Effect of sainfoin (Onobrychris viciifolia Scop) condensed tannins on growth and proteolysis by 4 strains of rumen bacteria[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1994,60:1374-1378.
Jonker, J. S., R. A. Kohn, and R. A. Erdman.1998. Using milk urea nitrogen to predict nitrogen excretion and utilization efficiency in lactating dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci.81:2681-2692.
Jonker, J. S., R. A. Kohn, and J. High.2002. Dairy herd management practices that impact nitrogen utilization efficiency. J. Dairy Sci.85:1218-1226.
Jouany, J. P., and B. Lassalas.1997. Study of the adaptation of the rumen ecosystem to the antimethanoginic effect of monensin measured in vivo. Reprod. Nutr. Dev.37 (Suppl. 1):S69-S70.
Juottonen H, Galand PE, Yrjala K.2006Detection of methanogenic Archaea in peat:comparison of PCR primers targeting the mcrA gene. Res Microbiol,157(10):914-21
Kramer, J. K. G, V. Fellner, M. E. R. Dugan, F. D. Sauer, M. M. Mossoba, and M. P. Yurawecz.1997. Evaluating acid and base catalysts in the methylation of milk and rumen fatty acids with special emphasis on conjugated dienes and total trans fatty acids. Lipids.32:1219-1228.
Khazaalk H, Orskov E R,1994.The in vitro gas production technique:an nestigation on its potential use with polyvinylpyrrolid one for the assessnient of phenolic related antinutritive factors in browse[J].Anim Feed Sci and Technol,47:305-320.
Khazaal K A, Parissi Z, T siouvaras C,1996. Assessment of phenolis-related ant inutritive levels using the In Vitro gas product ion technique:a comparison between different types of poly vinyl polyrrolidone or polyethylene glycol[J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,71:405-414.
Khiaosa-Ard, R., S. F. Bryner, M. Scheeder, H. Wettstein, F. Leiber, M. Kreuzer, and C. R. Soliva.2009. Evidence for the inhibition of the terminal step of ruminal a-linolenic acid biohydrogenation by condensed tannins. J Dairy Sci 92(1):177-188.
Komolong, M.K., Barber, D.G., McNeill, D.M.,2001. Post-ruminal protein supply and N retention of weaned sheep fed on a basal diet of lucerne hay (Medicago sativa) with increasing levels of quebracho tannins. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.92,59-72.
Krause, K. M. and D. K. Combs.2003. Effects of forage particle size, forage source, and grain fermentability on performance and ruminal pH in midlactation cows. J Dairy Sci.86:1382-1397.
Kumar R., Singh M.1984. Tannins:their adverse role in ruminat nutrition[J]. J Agr Food Chem. 32:447-453
Kumar, R., Vaithiyanathan, S.,1990. Occurrence, nutritional significance and effect on animal productivity of tannins in tree leaves. Anim. Feed Sci.Technol.30,21-38.
Lammers, B. P. and D. R. Buckmaster and A. J. Heinrichs.1996. A simple method for the analysis of particle sizes of forage and total mixed rations. J Dairy Sci.79:922-928.
Landau, S., A. Perevolotsky, D. Bonfil, D. Barkai, and N. Silanikove.2000. Utilization of low quality resources by small ruminants in Mediterranean agro-pastoral systems:The case of browse and aftermath cereal stubble. Livest. Prod. Sci.64:39-49.
Lassey, K. R.2007. Livestock methane emission:From the individual grazing animal through national inventories to the global methane cycle. Agric. For. Meteorol.142:120-132.
Lee, J. H., M. Vanguru, G. Kannan, D. A. Moore, T. H. Terrill, and B. Kouakou.2009. Influence of dietary condensed tannins from sericea lespedeza on bacterial loads in gastrointestinal tracts of meat goats. Livestock Science 126(1):314-317.
Makkar, H.P.S., Blummel, M., Becker, K.,1995. In vitro effects of and interactions between tannins and saponins and fate of tannins in the rumen. J. Sci. Food Agric.69,481-493.
Makkar H. P. S., Becker K, Abel H,1997. Nutrient contents, rumen protein degradability and antinutritional factors in some colour- and white-flowering cultivars of Vicia faba beans[J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,75:511-520.
Makkar, H. P. S.2003. Effects and fate of tannins in ruminant animals, adaptation to tannins, and strategies to overcome detrimental effects of feeding tannin-rich feeds. Small Rumin. Res.49:241-256.
Mane, C., Sommerer, N., Yalcin, T., Cheynier, V., Cole, R.B., Fulcrand, H.,2007. Assessment of the molecular weight distribution of tannin fractions through MALDI-TOF MS analysis of protein-tannin complexes. Anal. Chem.79,2239-2248.
McAllister, T.A., Martinez, T., Hee, D.B., Muir, A.D., Yanke, L.J., Jones, G.A.,2005. Characterization of condensed tannins purified from legume forages:chromophore production, protein precipitation, and inhibitory effects on cellulose digestion. J. Chem. Ecol.31,2049-2068.
McMahon, L.R., McAllister, T.A., Berg, B.P., Majak, W., Acharya, S.N., Popp, J.D., Coulman, B.E., Wang, Y.,Cheng, K.J.,2002. A review of the effects of forage condensed tannins on ruminal fermentation and bloat in grazing cattle. Can. J. Plant Sci.80,469-485.
McNabb W.C., Waghorn. G. C., Peters.J.S., Barry. T.N.,1996.The effect of condensed tannins in Lotus pedunculatus upon the solubilization and degradation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase protein in the rumenand on sites of digestion. Br JNutr76:535-549.
Martin C., D. P. Morgavi and M. Doreau,2010.Methane mitigation in ruminants:from microbe to the arm scale[J].Animal,4:351-365
McAllister, T. A., Okine, E. K., Mathison, G. W. and Cheng, K.J.1996. Dietary, environmental and microbiological aspects of methane production in ruminants. Can. J. Anim. Sci.76:231-243.
McMahon, L. R., T. A. McAllister, B. P. Berg, W. Majak, S. N. Acharya, J. D. Popp, B. E. Coulman, Y. Wang, and K. J. Cheng.2000. A review of the effects of forage condensed tannins on ruminalfermentation and bloat in grazing cattle. Can. J. Plant Sci.80:469-485.
McNeill D.M., Osborne N., Komolong M., Nankervis D.1998. Condensed tannins in the Leucaena genus and their nutritional significance for ruminants. In:Shelton H.M., Gutteridge R.C., Mullin B.F., Bray R.A., (eds.), Leucaena-Adaptation, Quality and Farming Systems. ACIAR Proceedings No.86, pp.205-214
McSweeney C.S., Palmer. B,, Bunch Rand., Krause D.O.,2001. Effectof thetropical forage calliandra onmicrobial protein synthesis and ecology in the rumen. J Appl Microbiol 90:78-88.
Michael H. Tavendale, Lucy P. Meagher, David Pacheco,Nicola Walker, Graeme T. Attwood, Subathira Sivakumaran,2005. Methane production from in vitro rumen incubations with Lotus pedunculatus and Medicago sativa, and effects of extractable condensed tannin fractions on methanogenesis, Animal Feed Science and Technology,403-419.
Miller, K. A., D. S. Siscovick, L. Sheppard, K. Shepherd, J. H. Sullivan, G L. Anderson, and J. D. Kaufman.2007. Long-term exposure to air pollution and incidence of cardiovascular events in women. N.Engl. J. Med.356:447-458.
Milano, G. D., A. Hotston-Moore, and G. E. Lobley.2000. Influence of hepatic ammonia removal on ureagenesis, amino acid utilization and energy metabolism in the ovine liver. Br. J. Nutr. 83:307-315.
Min, B. R., T. N. Barry, W. C. McNabb, and P. D. Kemp.1998.Effect of condensed tannins on the production of wool and on its processing characteristics in sheep grazing Lotus corniculatus.Aust. J. Agric. Res.49:597-605
Min. B.R., McNabb.W.C., Barry.T.N., and Peters. J.S.,2000. Solubilization and degradation of ribulose-1,5-bis-phosphate carboxylase/oxygenase(EC 4.1.1.39; rubisco) protein from white clover (Trifolium repens) and Lotus corniculatus by rumen microorganisms and the effect of condensed tannins on these processes. J Agric Sci (Camb) 134:305-317.
Min, B.R., Barry, T.N., Attwood, G.T., McNabb,W.C.,2003. The effect of condensed tannins on the nutrition and health of ruminants fed fresh temperate forages:a review. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 106,3-19.
Min, B.R., Attwood, G.T., McNabb, W.C., Molan, A.L., Barry, T.N.,2005. The effect of condensed tannins from Lotus corniculatus on the proteolytic activities and growth of rumen bacteria. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.121,45-58.
Mlambo V., Smith T., Owen E., Mould FL., Sikosana J.L.N., Mueller-Harvey I.2004 Tanniniferous Dichrostachys cinerea fruits do not require detoxification for goat nutrition:in sacco and in vivo evaluations[J]. Livestock Prod Sci.90:135-144
Molan, A. L., G. T. Attwood, B. R. Min, and W. C. McNabb.2001. The effect of condensed tannins from Lotus pedunculatus and Lotus corniculatus on the growth of proteolytic rumen bacteria in vitro and their possible mode of action. Can J Microbiol 47(7):626-633.
Moss, A. R., Jouany, J. P. and Newbold, J.2000. Methane production by ruminants:its contribution to global warming. Ann. Zootech.49:231-253.
Mueller-Harvey I. Unravelling the conundrum of tannins in animal nutrition and health[J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2006,86:2010-2037.
Mueller-Harvey.analysis of hydrolysable tannin.Anim.Feed Sci.Technol,2001,9:3-20.
Murray, R. M., Bryant, A. M. and Leng, R. A.1976. Rates of production of methane in the rumen and large intestines of sheep.Br. J. Nutr.36:1-14.
Murdiati, T.B., McSweeney, C.S., Lowry, J.B.,1992. Metabolism in sheep of gallic acid, tannic acid, and hydrolysable tannin from Terminalia oblongata. Aust. J. Agric. Res.43,1307-1319.
Narjisse. H., Elhonsali. M.A., Olsen. J.D.,1995. Effects of oak (Quercus ibex) tannins on digestion and nitrogen balance in sheep and goats. Small Ruminant Research 18 (1995) 201-206
National Research Council.2001. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. Vol.1. National Academies Press.
Nathalie D.P, Didier D.B, Gerard B.L,2006.Breakdown of peptides from a soya protein hydrolysate by rumen bacteria. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,68(l):25-31
Ndegwa, P. M., A. N. Hristov, J. Arogo, and R. E. Sheffield.2008. A review of ammonia emissions mitigation techniques for concentrated animal feeding operations. Biosystems Eng.100:453-469.
Nicole Zimmer., Rene Cordesse.,1996. Digestibility and ruminal digestion of non-nitrogenous compounds in adult sheep and goats:Effects of chestnut tannins[]J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,61 (1):259-273
Oberdorster, G.2000. Pulmonary effects of inhaled ultrafine particles.Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 74:1-8.
Oenema, O. and S. Tamminga.2005. Nitrogen in global animal production and management options for improving nitrogen use efficiency. Science in China Series C:Life Sciences 48(2):871-887.
Ogino A, Orito H, Shimadad K and Hirooka H 2007. Evaluating environmental impacts of the Japanese beef cow-calf system by the life cycle assessment method. Animal Science Journal 78,424-432.
Oliveira, S.G., Berchielli, T.T., Pedreira, M.S., Primavesi, O., Frighetto, R., Lima, M.A.,2007. Effect of tannin levels in sorghum silage and concentrate supplementation on apparent digestibility and methane emission in beef cattle. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.135,236-248.
Olmos Colmenero, J. J., and G. A. Broderick.2006. Effect of dietary crude protein concentration on milk production and nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci.89:1704-1712.
(?)rskov, E.R., McDonald, I.,1979. The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighed according to rate of passage. J. Agric. Sci.92,499-503.
Patra A K, Kamra D N, Agarwal N,2006. Effect of plant extractson in vitro methanogenesis,enzyme activities and fermentation of feed in rumen liquor of buffalo[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,128:276-291.
Pablo G Toral, Gonzalo Hervas, Elena Bichi, et al.2011.Tannins as feed additives to modulate ruminal biohydrogenation:Effects on animal performance, milk fatty acid composition and ruminal fermentation in dairy ewes fed a diet containing sunflower oil[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,164:199-206.
Palmer B., McSweeney C.S.2000. Tannins in Calliandra calothyrsus:effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and evaluation of 19 accessions. In:Brooker J.D. (ed.), Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition. ACIAR Proceedings No.92, pp.36-39Perez Maldonado R.A., Norton B.W., Kerven G.L.1995. Factors affecting in vitro formation of tannin-protein complexs[J]. J.Sci.Food Agric.69:291-298
Pilar FRUTOS, Miguel RASOa, Gonzalo HERVAS, Angel R. MANTECON, Valentin PEREZ, F. Javier GIRALDEZ,2004.1s there any detrimental effect when a chestnut hydrolysable tannin extract is included in the diet of finishing lambs? Anim. Res.53:127-136
Place, S. E., and F. M. Mitloehner.2010. Invited review:Contemporary environmental issues:A review of the dairy industry's role in climate change and air quality and the potential of mitigation through improved production efficiency. J. Dairy Sci.93:3407-3416.
Powell, J. M., G. A. Broderick, J. H. Grabber, and U. C. Hymes-Fecht.2009. Technical note:Effects of forage protein-binding polyphenols on chemistry of dairy excreta. J. Dairy Sci.92:1765-1769.
Praetorius, E. and H. Poulsen.1953. Enzymatic determination of uric acid with detailed directions. Scand J Clin Lab Inv.5:273-280.
Priolo, A., Waghorn, G.C., Lanza, M., Biondi, L., Pennisi, P.,2000. Polyethylene glycol as a means for reducing the impact of condensed tannins in carob pulp:effects on lamb growth performance and meat quality. J. Anim.Sci.78,810-816.
Provenza, F. D.2006. Postingestive feedback as an elementary determinant of food preference and intake in ruminants. J Range Manage 48(1):2-17.
Puchala, R., B. R. Min, A. L. Goetsch, and T. Sahlu.2005. The effect of a condensed tannin-containing forage on methane emission by goats. J Anim Sci 83(1):182-186.Putnam, D.E., Varga, G.A.,1998. Protein density and its influence on metabolite concentration and nitrogen retention by Holstein cows in late gestation. J. Dairy Sci.81,1608-1618.
Reed, J.D.,1986. Relationships among soluble phenolics, insoluble proanthocyanidins and fiber in East African browse species. J. Range Manage.39,5-7
Richardson, J.M., Wilkinson, R.G., Sinclair, L.A.,2003. Synchrony of nutrient supply to the rumen and dietary energy source and their effects on the growth and metabolism of lambs. J. Anim. Sci.81, 1332-1347.
Rittner, Reed U,1992. Phenolics and in-vitro degradability of protein and fibre in west african browse[J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture58:21-28.
Robbins C T, Hariey T A, Hanley A E.1987.Role of tannins in defending plants against ruminants: Reduction in protein availability[J].Ecology,68 (1):98-107.
Roth S, H Steingass, W Drochner.2002.inderung von Methane emission und optimierung der N-Versorgung bei Wiederkauern durch die Behandlung von Futtermitteln mitTanninen. in 34 Hohenheimer Umwelttagung. R.Bocker, ed.. Verlag Gunter Heimbach, Stuttgart, Germany: 181-186
Salminen J-P and Karonen M,2011. Chemical ecology of tannins and other phenolics:we need a change in approach. Funct Ecol 25:325-338
Santos, G.T., Oliveira, R.L., Petit, H.V., Cecato, U., Zeoula, L.M., Rigolon, L.P., Damasceno, J.C.,Branco,A.F., Bett, V.,2000. Short communication:effect of tannic acid on composition and ruminal degradability of bermudagrass and alfalfa silages. J. Dairy Sci.83,2016-2020.
Santoso B, A Kilmaskossu, and P Sambodo,2007. Effects of saponin from Biophytum petersianum Klotzsch on ruminal fermentation, microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen utilization in goats[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,137:58-68.
Satter LD, Klopfenstein T J, Erickson G E,2002. The role of nutrition in reducing nutrient output fromruminants. J Anim Sci,80 (E. Suppl2):E143-E156.
Scalbert,A., 1991. Antimicrobial properties of tannins. Phytochemistry 30,3875-3883.
Schwab, C. G., P. Huhtanen, C. W. Hunt, and T. Hvelplund.2005. Nitrogen requirements of cattle. Pages 13-70 in Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nutrition of Cattle and Environment. A. N. Hristov and E. Pfeffer, ed. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
Schonhusen, U., R. Zitnan, S. Kuhla, W. Jentsch, M. Derno, and J. Voigt.2003. Effects of protozoa on methane production in rumen and hindgut of calves around time of weaning. Archives of Animal Nutrition 57(4):279-295.
Sinclair, L. A., K. J. Hart, R. G. Wilkinson, and J. A. Huntington.2009. Effects of inclusion of whole-crop pea silages differing in their tannin content on the performance of dairy cows fed high or low protein concentrates. Livestock Science 124(1):306-313.
Singh G P, Nagpal A K, Sainj N. Methane production in relation to productivity of livestock and environment:a review. Indian[J]. journal of animal science,2005,75:143-148.
Sliwinski, B.J., Kreuzer M., Sutter F., Machmuller A., Weststein H.R.2004. Performance, body nitrogen conversion and nitrogen emission from manure of dairy cows fed diets supplemented with different plant extracts[J]. J Anim Feed Sci.13:73-91
Smith A K, Frank M, Phil M,2004.Reducing post-harvest losses of forage protein[M].IGER IN-NOVATIONS,30-33.
Stienezen, M.,Waghorn, G.C., Douglas, G.B.,1996. Digestibility and effects of condensed tannins on digestion of sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) when fed to sheep. NZ J. Agric. Res.39,215-221.
Steinfeld H, Gerber P, Wassenaar T, Castel V, Rosales M and de Haan C 2006. Livestock's role in climate change and air pollution. In Livestock's long shadow:environmental issues and options (ed. H Steinfeld, P Gerber, T Wassenaar, V Castel, M Rosales and C de Haan),79-123. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
Sturm, C.D., Tiemann, T.T., Lascano, C.E., Kreuzer, M., Hess, H.D.,2007. Nutrient composition and in vitro ruminal fermentation of tropical legumes mixtures with contrasting tannin contents. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.138,29-46.
Tamminga S, Van Straalen W N, Subnel A P J, Meijer R G M, Steg A, Wener C J G, Block M C,1994. The Dutch protein evaluation system:The DVE/OEB system. Livest Prod Sci,40:139-155
Tavendale, M.H., Meagher, L.P., Pacheco, D., Walker, N., Attwood, G.T., Sivakumaran, S.,2005. Methane production from in vitro rumen incubations with Lotus pedunculatus and Medicago sativa, and effects of extractable condensed tannin fractions on methanogenesis. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.123,403-419.
Teferedegne B,2000. New perspectives on the use of tropical plants to improve ruminant nutrition[J]. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society,209-214.
Theodoridou, K., Aufrere, J., Andueza, D., Pourrat, J., Le Morvan, A., Stringano, E., Mueller-Harvey, I., Baumont, R.,2010. Effects of condensed tannins in fresh sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) on in vivo and in situ digestion in sheep. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.160,23-38.
Thomsen, I. K.2000. C and N transformations in 15N cross-labelled solid ruminant manure during anaerobic and aerobic storage. Bioresour. Technol.72:267-274.
Torrent, J. and Johnson, D. E.1994. Methane production in the large intestine of sheep. Pages 391-394 in J. F. Aquilera, eds. Energy metabolism of farm animals. EAAP Publication No.76. CSIC. Publishing Service. Granada, Spain.
Ultee, A., M. H. J. Bennik, and R. Moezelaar.2002. The phenolic hydroxyl group of carvacrol is essential for action against the food-borne pathogen Bacillus cereus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.68:1561-1568.
USEPA.1997. Ruminant Livestock Efficiency Program. Proc. Annual Conference EPA.USDA, Aug. 18-20.
USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency).2004. National Emission Inventory-Ammonia Emissions from Animal Husbandry Operations. US EPA, Washington, DC.
Valadares, R., L. C. Goncalves, I. B. Sampaio, N. M. Rodriguez, and J. F. COELHO DA SILVA.1997. Niveis de proteina em dietas de bovinos.2. Consumo, digestibilidades e balanco de compostos nitrogenados. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia.26:1259-1263.
Van Keulen, J. and B. A. Young.1977. Evaluation of acid-insoluble ash as a natural marker in ruminant digestibility studies. J Anim Sci.44:282-287.
Van Nevel C. J. and D. I. Demeyer 1996. Control of rumcn methanogenesis. Environ. Monit. Assess. 42:73-97
Van Duinkerken, G., G. Andre, M. Smits, G. J. Monteny, and L. Sebek.2005. Effect of rumen-degradable protein balance and forage type on bulk milk urea concentration and emission of ammonia from dairy cow houses. J Dairy Sci 88(3):1099-1112.
Van Soest, P. J. and J. B. Robertson and B. A. Lewis.1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J Dairy Sci.74:3583-3597.
Van Soest, P. J.1982. Gastrointestinal fermentations. Pages 152-177 in Nutritional ecology of the ruminant. Ruminant metabolism, nutritional strategies, the cellulolytic fermentation and the chemistry of forages and plant fibers. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
Vasta V, Makkar H P S, Mele M, et al. Ruminal biohydrogenation as affected by tannins in vitro[J].British journal of nutrition,2009a,102:82-92.
Vasta V, Mele M, Serra A, ea al. Metabolic fate of fatty acids involved in ruminal biohydrogenation in sheep fed concentrate or herbage with or without tannins[J]. journal of animal science,2009b,87: 2674-2684.
Waghorn, G. C, and I. D. Shelton.1997. Effect of condensed tannins in Lotus corniculatus on the nutritive value of pasture for sheep.J. Agric. Sci. (Camb.) 128:365-372.
Waghorn, G. C., W. T. Jones, I. D. Shelton, and W. C. McNabb.1990.Condensed tannins and the nutritive value of herbage. Proc. N.Z.Grassl. Assoc.51:171-176.
Waghorn, G. C., M. H. Tavendale, and D. R. Woodfield.2002.Methanogenesis from forages fed to sheep. Proc. N. Z. Grassl.Assoc.64:167-171.
Waghorn G C, McNabb W C. Consequences of plant phenolic compounds for productivity and health of ruminants[J].Proceedings of the Nutrition Society,2003,62:383-392.
Waghorn G C, Clark D A. Greenhouse gas mitigation opportunities with immediate application to pastoral grazing for ruminants. In:Soliva, C.R., Takahashi, J., Kreuzer, M. (Eds.), Greenhouse Gases and Animal Agriculture; An Update. Int. Congress Series 1293. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2006:107-110.
Wang, C., J. X. Liu, S. W. Zhai, J. L. Lai, and Y. M. Wu.2008. Effects of rumen-degradable-protein to rumen-undegradable-protein ratio on nitrogen conversion of lactating dairy cows. Acta Agriculturae Scand Section A 58(2):100-103.
Ward, W.R., Murray, R.D., White, A.R., Rees, E.M.,1995. The use of blood biochemistry for determining the nutritional status of dairy cows. In:Garnsworthy, P.C., Cole, D.J.A. (Eds.), Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK, pp.29-51.
Weatherburn, M.W.,1967. Phenol-hypochlorite reaction for determination of ammonia. Anal Chem.39: 971-974.
Weimer P. J., D. M. Stevenson. D. R. Mertens, and E. E. Thomas.2008. Effect of moonensin feeding and withdrawal on populations of individual bacterial species in the rumen of lactating dairy cows fed high-starch rations. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol.80:135-145
Whitelaw, F. G., J. S. Miline, and X. B. Chen.1991. The effect of rumen microbial fermentation on urea and nitrogen metabolism of sheep nourished by intragastric infusion. Exp. Phys.76:91-101.
Wilbert F Pellikaan, Elisabetta Stringano, Jan Leenaars, et al.2011.Evaluating effects of tannins on extent and rate of in vitro gas andCH4 production using an automated pressure evaluation system (APES) [J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,377-390.
Woodward S L,Waghorn G C, Ulyatt M J, et al,2001. Early indications that feeding lotus will reduce methane emissions from ruminants. In Proceedings of the The New Zealand Society of Animal Production.ACIAR, Adelaide,23-26.
Yanagida, A., Shoji, T., Kanda, T.,2002. Characterization of polymerized polyphenols by size-exclusion HPLC. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.66,1972-1975.
Young, E. G and C. F. Conway.1942. On the estimation of allantoin by the Rimini-Schryver reaction. J Biol Chem 142(2):839-853.
YuP, ChristensenDA,McKinnonJ J,2003.Comparisonof theNRC2001 model with the Dutch System (DVE/OEB) in the prediction of nutrient supply to dairy cows from forages. J Dairy Sci,86: 2178-2192
Zhong, R. Z., J. G. Li, Y. X. Gao, Z. L. Tan, and G. P. Ren.2008. Effects of substitution of different levels of steam-flaked corn for finely ground corn on lactation and digestion in early lactation dairy cows. J Dairy Sci.91:3931-3937.
Zinn, R.A., Owens, F.N.,1986. A rapid procedure for purine measurement and its use for estimating net ruminal protein synthesis. Can. J. Anim. Sci.66:157-166.
Zucker W.V.1983. Tannins:does structure determine function? An ecological perspective[J].Am Nat. 121:335-365
陆忠兵,石碧,刘欣,2011.植物单宁-蛋白质相互作用的计算机模拟科学与工程[J].中国饲料,11(4)：1-8
陈丹丹,刁其玉,姜成钢,屠焰,赵一广,2012.反刍动物甲烷的产生机理和减排技术研究进展,[J].中国草食动物科学,32(4)：65-69.
付春丽,王瑞宁,傅彤,高腾云,2012.降低奶牛氮排放的营养调控措施[J].家畜生态学报,33(4)：96-101
郭彦军,龙瑞军,2003.利用体外产气法测定高山牧草和灌木的干物质降解率[J].草业学报,12：54-60.
霍振华,方热军,2007.单宁对反刍动物的抗营养作用机理及其消除措施.[J].中国饲料,2007,20：20-22.
倪丽丽,闫素梅,赵鹏,鲍宏云,成海荣,2011.粗蛋白与过瘤胃蛋白对奶牛氮排泄的影响[J].饲料研究,7：60-62
潘发明,李发弟,郝正里,郑琛,董淑慧,2012.茶渣单宁含量对绵羊养分消化利用与氮代谢参数的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,43(1)：71-81.
苏华为.中国荷斯坦奶牛围产气能量平衡及其调控研究：[博士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2010.
汪海峰,2004.缩合单宁对反刍动物的营养作用[J].中国饲料,3：26-28
翟少伟,2009.日粮蛋白质摄入量对泌乳奶牛氮排泄量的影响[J].中国奶牛,8：57-58.
翟少伟,2008.日粮蛋白质水平对奶牛乳尿素氮浓度及氮利用率的影响[J].中国奶牛,31(6)：266-268.
张晓庆,赫正里,李发弟,2010.红豆草缩合单宁对绵羊瘤胃代谢及饲料尼龙袋降解率的影响[J].草业学报,1：166-172.
赵祖春,罗庆云,孙达旺,1987.毛杨梅及油柑树皮单宁组分的研究[J].林产化学与工业,7(3)：20-29.
郑会超,刘建新,吴跃明,黄新,张晓锋,蒋永清,2004.单宁对反刍动物营养代谢的影响[J].黄牛杂志,30(6)：23-26.
郑琛,2009.从朱樱花、大叶千斤拔和银合欢中提纯的缩合单宁对体外试验豆粕瘤胃及过瘤胃降解率的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,10：20-30.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |