基于GIS的村域农田生产系统评价与植被优化配置研究
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摘要
随着人口增长与社会对农产品需求的增加,我国人地矛盾日益突出,土地资源的植被配置直接影响着土地利用效果及其资源利用的可持续性。由此,土地资源植被配置成为土地科学、作物科学以及环境科学等领域重要的前沿研究课题。本文以冀西北坝上地区一个典型的农村——德胜村为研究对象,在逐地块调查植被生产现状、百米方采样土壤特征要素基础上,运用GIS技术、地质统计学方法、Supermap成图软件等,分析了土壤特征要素的空间变异特征,以及质地、全氮、速效磷、有机质等属性间的空间变异相关性;在全面分析村域作物生产的土地利用特征与存在问题基础上,由多元二次曲线拟合了典型采样区不同作物产能与土壤主要特征要素的定量关系;进一步以土壤质地作为主体指标,对村域土地资源进行了定等分级,运用线性规划(LP)方法完成了研究区面向不同情景的植被优化配置研究。论文研究为冀西北坝上地区合理利用土地资源、高效实施以雨养农作为核心的植被优化配置提供了生态—经济兼顾的技术模式。
本文主要研究结果如下:
1.应用全球卫星定位系统(GPS)进行精确定位,采集研究区域土壤质地、全氮、速效磷、有机质等主要特征要素及作物生产力空间信息,运用地理信息系统方法建立了村域土地资源植被配置电子地图。
通过对德胜村土地资源利用现状进行调查分析,表明农业用地所占比重较大,耕地占村域土地面积58.82%;农用地呈现粮经作物两元结构特征,粮食和油料等自给作物生产面积占耕地面积的48%;甜菜、豆类和马铃薯等商品作物面积占34%。以质地为主体指标对德胜村土地资源进行定等分级分析表明,德胜村一级、二级、三级和四级地分别占耕地总面积的9.5%、22.6%、52.7%、15.1%,一、二级优质耕地面积小,中低产田所占比例大。作物配置现状分析表明,莜麦、亚麻、豆类、马铃薯、甜菜、黍子、玉米在所有地级都有种植,作物生产未能适地适作;林地占用面积小,林地占村域土地面积的11.38%,大部分以农田防护林形式呈条带状分布。草地很分散,部分草地围绕着林地,天然牧草地退化很严重。
2.通过对研究区土壤特征性要素比较分析表明,采样区主要土壤养分含量多集中在中等及较缺等级。利用Fisher经典统计和地质统计学方法分析表明,有机质、全氮、质地、速效磷的变异系数均为中等强度,四种土壤性状的空间分布具有中等的空间相关性;养分特性的半方差函数理论模型用指数模型拟合效果最优,质地特性很好的符合球状模型;土壤性状中除速效磷外,土壤质地、全氮、有机质等性状之间的空间分布均存在着较强的正相关关系。以各样点产能为因变量,以相应样点的质地、全氮、速效磷、有机质等属性为自变量进行多元二次回归模型拟合,并对二次回归方程进行降维分析,初步明确了土壤主要特征性要素与农田产能的基本关系。分析得出土壤速效磷、有机质的含量对农田所产出的能量起不到决定性影响,农田产能主要由土壤质地和氮素含量因素决定。
统计表明,土壤质地与全氮含量具有显著的正相关性,而且土壤质地具有很好的稳定性。在冀西北坝上波状高原地貌背景下,质地是评价土地优劣与农田定等分级的最主要因素,由此而成为农田分类和植物配置的主体依据。以0~10cm表层土壤质地作为农田区划指标,其土壤物理性粘粒含量标准为:第1级,土壤物理性粘粒含量>30%;第2级,25%~30%;第3级,20%~25%;第4级,<20%。第1级地力最高,第4级最低。
3.以农田定等分级与各级耕地不同作物产能为基础,面向不同情景采用线性规划方法进行村域植被优化配置研究表明,以不低于规划前各作物产量为约束,以最大经济效益为目的的植被配置方案为近期村域可行最优方案。该方案的特点是马铃薯种植面积增加达120.7%,全村经济效益较配置前提高64.8%。在目前封闭性生产的农事系统中,此土地作物布局方案需打破原来条带分割的顺坡种植方式,重组土地使用格局,实现规模效益,这有利于促进与初步实现该区域经济、社会和生态三方面的可持续发展。而完全市场化的作物配置方案,由于当地农民的思想保守性、对承担市场风险的脆弱性和当地经济发展基础的薄弱性等都使之不适合现阶段采用。分析表明,冀西北农牧交错区当前农业生产的进步,更大程度地要依靠农业生产制度的创新,小规模生产的不经济性已经成为区域农业进步的限制因素。
With the increasing of population and demand of society to agricultural products, the contradiction of people and land increasingly is prominent, vegetation's allocation of land resources directly the influences of effects and sustainabilityof land use. Therefrom, the vegetation allocation becomes the important leading edge research subject of soil science, crop science, environment and so on. The study's object of this paper is the village Desheng which is a typical village in the Bashang area from the northwest of Hebei, on the basis of investing the production status of vegetation land by land and the essential factor of sampling soil feature in the hectometre square, utilizing geographic information system (GIS), the geostatistic method and Supermap and so on, analysing the spatial variability characteristic of the soil characteristic factors, and the relevance of spatial variability among disposition, total-nitrogen, Olsen-phosphorus and organic matter; on the basis of comprehensive analysis the soil use characteristic and problem of existence of the crop production in the village, using the polybasic square curve fits the rational relation between the different crop production and soil main characteristic in the typical sampling area; To move forward a single step to study the soil disposition as the subject target, to scale the soil resource in the village, utilizing the method linear programming (LP) finishes the study that optimizing configuration of the research area to the vegetation of different background. The study of this paper provides a technology model of ecology and economy for the vegetation optimizing configuration of wise use the soil resource, efficient put into effect cultivation agriculture using rain as the core.
The main findings of this paper were as follows:
1. Applied GPS to precise positioning, collected space information in the study region, collect the main characteristic elements such as soil texture, total-nitrogen, Olsen-phosphorus, organic matter and so on, and the spatial information of crop productivity in the study area, using the geographical information system to establish electronic map of land resources in the village.
To analysis the using status of land resources by Desheng village, had been showed agricultural land area occupied large proportion, the proportion of cultivated land takes up 58.82% of the total land in the village; the land of agriculture appears the two-element character of grain-economy crops, Grain and oil crop planting the largest area, accounting for 48% of arable land; As economy crop ,beet、beans and potatoes planting acreage accounting for 34% of arable land. After the land classification, Desheng village 1~4 to account for 9.5% ,22.6%, 52.7%, 15.1% of the total arable land. 1 and 2 levels cultivated are very small, low--medium cultivated proportion very large. The current situation of crop collocation shows that naked oats, flax, beans, potatoes, sugar beet, millet and maize are grown in all prefecture-level, but the crop production was not appropriation in the suitable land and cultivation; forest area have has small proportion, the proportion takes up 11.38% of the village area, large proportion emerges stripped spread as the farmland shelter-belt. grass was scattered, some grass around the woodland, natural grassland degradation is very serious.
2. Through the analysis of characteristic of soil shows, sampling area of soil nutrients is the lack of middle grade. Used the Fisher classical statistics and geostatistic method analysis to indicate that all of the coefficientofvariation of OM, TN, AP and soil texture were medium tenacity, four manure strength factor’s coefficient of variation was the medium intensity. the exponential model is best fitted by the theoretical model of nutrient characteristics, texture characteristics is fit for the spherical model; the soil properties except AP, Texture, total nitrogen, organic matter the existence of the spatial distribution of positive correlation. The capacity of every sample as the dependent variable, the corresponding exture, total nitrogen, AP, organic matter as the independent variable conducts polybasic square regression model fit, and proceed the square regression equation reduction of dimensionality, preliminary explicit the basic relationship between soil main characteristic elements and farmland capacity. The analysis showed that AP, organic matter has not the decisive function to farmland capacity, soil texture and total nitrogen are the decisive factors for the farmland capacity.
The statistics showed, soil texture has the significant positive relevance with total nitrogen content, and the soil texture has the positive stability. In the background of the wave continental plateau physiognomy in the Bashang from Hebei northwest, the texture is the main factor to appraise the best and worst and classification of farmland, therefrom becomes the subject accordance to farmland classification and vegetation collocation. Use 0~10cm surface soil clay content of physical as an indicator to divide farmland, soil physical property loam content categories: The 1st level soil physical property clay content>30%;The 2nd level,25~30%;The 3rd level,20~25%:The 4th level,<20%. The soil fertility of 1st level is highest, the 4rd is lowest.
3. On the basis of farmland classification and the different capacity of every level farmland, to face the different situation to adopt the method of Linear programming to conduct the optimizing configuration of vegetation in village and indicate, not lower the every crop production of former planning as restrain, the plan of vegetation collocation which has the best economy benefit is the feasible and best scheme in the village. The features of this scheme is that the cultivation area of potato will increase 120.70%, the economy benefit all of the village will be more 64.80% than the former. At the present, in the closed farming system, the scheme of farmland crop layout needs to break the former cultivate style of banding, rebuild the land use structure, come out the scale benefit, and it is to the benefit of improving and initial realizing the area economy, society and ecology to keep sustainable development. And the vegetation collocation scheme of the whole marketization, because the conservative thinking of the local former, the vulnerability to the market danger and the weak local economy development basis and so on, make it is not situation chance to adopt. The analysis indicate that the improvement of the ecotone of farm and livestock in the Hebei northwest area, in the more degree need to depend the innovation of the regime of agricultural industry, not economical efficiency of the small scale production has already become the restricted factor to improvement of agriculture.
本文主要研究结果如下:
1.应用全球卫星定位系统(GPS)进行精确定位,采集研究区域土壤质地、全氮、速效磷、有机质等主要特征要素及作物生产力空间信息,运用地理信息系统方法建立了村域土地资源植被配置电子地图。
通过对德胜村土地资源利用现状进行调查分析,表明农业用地所占比重较大,耕地占村域土地面积58.82%;农用地呈现粮经作物两元结构特征,粮食和油料等自给作物生产面积占耕地面积的48%;甜菜、豆类和马铃薯等商品作物面积占34%。以质地为主体指标对德胜村土地资源进行定等分级分析表明,德胜村一级、二级、三级和四级地分别占耕地总面积的9.5%、22.6%、52.7%、15.1%,一、二级优质耕地面积小,中低产田所占比例大。作物配置现状分析表明,莜麦、亚麻、豆类、马铃薯、甜菜、黍子、玉米在所有地级都有种植,作物生产未能适地适作;林地占用面积小,林地占村域土地面积的11.38%,大部分以农田防护林形式呈条带状分布。草地很分散,部分草地围绕着林地,天然牧草地退化很严重。
2.通过对研究区土壤特征性要素比较分析表明,采样区主要土壤养分含量多集中在中等及较缺等级。利用Fisher经典统计和地质统计学方法分析表明,有机质、全氮、质地、速效磷的变异系数均为中等强度,四种土壤性状的空间分布具有中等的空间相关性;养分特性的半方差函数理论模型用指数模型拟合效果最优,质地特性很好的符合球状模型;土壤性状中除速效磷外,土壤质地、全氮、有机质等性状之间的空间分布均存在着较强的正相关关系。以各样点产能为因变量,以相应样点的质地、全氮、速效磷、有机质等属性为自变量进行多元二次回归模型拟合,并对二次回归方程进行降维分析,初步明确了土壤主要特征性要素与农田产能的基本关系。分析得出土壤速效磷、有机质的含量对农田所产出的能量起不到决定性影响,农田产能主要由土壤质地和氮素含量因素决定。
统计表明,土壤质地与全氮含量具有显著的正相关性,而且土壤质地具有很好的稳定性。在冀西北坝上波状高原地貌背景下,质地是评价土地优劣与农田定等分级的最主要因素,由此而成为农田分类和植物配置的主体依据。以0~10cm表层土壤质地作为农田区划指标,其土壤物理性粘粒含量标准为:第1级,土壤物理性粘粒含量>30%;第2级,25%~30%;第3级,20%~25%;第4级,<20%。第1级地力最高,第4级最低。
3.以农田定等分级与各级耕地不同作物产能为基础,面向不同情景采用线性规划方法进行村域植被优化配置研究表明,以不低于规划前各作物产量为约束,以最大经济效益为目的的植被配置方案为近期村域可行最优方案。该方案的特点是马铃薯种植面积增加达120.7%,全村经济效益较配置前提高64.8%。在目前封闭性生产的农事系统中,此土地作物布局方案需打破原来条带分割的顺坡种植方式,重组土地使用格局,实现规模效益,这有利于促进与初步实现该区域经济、社会和生态三方面的可持续发展。而完全市场化的作物配置方案,由于当地农民的思想保守性、对承担市场风险的脆弱性和当地经济发展基础的薄弱性等都使之不适合现阶段采用。分析表明,冀西北农牧交错区当前农业生产的进步,更大程度地要依靠农业生产制度的创新,小规模生产的不经济性已经成为区域农业进步的限制因素。
With the increasing of population and demand of society to agricultural products, the contradiction of people and land increasingly is prominent, vegetation's allocation of land resources directly the influences of effects and sustainabilityof land use. Therefrom, the vegetation allocation becomes the important leading edge research subject of soil science, crop science, environment and so on. The study's object of this paper is the village Desheng which is a typical village in the Bashang area from the northwest of Hebei, on the basis of investing the production status of vegetation land by land and the essential factor of sampling soil feature in the hectometre square, utilizing geographic information system (GIS), the geostatistic method and Supermap and so on, analysing the spatial variability characteristic of the soil characteristic factors, and the relevance of spatial variability among disposition, total-nitrogen, Olsen-phosphorus and organic matter; on the basis of comprehensive analysis the soil use characteristic and problem of existence of the crop production in the village, using the polybasic square curve fits the rational relation between the different crop production and soil main characteristic in the typical sampling area; To move forward a single step to study the soil disposition as the subject target, to scale the soil resource in the village, utilizing the method linear programming (LP) finishes the study that optimizing configuration of the research area to the vegetation of different background. The study of this paper provides a technology model of ecology and economy for the vegetation optimizing configuration of wise use the soil resource, efficient put into effect cultivation agriculture using rain as the core.
The main findings of this paper were as follows:
1. Applied GPS to precise positioning, collected space information in the study region, collect the main characteristic elements such as soil texture, total-nitrogen, Olsen-phosphorus, organic matter and so on, and the spatial information of crop productivity in the study area, using the geographical information system to establish electronic map of land resources in the village.
To analysis the using status of land resources by Desheng village, had been showed agricultural land area occupied large proportion, the proportion of cultivated land takes up 58.82% of the total land in the village; the land of agriculture appears the two-element character of grain-economy crops, Grain and oil crop planting the largest area, accounting for 48% of arable land; As economy crop ,beet、beans and potatoes planting acreage accounting for 34% of arable land. After the land classification, Desheng village 1~4 to account for 9.5% ,22.6%, 52.7%, 15.1% of the total arable land. 1 and 2 levels cultivated are very small, low--medium cultivated proportion very large. The current situation of crop collocation shows that naked oats, flax, beans, potatoes, sugar beet, millet and maize are grown in all prefecture-level, but the crop production was not appropriation in the suitable land and cultivation; forest area have has small proportion, the proportion takes up 11.38% of the village area, large proportion emerges stripped spread as the farmland shelter-belt. grass was scattered, some grass around the woodland, natural grassland degradation is very serious.
2. Through the analysis of characteristic of soil shows, sampling area of soil nutrients is the lack of middle grade. Used the Fisher classical statistics and geostatistic method analysis to indicate that all of the coefficientofvariation of OM, TN, AP and soil texture were medium tenacity, four manure strength factor’s coefficient of variation was the medium intensity. the exponential model is best fitted by the theoretical model of nutrient characteristics, texture characteristics is fit for the spherical model; the soil properties except AP, Texture, total nitrogen, organic matter the existence of the spatial distribution of positive correlation. The capacity of every sample as the dependent variable, the corresponding exture, total nitrogen, AP, organic matter as the independent variable conducts polybasic square regression model fit, and proceed the square regression equation reduction of dimensionality, preliminary explicit the basic relationship between soil main characteristic elements and farmland capacity. The analysis showed that AP, organic matter has not the decisive function to farmland capacity, soil texture and total nitrogen are the decisive factors for the farmland capacity.
The statistics showed, soil texture has the significant positive relevance with total nitrogen content, and the soil texture has the positive stability. In the background of the wave continental plateau physiognomy in the Bashang from Hebei northwest, the texture is the main factor to appraise the best and worst and classification of farmland, therefrom becomes the subject accordance to farmland classification and vegetation collocation. Use 0~10cm surface soil clay content of physical as an indicator to divide farmland, soil physical property loam content categories: The 1st level soil physical property clay content>30%;The 2nd level,25~30%;The 3rd level,20~25%:The 4th level,<20%. The soil fertility of 1st level is highest, the 4rd is lowest.
3. On the basis of farmland classification and the different capacity of every level farmland, to face the different situation to adopt the method of Linear programming to conduct the optimizing configuration of vegetation in village and indicate, not lower the every crop production of former planning as restrain, the plan of vegetation collocation which has the best economy benefit is the feasible and best scheme in the village. The features of this scheme is that the cultivation area of potato will increase 120.70%, the economy benefit all of the village will be more 64.80% than the former. At the present, in the closed farming system, the scheme of farmland crop layout needs to break the former cultivate style of banding, rebuild the land use structure, come out the scale benefit, and it is to the benefit of improving and initial realizing the area economy, society and ecology to keep sustainable development. And the vegetation collocation scheme of the whole marketization, because the conservative thinking of the local former, the vulnerability to the market danger and the weak local economy development basis and so on, make it is not situation chance to adopt. The analysis indicate that the improvement of the ecotone of farm and livestock in the Hebei northwest area, in the more degree need to depend the innovation of the regime of agricultural industry, not economical efficiency of the small scale production has already become the restricted factor to improvement of agriculture.
引文
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