TH-UWB信号同步技术研究
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摘要
近年来,超宽带通信技术以其良好的特性被业界认为是未来短距离高速无线通信的最佳解决方案。但是超宽带信号脉冲持续时间短,功率谱密度极低,并且超宽带信道具有密集多径的特性,因此接收端的信号捕获便成为一个十分关键的问题,本课题就跳时超宽带(TH-UWB)信号的同步问题进行了深入全面的研究。
重点对两种同步算法进行了研究并给出了仿真结果及分析。基于最小二乘估计的同步算法通过合理建模把同步归结为估计接收信号和本地模板信号之间最小的欧几里得距离,该算法还可估计出信道冲激响应,用于相关接收机,给出了详细的推导过程。理论推导和仿真结果表明该算法具有算法简单明了,同步过程对于定时误差不敏感,而且只需较少比特数就能达到较好的捕获性能,是一种切实可行的同步算法。
对现有基于带噪模板的同步算法(TDT-Timing with Dirty Template)进行了改进,先利用带噪接收信号的相邻两个码元长的互相关来实现帧同步,再利用本地无噪模板在两帧内利用滑动相关达到脉冲级同步,给出了改进前后的BER及归一化MSE值的比较。仿真结果表明与滑动相关相结合的TDT算法继承了TDT的只需积分清洗操作就可达到帧同步的优点,又将滑动相关限制在两帧内,大大减小了计算量,又改善了系统性能。并给出了与基于Hermite正交脉冲的TDT算法的捕获概率和MSE方面的比较。
In recent years, UWB (Ultra-Wide Band) communication which has many advantages is believed to be the optimum solution for short distance and high speed communications in the future. However, because of the ultra short pulses and ultra-low power spectral density of UWB signals, the synchronization of the received signals is a critical problem to be solved. The paper has done some deep and full studies of acquisition and synchronization of TH-UWB signals.
Two kinds of UWB synchronization algorithms are mainly studied and analyzed. The synchronization can be achieved by estimating the minimum Euclidean distance of the received signal and the local template signal in the least square estimation algorithm, channel estimation can also be achieved at the same time and can be used in the correlation receiver. Simulation results show that this algorithm has better acquisition performance and is feasible.
This paper also gives an improved version of TDT (Timing with Dirty Template) algorithm. First, using the correlation of the adjacent bits of received dirty signals to realize frame synchronization, then sliding correlation in the adjacent two frames is done to realize chip synchronization. BER and MSE comparison before and after adding the sliding correlation are given. Simulation results show that TDT with sliding not only inherits the simpleness of the original TDT algorithm which only needs integration and clean calculation to achieve the frame synchronization, but also limits the sliding correlation in two frames, which greatly deduces the calculation amount, The improved TDT with sliding correlation and the TDT based on Hermite orthogonal are also compared from the view of acquisition probability and MSE.
重点对两种同步算法进行了研究并给出了仿真结果及分析。基于最小二乘估计的同步算法通过合理建模把同步归结为估计接收信号和本地模板信号之间最小的欧几里得距离,该算法还可估计出信道冲激响应,用于相关接收机,给出了详细的推导过程。理论推导和仿真结果表明该算法具有算法简单明了,同步过程对于定时误差不敏感,而且只需较少比特数就能达到较好的捕获性能,是一种切实可行的同步算法。
对现有基于带噪模板的同步算法(TDT-Timing with Dirty Template)进行了改进,先利用带噪接收信号的相邻两个码元长的互相关来实现帧同步,再利用本地无噪模板在两帧内利用滑动相关达到脉冲级同步,给出了改进前后的BER及归一化MSE值的比较。仿真结果表明与滑动相关相结合的TDT算法继承了TDT的只需积分清洗操作就可达到帧同步的优点,又将滑动相关限制在两帧内,大大减小了计算量,又改善了系统性能。并给出了与基于Hermite正交脉冲的TDT算法的捕获概率和MSE方面的比较。
In recent years, UWB (Ultra-Wide Band) communication which has many advantages is believed to be the optimum solution for short distance and high speed communications in the future. However, because of the ultra short pulses and ultra-low power spectral density of UWB signals, the synchronization of the received signals is a critical problem to be solved. The paper has done some deep and full studies of acquisition and synchronization of TH-UWB signals.
Two kinds of UWB synchronization algorithms are mainly studied and analyzed. The synchronization can be achieved by estimating the minimum Euclidean distance of the received signal and the local template signal in the least square estimation algorithm, channel estimation can also be achieved at the same time and can be used in the correlation receiver. Simulation results show that this algorithm has better acquisition performance and is feasible.
This paper also gives an improved version of TDT (Timing with Dirty Template) algorithm. First, using the correlation of the adjacent bits of received dirty signals to realize frame synchronization, then sliding correlation in the adjacent two frames is done to realize chip synchronization. BER and MSE comparison before and after adding the sliding correlation are given. Simulation results show that TDT with sliding not only inherits the simpleness of the original TDT algorithm which only needs integration and clean calculation to achieve the frame synchronization, but also limits the sliding correlation in two frames, which greatly deduces the calculation amount, The improved TDT with sliding correlation and the TDT based on Hermite orthogonal are also compared from the view of acquisition probability and MSE.
引文
[1]葛利嘉,朱林,袁晓芳,陈帮富等译.超宽带无线电基础[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2005:19-25页,52-98页
[2]C.L.Bennett and G.F.Ross.Time-domain electromagnetics and its applications[J/OL].Proceedings of the IEEE,1978,66:299-318P
[3]TW Barrett-Proc.History of Ultra Wideband Communications and Radar:Part2,UWB Radar and Sensors.Microwave Journal,2001
[4]Benett C L,Ross G F.Time-domain electromagnetics and its applications[J].IEEE,1978,66(3):299-318P
[5]FCC.Revision of Part 15 of the commission's rules regarding ultra-wideband and transmission systems[EB/OL].2002
[6]Engler H F.Technical issues in Ultra-wideband radar systems.Introduction to Ultra-Wideband Radar Systems[J].CRC Press,1994
[7]王金龙,王呈贵,阚春荣等.无线超宽带(UWB)通信原理与应用[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2005
[8]张辉,曹丽娜.现代通信原理与技术[M].第二版.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2002
[9]IEEE802.15.SG3a-Channel-Modeling-Subcommittee-Report-Final[EB/OL]Index of/groups/802/15/pub/2002/Nov02,2002.12.02
[10]A Saleh,R Valenzuela.A Statistical Model for Indoor Multiple Propagation[J].IEEE JSAC,1987:Vol.SAC-5:128-137P
[11]Moe Z Win,Robert A Scholtz.On the robustness of ultra-wide bandwidth signals in dense multipath environments[J/OL].IEEE communications letters,1998,2(2):51-53P
[12]John G Proakis.数字通信[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2003
[13]J Foerster,Q Li.UWB Channel Modeling Contribution from Intel.IEEE P802.15-02/279-SG3a,2003
[14]H T Friis.ANote on a Simple Transmission Formula.Pore.IRE.1946,Vol.34:254-256P
[15]A Saleh,R Valenzuela.A Statistical Model for Indoor Multipath Propagation.IEEE.JSAC.,1987,Vol.SAC-5:128-137P
[16]M K Simon,J K Omura,R A Scholts.扩频通信技术教程(英文版).北京:人民邮电出版社,2002:226-228P
[17]Zhang Z,Ge L J,Chen B F,et al.Differenctial Detection Acquisition in Multiple Access Time-Hopping Ultra-Wideband Communications,IEEE International Conference,Joint UWBST&IWUWBS 2004,2004:2442-2445P
[18]S Vijayakumaran,T F Wong.Equal Gain Combining for Acquisition of UWB Signals.IEEE Military Communications Conference(MILCOM'03)[C].2003,2(10):880-885P
[19]A Rabbachin,J Inatti.CLPDI Algorithm in UWB INITIAL Code Acquisition With Saleh-Valenzuela Modified Channel Models.Finish Wireless Communications Workshop.2003,10(16):102-104P
[20]S Soderi,J Iinatti,M Hamalainen.CLPDI Algorithm in UWB Synchronization[J].In Proc.of International Workshop on Ultra Wideband Systems,2003,6(2):759-763P
[21]Tian Zhi,G B Giannakis.Data-aided ML Timing Acquisition in Ultra-widebandRadios[J].UWBST2003,2003:142-146P
[22]R Blazquez,P Newaskar,A Chandrakasan.Coarse acquisition for ultrawide band digital receivers.Proc.2003 IEEE Intel.Conf.Acoustics.Speech and Signal Proc.,vol.4,Apr.2003:137-140P
[23]Homier E A,Scholtz R A.Rapid acuquistion of Ultra-Wideband signals in the dense multipath channel[J].Ultra Wideband Systems and Technologies.Baltimore,MD.2002:105-110P
[24]Gezici S,Ffishler E,Kobayashi H,et al.A Rapid acquisition technique for impulse radio[J].IEEE Pacific Rim Conf on Commun,Comp and Sig.Aug2003:627-630P
[25]Aedudodla S,Vuayakumaran S,Wong T F.Rapid ultra-wideband signal acquisition[J].IEEE Wireless Commun and Networking Conf.Mar 2004:21-25P
[26]Z Tian and V Lottici.Efficient timing acquisition in dense multipath for UWB communication[J].In Proc.2003 IEEE Vehicle Technology Conf,2003:1318-1322P
[27]Z Tian and G B Giannakis A GLRT approach to data-aided timing acquisition in UWB radios-Part Ⅰ:Algorithms.IEEE Trans.Wireless Communications,IEEE Transactions on Vol.4,2005:2956-2957P
[28]Zhi Tian,Georgios B Giannakis.BER Sensitivity to Timing Offset in Ultra-Wideband Communication[A].SPAWC 2003.4~(th) IEEE Workshop[C],June 2003,234-238P
[29]M.Z.Win and R.A.Scholtz.Impulse radio:How it works[J/OL].IEEE Communications Letters,1998,2(2):36-38P
[30]W S Ho,X M Peng.Rapid Acquisition for Multiband UWB System:CAZAC vs Barker Sequence.Pro.ICICS-PCM 2003,Dec.2003
[31]YANG L,GIANNAKIS G B.Blind UWB timing with a dirty template[A].IEEE International Conference on Acoustics,Speech,and Signal Processing 2004,ICASSP 04[C].2004,509-512P
[32]胡文,郑国莘.正交Hermite脉冲的超宽带的多用户通信.电子与信息学报.2006:28(5).852-845页
[33]Lachlan B Michael,Mohammad Ghavami and Ryuji Kohno.Multiple Pulse Generator for Ultra-Wideband Communication using Hermite Polynomial Based Orthogonal Pulses[C].IEEE Conference on Ultra Wideband Systems and Technologies.2002:47-52P
[34]李晓光,张立军,张有根.基于修正Hermite脉冲的UWB系统在无线DVI中的应用.电子设计,2006:22(10-2),102-104页
[35]L Yang and G B Giannakis.Low Complexity Training for Rapid Timing Acquisition in Ultra Wideband Communication.Globecom 2003
[36]Z Tian,L Yang,and G B Giannkis.Symbol timing estimation in ultra wideband communications[J].In Proc.2002 Asilomar Conf.Signals,Systems and Computers,Vol.2,2002:1924-1928P
[37]Zheng yuanjin,Cao Rui,Lian Yong.A New Synchronization Algorithm for UWB Impulse Radio Communication Systems.IEEE International Conference on Communication Systems,Systems Singapore.2004:25-29P
[38]K M Chugg,M Zhu.A New Approach to Rapid PN Code Acquisition using Iterative Message Passing Techniques.IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,2005.23(5):83-84P
[39]Shahrokh Farahmand,Xiliang Luo,and Georgios B Giannakis.Asymptotic performance of timing with dirty templates for UWB impulse radios[J].Ultra-Wideband,2005.ICU 2005 IEEE International Conference.Sept.2005:469-473P
[40]Saravanan Vijayakumaran,Tan F.Wong.On equal-gain combining for acquisition of time-hopping Ultra-Wideband signals[J].Communications,IEEE Transactions.Vol.54,2006:479-490P
[41]Xiliang Luo,Georgios B Giannakis.Low-complexity blind synchronization and demodulation for(Ultra-) Wideband Multi-User Ad Hoc Access[J].Wireless Communications,IEEE Transactions.Vol.5,2006:1930-1941P
[42]马明铭.基于TDT的UWB系统非盲同步算法.吉林大学硕士学位论文.2007:19-24页
[43]周先军.无线通信快速捕获算法及无线测距技术研究.华中科技大学博士学位论文.55-59页
[44]Cecilia Carbonelli,Stefan Franz,Umberto Mengali,Urbashi Mitra.Semi-Blind ML Sychronization for UWB Transmitted Reference Systems[J].Wireless Communications,IEEE Transactions.Vol.4,2004:1491-1495P
[45]Zhi Tian,Liuqing Yang,Georgios B Giannakis.Symbol Timing Estimation in Ultra Wideband Communications[J].IEEE Transactions.Vol.6,2002:1924-1928P
[46]刘磊,向新等.一种适用于PAM-UWB系统的同步方法[J].电子科技,2006:(1)33-39页
[47]M Zhu,K M Chugg.Iterative Message-Passing Algorithms for Rapid PN Code Acquisition.2003 IEEE Conference on Military Communications (MILCOM),Boston,MA,Nov.2003:102-103P
[2]C.L.Bennett and G.F.Ross.Time-domain electromagnetics and its applications[J/OL].Proceedings of the IEEE,1978,66:299-318P
[3]TW Barrett-Proc.History of Ultra Wideband Communications and Radar:Part2,UWB Radar and Sensors.Microwave Journal,2001
[4]Benett C L,Ross G F.Time-domain electromagnetics and its applications[J].IEEE,1978,66(3):299-318P
[5]FCC.Revision of Part 15 of the commission's rules regarding ultra-wideband and transmission systems[EB/OL].2002
[6]Engler H F.Technical issues in Ultra-wideband radar systems.Introduction to Ultra-Wideband Radar Systems[J].CRC Press,1994
[7]王金龙,王呈贵,阚春荣等.无线超宽带(UWB)通信原理与应用[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2005
[8]张辉,曹丽娜.现代通信原理与技术[M].第二版.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2002
[9]IEEE802.15.SG3a-Channel-Modeling-Subcommittee-Report-Final[EB/OL]Index of/groups/802/15/pub/2002/Nov02,2002.12.02
[10]A Saleh,R Valenzuela.A Statistical Model for Indoor Multiple Propagation[J].IEEE JSAC,1987:Vol.SAC-5:128-137P
[11]Moe Z Win,Robert A Scholtz.On the robustness of ultra-wide bandwidth signals in dense multipath environments[J/OL].IEEE communications letters,1998,2(2):51-53P
[12]John G Proakis.数字通信[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2003
[13]J Foerster,Q Li.UWB Channel Modeling Contribution from Intel.IEEE P802.15-02/279-SG3a,2003
[14]H T Friis.ANote on a Simple Transmission Formula.Pore.IRE.1946,Vol.34:254-256P
[15]A Saleh,R Valenzuela.A Statistical Model for Indoor Multipath Propagation.IEEE.JSAC.,1987,Vol.SAC-5:128-137P
[16]M K Simon,J K Omura,R A Scholts.扩频通信技术教程(英文版).北京:人民邮电出版社,2002:226-228P
[17]Zhang Z,Ge L J,Chen B F,et al.Differenctial Detection Acquisition in Multiple Access Time-Hopping Ultra-Wideband Communications,IEEE International Conference,Joint UWBST&IWUWBS 2004,2004:2442-2445P
[18]S Vijayakumaran,T F Wong.Equal Gain Combining for Acquisition of UWB Signals.IEEE Military Communications Conference(MILCOM'03)[C].2003,2(10):880-885P
[19]A Rabbachin,J Inatti.CLPDI Algorithm in UWB INITIAL Code Acquisition With Saleh-Valenzuela Modified Channel Models.Finish Wireless Communications Workshop.2003,10(16):102-104P
[20]S Soderi,J Iinatti,M Hamalainen.CLPDI Algorithm in UWB Synchronization[J].In Proc.of International Workshop on Ultra Wideband Systems,2003,6(2):759-763P
[21]Tian Zhi,G B Giannakis.Data-aided ML Timing Acquisition in Ultra-widebandRadios[J].UWBST2003,2003:142-146P
[22]R Blazquez,P Newaskar,A Chandrakasan.Coarse acquisition for ultrawide band digital receivers.Proc.2003 IEEE Intel.Conf.Acoustics.Speech and Signal Proc.,vol.4,Apr.2003:137-140P
[23]Homier E A,Scholtz R A.Rapid acuquistion of Ultra-Wideband signals in the dense multipath channel[J].Ultra Wideband Systems and Technologies.Baltimore,MD.2002:105-110P
[24]Gezici S,Ffishler E,Kobayashi H,et al.A Rapid acquisition technique for impulse radio[J].IEEE Pacific Rim Conf on Commun,Comp and Sig.Aug2003:627-630P
[25]Aedudodla S,Vuayakumaran S,Wong T F.Rapid ultra-wideband signal acquisition[J].IEEE Wireless Commun and Networking Conf.Mar 2004:21-25P
[26]Z Tian and V Lottici.Efficient timing acquisition in dense multipath for UWB communication[J].In Proc.2003 IEEE Vehicle Technology Conf,2003:1318-1322P
[27]Z Tian and G B Giannakis A GLRT approach to data-aided timing acquisition in UWB radios-Part Ⅰ:Algorithms.IEEE Trans.Wireless Communications,IEEE Transactions on Vol.4,2005:2956-2957P
[28]Zhi Tian,Georgios B Giannakis.BER Sensitivity to Timing Offset in Ultra-Wideband Communication[A].SPAWC 2003.4~(th) IEEE Workshop[C],June 2003,234-238P
[29]M.Z.Win and R.A.Scholtz.Impulse radio:How it works[J/OL].IEEE Communications Letters,1998,2(2):36-38P
[30]W S Ho,X M Peng.Rapid Acquisition for Multiband UWB System:CAZAC vs Barker Sequence.Pro.ICICS-PCM 2003,Dec.2003
[31]YANG L,GIANNAKIS G B.Blind UWB timing with a dirty template[A].IEEE International Conference on Acoustics,Speech,and Signal Processing 2004,ICASSP 04[C].2004,509-512P
[32]胡文,郑国莘.正交Hermite脉冲的超宽带的多用户通信.电子与信息学报.2006:28(5).852-845页
[33]Lachlan B Michael,Mohammad Ghavami and Ryuji Kohno.Multiple Pulse Generator for Ultra-Wideband Communication using Hermite Polynomial Based Orthogonal Pulses[C].IEEE Conference on Ultra Wideband Systems and Technologies.2002:47-52P
[34]李晓光,张立军,张有根.基于修正Hermite脉冲的UWB系统在无线DVI中的应用.电子设计,2006:22(10-2),102-104页
[35]L Yang and G B Giannakis.Low Complexity Training for Rapid Timing Acquisition in Ultra Wideband Communication.Globecom 2003
[36]Z Tian,L Yang,and G B Giannkis.Symbol timing estimation in ultra wideband communications[J].In Proc.2002 Asilomar Conf.Signals,Systems and Computers,Vol.2,2002:1924-1928P
[37]Zheng yuanjin,Cao Rui,Lian Yong.A New Synchronization Algorithm for UWB Impulse Radio Communication Systems.IEEE International Conference on Communication Systems,Systems Singapore.2004:25-29P
[38]K M Chugg,M Zhu.A New Approach to Rapid PN Code Acquisition using Iterative Message Passing Techniques.IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,2005.23(5):83-84P
[39]Shahrokh Farahmand,Xiliang Luo,and Georgios B Giannakis.Asymptotic performance of timing with dirty templates for UWB impulse radios[J].Ultra-Wideband,2005.ICU 2005 IEEE International Conference.Sept.2005:469-473P
[40]Saravanan Vijayakumaran,Tan F.Wong.On equal-gain combining for acquisition of time-hopping Ultra-Wideband signals[J].Communications,IEEE Transactions.Vol.54,2006:479-490P
[41]Xiliang Luo,Georgios B Giannakis.Low-complexity blind synchronization and demodulation for(Ultra-) Wideband Multi-User Ad Hoc Access[J].Wireless Communications,IEEE Transactions.Vol.5,2006:1930-1941P
[42]马明铭.基于TDT的UWB系统非盲同步算法.吉林大学硕士学位论文.2007:19-24页
[43]周先军.无线通信快速捕获算法及无线测距技术研究.华中科技大学博士学位论文.55-59页
[44]Cecilia Carbonelli,Stefan Franz,Umberto Mengali,Urbashi Mitra.Semi-Blind ML Sychronization for UWB Transmitted Reference Systems[J].Wireless Communications,IEEE Transactions.Vol.4,2004:1491-1495P
[45]Zhi Tian,Liuqing Yang,Georgios B Giannakis.Symbol Timing Estimation in Ultra Wideband Communications[J].IEEE Transactions.Vol.6,2002:1924-1928P
[46]刘磊,向新等.一种适用于PAM-UWB系统的同步方法[J].电子科技,2006:(1)33-39页
[47]M Zhu,K M Chugg.Iterative Message-Passing Algorithms for Rapid PN Code Acquisition.2003 IEEE Conference on Military Communications (MILCOM),Boston,MA,Nov.2003:102-103P