基于GIS技术的县级土地利用总体规划研究
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摘要
在人口资源环境可持续发展的大背景下,如何使地球上有限的资源在时空上最合理、最有效地组合或配置,使各种资源得到充分有效的利用,兼顾社会、经济和生态效益,需要对土地资源进行合理配置,而土地资源合理且有效配置的途径是土地利用规划。随着我国社会经济的发展,如何优化土地利用结构和布局、提高土地利用效率是我国土地资源可持续发展和社会经济有效运行所面临的关键问题之一。
本研究在系统分析国内外土地利用规划研究的基础上,结合我国具体实际情况,探讨基于GIS技术与数学模型相结合的县级土地利用总体规划修编的技术和方法,以推进县级土地利用总体规划编制的科学化,探索适应我国社会经济发展的土地利用规划技术和方法,形成县级土地利用总体规划要求的各项成果。本研究可归纳为以下几个部分：
1.土地利用总体规划长期性和综合性的特点决定了土地数据不仅在空间上涉及的面较广,时间上较久,而且涉及到的领域较多,数据存储格式不一,历史数据分散,具有多源数据的特点。针对这一特点,本文提出了基于GIS技术构建为土地利用总体规划而服务的基础数据库。采用了数据互操作方法通过检索方式调用其他软件来完成数据的直接访问,不需要将多种格式数据经专门的数据转换程序进行格式转换,保证了源数据的准确性、完整性和可编辑性,将复杂的问题简单化,便于用户操作,实现了对广布式存储的土地利用总体规划基础数据的集中式管理,初步构建了基于GIS的土地利用总体规划基础数据库。
2.在以往的土地利用现状分析中,多侧重在数学上的统计分析,主要分析一段时间内的数量、指标上的变化情况,而不能反映在空间上的具体变化情况。本文采用发展过程纵向对比法与GIS技术相结合的分析方法,既能在数据统计上反映土地利用现状的变化情况,也可以在空间上反映土地利用变化的空间位置变化。基于GIS技术将不同时期的土地利用类型叠加、套合,对地类图斑面积采用相同的面积计算方法进行计算、平差。只要土地利用发生变化的面积达到上图面积,该图斑就会显示出来,属性数据中可以查阅到土地利用变化前后的地类及其面积,实现了计算机的土地利用动态分析,掌握重点地类的变迁,不但能分析出动态变化的数量关系,同时还能分析出空间上的变化。
3.基于GIS技术对不同土地用途进行土地适宜性评价,主要有农用地适宜性评价和建设用地适宜性评价。本文在前人研究、实践的基础上,创新的提出用三种不同的方法来共同生成评价单元。用叠置法、地块法和动态网格法相结合,形成新的评价单元,这样既保持了行政界线、土地利用现状和农用土地自然形态的完整性和资料的现实性,同时使得评价单元规则化,为土地利用结构优化和布局优化提供依据。
4.结合新疆特殊实际情况,本研究提出了基于弹性规划的灰色多目标规划模型进行结构优化。该方法是在建立结构优化目标的基础上,依据人们生产活动对土地利用类型影响与社会、经济、生态三大效益目标的关系,将国家标准土地利用类型整理重组归并,形成满足结构优化的决策变量。依据新疆温泉县水土资源不均衡等特点,建立多种约束条件,采用WinQSB软件进行计算,得出三个土地利用结构优化方案。并采用物质平衡理论、生态环境相关理论,定性地分析三个土地利用结构优化方案的优缺点,从而在土地结构优化的环节完成规划方案最优的选择。
5.在温泉县农用地适宜性评价基础上,遵循将优质耕地划入基本农田保护、单元总分值由高到低的原则,划定了温泉县基本农田保护区。对社会经济发展占用基本农田需要进行补划时,同样遵循上述原则,优先选择分值较高、质量相当的耕地做为补划基本农田备选区。
6.在前人研究基础上,本文提出了基于GIS的规则土地布局方法,以新疆维吾尔自治区温泉县为例,在建设用地适宜性、区位、点轴理论、开发约束、集约节约、土地转换规则等六方面建立规则,生成规则地图并叠加分析,进行温泉城区土地利用布局优化研究。在总的规则地图上,完成允许建设区、有条件建设区和禁止建设区划分,从而得到土地利用规划布局建设用地管制分区。不同的土地利用布局、建设用地管制分区是与特定的优先发展、开发约束政策相对应的。
On the background of population, resource and environment sustainable developing, how to allocate the limited resources proportionally to meet the needs of society, economy and ecology benefit is a puzzle, which needs to arrange land resource reasonably. The general land-use planning is the useful and rational way of land resource arrangement. With the development of Chinese society and economy, how to optimize land-use structure and layout to increase efficiency of land utilization has become one of most difficulty problems for China.
In this paper, we focused on the need of the general land-use planning of county and a new GIS technology-mathematic model mixed method was explored to promote the scientific planning. A method, which is adaptive to China, was studied, and various results of general land-use planning of county were generated. The results can be outlined as follows:
1.Land-use planning is a long-term and comprehensive work, which suggests that the land data includes not only a large number of space-time data, but also mass data from different industries, therefore, the storage format of the data is different and historical data is disperse. In this paper, a basic data base was designed to service the land-use planning. A mutual operating method was complied to complete the data direct access, which means there is no need to finish format conversion with specific data conversion software. The mutual operating method guarantee the accuracy, integrity and edit capability of the source data, which simplifies the complex problem and makes it easy to operate. The mutual operating method realizes the centralized management of the source data and the general land-use planning data was preliminarily built.
2. In the previous study of existing condition analysis of land-use, for the GIS's constraints, more investigations focused on how to analysis the change of quantity and index in a short time with statistical analysis, which can't describe the space change sufficiently.
In this paper, process longitudinal comparison method, in conjunction with GIS technology, was used to explain the temporal and spatial variation of land-use. This can be accomplished as follows:firstly, the delineations of land-use were stacked with GIS, then, the area of the delineations was computed and adjusted with the same algorithm. As long as the changed area reaches the criterion area, the delineation will show, and we can look up the land types and areas from the attribute data in different times. The verifying source data was processed with the method and the results indicate that the variations of the land-use are more fitting to the reality.
3.1n this paper, we assessed the land suitability in different land-uses with GIS technology, mainly in the agricultural land and building site.
On the basis of previous research, a new method was put forward to create evaluation unit. Overlay method, combing with dynamic grid method, were applied to form new unit as follows:firstly, the source data was processed into preliminary evaluation unit with overlay method, and then the Delphi method was used to determine the weight factor of every unit, at the same time, the standardized score of the unit was also calculated. After that, the final evaluation unit was created with dynamic grid method.
In this way, the advantage of the two methods was utilized sufficiently and the disadvantage was avoided. The new evaluation unit, created by the two methods, kept the existing condition of the land-use and actuality of the data, and normalized the evaluation unit to suit the allocation of the land-use layout optimization. In this way, the basic farm land conservation of Wenquan county was outlined and the restrictive partition of building site was created.
4.According to previous researches, we put forward a grey multiple objective programming structure optimization method, which was embeded with elastic programming, we believe the method is applicable in Xinjiang.In the building process, the objective of structure optimization must be set firstly, and then the relation between influence, which is the result of human's activities on land use types, and three objectives should be computed; after that, the national standard land use types are merged, and the decision variables for the structure optimization are produced.
In this paper, we built multiple constraint condition according to the character of water and soil resource in Wenquan county, and WinQSB was used to form three land-use structure optimization schemes. Mass Balance Theory, and relative theories about ecology and environment were tentatively used to qualitative analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the three schemes, the objective of which is to complete how to choose the best plan in the process of land-use structure optimization.
5. According to the agricultural land suitability assess of Wenquan county, the basic agricultural land conservation of Wenquan county was outlined. In the process, fertile farmland was classified as basic agricultural land conservation and the total unit score arranged in descending order. When the basic agricultural land are needed to be divided as alternative land, the same principle should be followed.
6.In this paper, a new regular land layout method based on GIS technology was put forward. The method built regular map on the basis of building suitability, location, point-axis theory, development constraints and land conversion rule. Multiple rules were built to realize the optimization of the land-use layout.The method realized the unifactor ruled map one by one, based on which, the overall objective ruled map was produced.
In the process of the optimization of the land-use layout, the partition of allowable building zone, conditional building zone and forbidden building zone was finished on the overall objective ruled map, thus, the control partition of land-use layout building zone formed. Different land-use layout and building zone control partition were set according to the specific prior development and constrained development policy.
In this paper, the method is illustrated by an example of Wenquan county, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. In the process, the normalized land layout method based on GIS was used to explore the land-use layout of Wenquan county, and the details of the method was demonstrated, in addition, the scientific feature, practical feature and operating feature were discussed.
本研究在系统分析国内外土地利用规划研究的基础上,结合我国具体实际情况,探讨基于GIS技术与数学模型相结合的县级土地利用总体规划修编的技术和方法,以推进县级土地利用总体规划编制的科学化,探索适应我国社会经济发展的土地利用规划技术和方法,形成县级土地利用总体规划要求的各项成果。本研究可归纳为以下几个部分：
1.土地利用总体规划长期性和综合性的特点决定了土地数据不仅在空间上涉及的面较广,时间上较久,而且涉及到的领域较多,数据存储格式不一,历史数据分散,具有多源数据的特点。针对这一特点,本文提出了基于GIS技术构建为土地利用总体规划而服务的基础数据库。采用了数据互操作方法通过检索方式调用其他软件来完成数据的直接访问,不需要将多种格式数据经专门的数据转换程序进行格式转换,保证了源数据的准确性、完整性和可编辑性,将复杂的问题简单化,便于用户操作,实现了对广布式存储的土地利用总体规划基础数据的集中式管理,初步构建了基于GIS的土地利用总体规划基础数据库。
2.在以往的土地利用现状分析中,多侧重在数学上的统计分析,主要分析一段时间内的数量、指标上的变化情况,而不能反映在空间上的具体变化情况。本文采用发展过程纵向对比法与GIS技术相结合的分析方法,既能在数据统计上反映土地利用现状的变化情况,也可以在空间上反映土地利用变化的空间位置变化。基于GIS技术将不同时期的土地利用类型叠加、套合,对地类图斑面积采用相同的面积计算方法进行计算、平差。只要土地利用发生变化的面积达到上图面积,该图斑就会显示出来,属性数据中可以查阅到土地利用变化前后的地类及其面积,实现了计算机的土地利用动态分析,掌握重点地类的变迁,不但能分析出动态变化的数量关系,同时还能分析出空间上的变化。
3.基于GIS技术对不同土地用途进行土地适宜性评价,主要有农用地适宜性评价和建设用地适宜性评价。本文在前人研究、实践的基础上,创新的提出用三种不同的方法来共同生成评价单元。用叠置法、地块法和动态网格法相结合,形成新的评价单元,这样既保持了行政界线、土地利用现状和农用土地自然形态的完整性和资料的现实性,同时使得评价单元规则化,为土地利用结构优化和布局优化提供依据。
4.结合新疆特殊实际情况,本研究提出了基于弹性规划的灰色多目标规划模型进行结构优化。该方法是在建立结构优化目标的基础上,依据人们生产活动对土地利用类型影响与社会、经济、生态三大效益目标的关系,将国家标准土地利用类型整理重组归并,形成满足结构优化的决策变量。依据新疆温泉县水土资源不均衡等特点,建立多种约束条件,采用WinQSB软件进行计算,得出三个土地利用结构优化方案。并采用物质平衡理论、生态环境相关理论,定性地分析三个土地利用结构优化方案的优缺点,从而在土地结构优化的环节完成规划方案最优的选择。
5.在温泉县农用地适宜性评价基础上,遵循将优质耕地划入基本农田保护、单元总分值由高到低的原则,划定了温泉县基本农田保护区。对社会经济发展占用基本农田需要进行补划时,同样遵循上述原则,优先选择分值较高、质量相当的耕地做为补划基本农田备选区。
6.在前人研究基础上,本文提出了基于GIS的规则土地布局方法,以新疆维吾尔自治区温泉县为例,在建设用地适宜性、区位、点轴理论、开发约束、集约节约、土地转换规则等六方面建立规则,生成规则地图并叠加分析,进行温泉城区土地利用布局优化研究。在总的规则地图上,完成允许建设区、有条件建设区和禁止建设区划分,从而得到土地利用规划布局建设用地管制分区。不同的土地利用布局、建设用地管制分区是与特定的优先发展、开发约束政策相对应的。
On the background of population, resource and environment sustainable developing, how to allocate the limited resources proportionally to meet the needs of society, economy and ecology benefit is a puzzle, which needs to arrange land resource reasonably. The general land-use planning is the useful and rational way of land resource arrangement. With the development of Chinese society and economy, how to optimize land-use structure and layout to increase efficiency of land utilization has become one of most difficulty problems for China.
In this paper, we focused on the need of the general land-use planning of county and a new GIS technology-mathematic model mixed method was explored to promote the scientific planning. A method, which is adaptive to China, was studied, and various results of general land-use planning of county were generated. The results can be outlined as follows:
1.Land-use planning is a long-term and comprehensive work, which suggests that the land data includes not only a large number of space-time data, but also mass data from different industries, therefore, the storage format of the data is different and historical data is disperse. In this paper, a basic data base was designed to service the land-use planning. A mutual operating method was complied to complete the data direct access, which means there is no need to finish format conversion with specific data conversion software. The mutual operating method guarantee the accuracy, integrity and edit capability of the source data, which simplifies the complex problem and makes it easy to operate. The mutual operating method realizes the centralized management of the source data and the general land-use planning data was preliminarily built.
2. In the previous study of existing condition analysis of land-use, for the GIS's constraints, more investigations focused on how to analysis the change of quantity and index in a short time with statistical analysis, which can't describe the space change sufficiently.
In this paper, process longitudinal comparison method, in conjunction with GIS technology, was used to explain the temporal and spatial variation of land-use. This can be accomplished as follows:firstly, the delineations of land-use were stacked with GIS, then, the area of the delineations was computed and adjusted with the same algorithm. As long as the changed area reaches the criterion area, the delineation will show, and we can look up the land types and areas from the attribute data in different times. The verifying source data was processed with the method and the results indicate that the variations of the land-use are more fitting to the reality.
3.1n this paper, we assessed the land suitability in different land-uses with GIS technology, mainly in the agricultural land and building site.
On the basis of previous research, a new method was put forward to create evaluation unit. Overlay method, combing with dynamic grid method, were applied to form new unit as follows:firstly, the source data was processed into preliminary evaluation unit with overlay method, and then the Delphi method was used to determine the weight factor of every unit, at the same time, the standardized score of the unit was also calculated. After that, the final evaluation unit was created with dynamic grid method.
In this way, the advantage of the two methods was utilized sufficiently and the disadvantage was avoided. The new evaluation unit, created by the two methods, kept the existing condition of the land-use and actuality of the data, and normalized the evaluation unit to suit the allocation of the land-use layout optimization. In this way, the basic farm land conservation of Wenquan county was outlined and the restrictive partition of building site was created.
4.According to previous researches, we put forward a grey multiple objective programming structure optimization method, which was embeded with elastic programming, we believe the method is applicable in Xinjiang.In the building process, the objective of structure optimization must be set firstly, and then the relation between influence, which is the result of human's activities on land use types, and three objectives should be computed; after that, the national standard land use types are merged, and the decision variables for the structure optimization are produced.
In this paper, we built multiple constraint condition according to the character of water and soil resource in Wenquan county, and WinQSB was used to form three land-use structure optimization schemes. Mass Balance Theory, and relative theories about ecology and environment were tentatively used to qualitative analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the three schemes, the objective of which is to complete how to choose the best plan in the process of land-use structure optimization.
5. According to the agricultural land suitability assess of Wenquan county, the basic agricultural land conservation of Wenquan county was outlined. In the process, fertile farmland was classified as basic agricultural land conservation and the total unit score arranged in descending order. When the basic agricultural land are needed to be divided as alternative land, the same principle should be followed.
6.In this paper, a new regular land layout method based on GIS technology was put forward. The method built regular map on the basis of building suitability, location, point-axis theory, development constraints and land conversion rule. Multiple rules were built to realize the optimization of the land-use layout.The method realized the unifactor ruled map one by one, based on which, the overall objective ruled map was produced.
In the process of the optimization of the land-use layout, the partition of allowable building zone, conditional building zone and forbidden building zone was finished on the overall objective ruled map, thus, the control partition of land-use layout building zone formed. Different land-use layout and building zone control partition were set according to the specific prior development and constrained development policy.
In this paper, the method is illustrated by an example of Wenquan county, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. In the process, the normalized land layout method based on GIS was used to explore the land-use layout of Wenquan county, and the details of the method was demonstrated, in addition, the scientific feature, practical feature and operating feature were discussed.
引文
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