糖基炭材料的制备及其应用研究
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摘要
炭质吸附剂的研究是当今炭材料研究的一大热点。大量实验证明,用不同原料制备得到的活性炭对水中重金属离子和染料都有很好的吸附性能。活性炭作为原料廉价易得,成本低,去除效果较好的吸附剂被应用于环境工业中作为处理含金属和染料废水的首选方法。在现代中药注射剂生产中活性炭广泛应用于去除金属离子、色素和热原等。本课题以廉价安全的糖类化合物为原料,通过简单的方法制备出新型糖基炭材料并用其作为吸附剂进行水中金属离子和染料的吸附实验,主要研究内容与结果如下:
1.采用红外光谱、X射线粉末衍射、比表面积分析、热重分析和扫描电镜分析对所制备的糖基炭材料进行表征。结果表明:所制备的糖基炭材料均呈无定型结构,颗粒达到微米级;其结构上有芳环,并且保留了大量的活性羟基;具有较大的比表面积,其中以淀粉为原料制备得到的淀粉基炭比表面积最大。
2.吸附性能研究表明:淀粉基炭具有很强的吸附性能,以淀粉基炭作为吸附剂,进行了对水中重金属离子Fe3+、Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+、Cd2+的吸附实验,研究了吸附剂投量、溶液pH、吸附时间、温度及溶液初始质量浓度对吸附效果的影响。结果表明:淀粉基炭对Fe3+、Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+、Cd2+具有良好的吸附效果,利用Langmuir和Freundlich方程对等温线数据进行拟合,Langmuir方程更适合描述淀粉基炭对金属离子的吸附,表明吸附以表面单分子层吸附为主。动力学研究表明淀粉基炭对金属离子的吸附可以用伪二级动力学模型来描述。热力学研究表明,淀粉基炭对金属离子的吸附过程可自发进行。
3.以淀粉基炭作为吸附剂,考察了其对酸性品红和亚甲基蓝染料的去除能力,并研究了吸附剂投加量、溶液pH、吸附时间、温度及溶液初始质量浓度对吸附效果的影响。结果表明,在分别投加0.2 g和0.15 g淀粉炭吸附剂时,相应的去除率为97.83 %和99.93 %;pH对其去除效果影响较明显,这与其染料本身性质有关;淀粉基炭对酸性品红和亚甲基蓝的吸附平衡时间分别为90 min和30 min,动力学研究表明其吸附过程更符合伪二级动力学模型;热力学研究表明温度越高越利于去淀粉基炭对染料的去除,其吸附反应是可以自发进行的;利用Langmuir和Freundlich方程对等温线数据进行拟合,Langmuir更适合描述淀粉基炭对金属离子的吸附,表明吸附以表面单分子层吸附为主。
The research of carbon adsorbent attracts more and more attention in the researching field of carbon materials. Experiments show, the adsorption capacity of heavy metal and dyes in aqueous solution on the activated carbon prepared by different materials is good. Activated carbon is widely used as an effective adsorbent in the treatment of wastewater in environment industry, as well as in the treatment of removing heavy metal ions, pigment and pyrogen in the Chinese medicine injection in pharmaceutical industry. In this paper, a novel sugar-based carbon was prepared by the low cost and safe carbohydrates in a simple method, and the application of sugar-based carbon to heavy metal ions and dyes was studied. The content and results mainly include three parts as follows:
1. As characterized with IR, XRD, BET, TG and SEM, the sugar-based carbon had an amorphous structure and the particles were of micrometer dimensions; The aromatic structure and a lots of activated–OH group were identified; the surface areas of sugar-based carbon were large in which the starch-based carbon was the largest.
2. The starch-based carbon prepared was used as the adsorbent to the adsorption of Fe3+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ in aqueous solutions. The adsorption experiments were conducted to investigate the removal efficiency of metal ions at different conditions such as adsorbent dosage, pH value, contact time, temperature and initial metal concentrations. The experiment showed that the starch-based carbon had a good capacity for removing Fe3+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ from aqueous solutions. The adsorption isotherms were evaluated with Langmuir and Freundlich equations and results showed Langmuir was fitted better, which indicated the adsorption was single molecule adsorption; the kinetic data of the adsorption can be fitted with the pseudo-second order model; and the thermodynamic study showed the process of adsorption was spontaneous.
3. The adsorption of acid fuchsin and methylene blue on sugar-based carbon as adsorbent studied, the adsorption experiments were conducted to investigate the removal efficiency of dyes at different conditions such as adsorbent dosage, pH value, contact time, temperature and initial dyesl concentrations. Results showed the removal of acid fuchsin and methylene blue achieved 97.83 % and 99.93 % when the adsorbent dosage was 0.2 g and 0.15 g respectively; the effect of removal capacity was affected intensively by pH because the different character of the dyes; the adsorption equilibrium time of acid fuchsin and mathylene blue was 90 min and 30 min respectively; it is suggested that the adsorption was consistent with pseudo-second order model; the thermodynamic study showed that higher temperature was beneficial to the adsorption process and the process of adsorption was spontaneous. The Langmuir isotherms was reasonable to describe the adsorption behavior which indicated the adsorption was single molecule adsorption.
1.采用红外光谱、X射线粉末衍射、比表面积分析、热重分析和扫描电镜分析对所制备的糖基炭材料进行表征。结果表明:所制备的糖基炭材料均呈无定型结构,颗粒达到微米级;其结构上有芳环,并且保留了大量的活性羟基;具有较大的比表面积,其中以淀粉为原料制备得到的淀粉基炭比表面积最大。
2.吸附性能研究表明:淀粉基炭具有很强的吸附性能,以淀粉基炭作为吸附剂,进行了对水中重金属离子Fe3+、Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+、Cd2+的吸附实验,研究了吸附剂投量、溶液pH、吸附时间、温度及溶液初始质量浓度对吸附效果的影响。结果表明:淀粉基炭对Fe3+、Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+、Cd2+具有良好的吸附效果,利用Langmuir和Freundlich方程对等温线数据进行拟合,Langmuir方程更适合描述淀粉基炭对金属离子的吸附,表明吸附以表面单分子层吸附为主。动力学研究表明淀粉基炭对金属离子的吸附可以用伪二级动力学模型来描述。热力学研究表明,淀粉基炭对金属离子的吸附过程可自发进行。
3.以淀粉基炭作为吸附剂,考察了其对酸性品红和亚甲基蓝染料的去除能力,并研究了吸附剂投加量、溶液pH、吸附时间、温度及溶液初始质量浓度对吸附效果的影响。结果表明,在分别投加0.2 g和0.15 g淀粉炭吸附剂时,相应的去除率为97.83 %和99.93 %;pH对其去除效果影响较明显,这与其染料本身性质有关;淀粉基炭对酸性品红和亚甲基蓝的吸附平衡时间分别为90 min和30 min,动力学研究表明其吸附过程更符合伪二级动力学模型;热力学研究表明温度越高越利于去淀粉基炭对染料的去除,其吸附反应是可以自发进行的;利用Langmuir和Freundlich方程对等温线数据进行拟合,Langmuir更适合描述淀粉基炭对金属离子的吸附,表明吸附以表面单分子层吸附为主。
The research of carbon adsorbent attracts more and more attention in the researching field of carbon materials. Experiments show, the adsorption capacity of heavy metal and dyes in aqueous solution on the activated carbon prepared by different materials is good. Activated carbon is widely used as an effective adsorbent in the treatment of wastewater in environment industry, as well as in the treatment of removing heavy metal ions, pigment and pyrogen in the Chinese medicine injection in pharmaceutical industry. In this paper, a novel sugar-based carbon was prepared by the low cost and safe carbohydrates in a simple method, and the application of sugar-based carbon to heavy metal ions and dyes was studied. The content and results mainly include three parts as follows:
1. As characterized with IR, XRD, BET, TG and SEM, the sugar-based carbon had an amorphous structure and the particles were of micrometer dimensions; The aromatic structure and a lots of activated–OH group were identified; the surface areas of sugar-based carbon were large in which the starch-based carbon was the largest.
2. The starch-based carbon prepared was used as the adsorbent to the adsorption of Fe3+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ in aqueous solutions. The adsorption experiments were conducted to investigate the removal efficiency of metal ions at different conditions such as adsorbent dosage, pH value, contact time, temperature and initial metal concentrations. The experiment showed that the starch-based carbon had a good capacity for removing Fe3+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ from aqueous solutions. The adsorption isotherms were evaluated with Langmuir and Freundlich equations and results showed Langmuir was fitted better, which indicated the adsorption was single molecule adsorption; the kinetic data of the adsorption can be fitted with the pseudo-second order model; and the thermodynamic study showed the process of adsorption was spontaneous.
3. The adsorption of acid fuchsin and methylene blue on sugar-based carbon as adsorbent studied, the adsorption experiments were conducted to investigate the removal efficiency of dyes at different conditions such as adsorbent dosage, pH value, contact time, temperature and initial dyesl concentrations. Results showed the removal of acid fuchsin and methylene blue achieved 97.83 % and 99.93 % when the adsorbent dosage was 0.2 g and 0.15 g respectively; the effect of removal capacity was affected intensively by pH because the different character of the dyes; the adsorption equilibrium time of acid fuchsin and mathylene blue was 90 min and 30 min respectively; it is suggested that the adsorption was consistent with pseudo-second order model; the thermodynamic study showed that higher temperature was beneficial to the adsorption process and the process of adsorption was spontaneous. The Langmuir isotherms was reasonable to describe the adsorption behavior which indicated the adsorption was single molecule adsorption.
引文
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