黄河三角洲古代经济发展论略
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摘要
动态的黄河三角洲有几个涵盖区域不尽相同的概念,不仅有古代黄河三角洲、近代黄河三角洲与现代黄河三角洲,还有狭义上的经济地理意义上的黄河三角洲。经济地理意义上的黄河三角洲主要指山东省滨州和东营两市的全部以及淄博市的高青县。黄河三角洲有源远流长的古代农业经济、手工业经济和繁荣的商业贸易经济,在经济发展的基础上很早就出现了以雇佣劳动为表现形式的资本主义萌芽。
本文由五部分组成。第一部分绪论,主要阐述研究范围和一些术语概念的界定、国内外研究现状综述、研究的主要思路和内容。
第二部分阐述黄河三角洲源远流长的古代农业经济,主要体现在生产工具的相对先进,注重兴修水利,农作物产量高并且作物种类繁多。春秋战国时期,黄河三角洲土地的垦辟与农作物种植面积不断扩大,农业经济已相当发达,足以供应庞大的都市人群的生活消费需求。魏晋南北朝时期,黄河三角洲农业更加发展,出现了以抗旱保墒为中心的一系列栽培技术等。隋唐五代时期,黄河三角洲农业在兴修水利的基础上蓬勃发展,为农业生产的发展创造了条件。北宋前期,由于农业发达,黄河三角洲还出现了一些仓储丰实的富民大户。明清时期,黄河三角洲农业呈现出新的特点,除种植满足人们日常生活需要的粮食作物外,还大面积种植经济作物——棉花等,成为黄河三角洲地区主要的经济支柱。
第三部分阐述黄河三角洲地区发达的手工业经济,重点是对国计民生有重大影响的制盐业、纺织业和草缏业。黄河三角洲成为中国古代重要的海盐与棉纺织品产地。制盐业是黄河三角洲最灿烂的手工业。黄河三角洲濒海临水的区位优势,为古代先民从事制盐业提供了得天独厚的自然条件。早在姜太公封齐时,就因地制宜,“通商工之业,便渔盐之利”,使渔盐业成为齐国称绝于列国的优势产业与立国之本。汉魏时期,黄河三角洲为东汉主要的渔盐产地。隋唐五代时期,黄河三角洲盐业进一步发展,已有多处较大的食盐产地。宋元明清时期,食盐远销全国各地。纺织业主要有丝织业与棉织业两种。史前时期,黄河三角洲先民就为遮体御寒而纺线织布。春秋战国时期,植桑养蚕,纺织刺绣成为最盛行的手工技艺。唐宋明清时期,黄河三角洲纺织业门类齐全,种类繁多。随着棉花的广泛种植,棉织业迅速发展超过丝织业。草缏业是鸦片战争以后黄河三角洲新兴的手工业。由于草帽为“西国人人必用之物”,草缏属西方国家大量进口的产品,因此,草缏业主要应国外市场的需求而产生。晚清时期,在黄河三角洲地区,不论从业人数、产值,还是对农村的意义,草缏业均超过了传统的金、木、土、石四业,成为农村手工业中的支柱行业,并对黄河三角洲社会构成重大影响。由于草缏业自身有极强的附庸性,铸就了其宿命式的勃兴与速衰的命运。
第四部分阐述商贸经济的发展。随着农业和手工业经济的发展推动了商贸经济的兴盛,商贸活动比较频繁,市场较为繁荣。黄河三角洲商业发展的历史最早可追溯于西周时期。秦汉以后,黄河三角洲商业活动在战乱中缓慢发展。曹魏时,乐安的鱼盐是山东出口商品的大宗。隋唐时期,黄河三角洲商业经济进一步发展。到明清时期,随着商品经济的发展与资本主义萌芽的产生,黄河三角洲商贸活动更加繁荣。纵观黄河三角洲这一时期商贸活动的历史概貌,表现出三个特点,发展速度缓慢,发展程度偏低,发展区域不均衡。黄河三角洲古代比较发达的工商业经济,促进了商业贸易活动的兴盛和市场的繁荣。
第五部分结语,分析黄河三角洲古代经济的发展特点,为现代黄河三角洲经济开发提供依据。据现有文献检索,虽有与本研究直接有关的涉及黄河三角洲古代农业和工商业研究项日,但从农业、手工业和商业经济全面论述黄河三角洲经济发展的研究较少。可在一定程度上丰富黄河三角洲文化产业研究在农、工商业方面的内容并填补这方面的空白。故本研究可以为现代黄河三角洲农业、工商业的产业研究提供素材,在实践层面为黄河三角洲文化产业逐步走上以学术带产业,以产业促学术的良性循环轨道,更好地开发黄河三角洲文化产业潜在的商业价值,充分利用其优越的自然地理条件和得天独厚的自然条件为当地经济社会发展做出贡献。本文针对黄河三角洲古代农工商经济发展以学者们的研究为基础,进行整理和研究,提出思路和建议,为现代黄河三角洲的开发和经济的繁荣提供理论依据。
The dynamic Yellow River Delta covers several different concepts in terms of the covering regions: the Ancient Yellow River Delta, the Modern Yellow River delta and the Contemporary Yellow River Delta, as well as the Economic and Geographical Yellow River Delta. The Economic and Geographical Yellow River Delta mainly refers to the whole areas of Binzhou and Dongying cities in Shandong Province and that of the whole Gaoqing County in Zibo City. The Yellow River Delta has a long history of the ancient agricultural economy, handicraft economy and prosperous commercial trade economy. On the basis of the development of trading, the capitalism which embodied the employed labor relationship emerged.
The Yellow River Delta, with a long history of ancient agricultural economy, has relatively advanced production tools, focusing on building water conservancy projects. Tang and Song Dynasties relied heavily on its agriculture due to its high production and varieties of crops. In Spring and Autumn Dynasties period, the Yellow River Delta started to open up more wasteland to grow crops and the agricultural economy was so developed that it could meet a large urban residents' lives of consumer demand. In Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties period, the Yellow River Delta witnessed a faster agricultural development, and a series of techniques of fighting against drought and keeping the soil moisture appeared. In Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties period, on the basis of building water conservancy projects in the Yellow River Delta, the agriculture made rapid development, which created a good condition for the development of agricultural production. In the early period of Northern Song Dynasty, owing to the development of agriculture, there existed some rich families who occupied adequate storage of foods. In Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Yellow River Delta showed its own new features in agriculture. Farmers at that time did not only cultivate food crops to meet the people's daily needs but also plant cash crops in a large scale—cotton, which became the main source of income for the people on the Yellow River Delta.
The Yellow River Delta, where's advanced handicraft economy, the salt industry which had a significant impact on the national economy, textiles and grass braid industry particularly flourished, became an important home place of sea salt and cotton textiles. Salt industry became the most brilliant handicrafts in the Yellow River Delta. The Yellow River Delta is located on the coast of waterfront, which provides the ancient ancestors the unique natural conditions for engagement in making salt. Early when Jiang Tai-gong nominated Qi State, he advised to adjust measures to local conditions to "develop industry and commerce and especially strengthen the fishery and salt part", and " to take best advantage of fishery and salt industry", which made the fishery and salt industry become Qi's advantageous industry and the foundation on which Qi State was founded. In Han and Wei period, the Yellow River Delta was regarded as the major place of fishery and salt production for Donghan Dynasty. In Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties period, the Yellow River Delta's salt industry got further development, and formed several larger-scaled salt places of salt production. In Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, salt was sold throughout the whole country. The textile industry mainly included silk industry and cotton industry. In Prehistoric times, our ancestors in the Yellow River Delta started to spin and weave to cover their bodies from being cold. In Spring and Autumn period, people planted mulberry trees and raised silkworms. Textile and embroidery became the most prevalent manual techniques. In Tang, Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Yellow River Delta's textile industry became a wide-ranged industry. With the extensive planting of cotton, the rapid development of cotton textile industry surpassed that of silk industry. Grass braiding was a newly emerging industry after the Opium War in the Yellow River Delta. A grass hat was "something that every Western person wears", and the hats braided with grass were imported to the Western countries in great numbers. Therefore the grass braiding industry comes into appearance because of the foreign markets' demand. In the late Qing period, in the Yellow River Delta region, the grass braiding industry's development in terms of the number of practitioners, the output value and the significance for the rural areas, exceeded the traditional four industries of gold, wood, earth and stone, becoming the mainstay of rural handicraft industries, which showed a significant impact on the Yellow River Delta community. Because the grass braiding industry itself was strongly dependent, it was doomed to a destiny of disappearance quickly after its booming prosperity
The developments of agriculture and handicrafts promoted the prosperity of the commercial economy. Commerce and trade activities were conducted relatively frequently and markets were made more prosperous. The commercial development of the Yellow River Delta can be traced back to the Western Zhou Dynasty. After Qin and Han dynasties, the Yellow River Delta's commercial activities were in the slow development due to the war. In Cao Wei period, the fish and salt in Le'an accounts for the bulk of exports of Shandong. In Sui and Tang dynasties, the Yellow River Delta's business got further development. To the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the development of commodity economy and the burgeoning of capitalism, the Yellow River Delta's commercial and trading activities became more prosperous. Throughout the history of the Yellow River Delta's development, three features ran: the slow-speed development, the small-scaled development, the regional imbalance development. The advanced industrial and commercial economy in the ancient Yellow River Delta promoted the commercial booming and market prosperity.
According to the existing literature review, although there are some research projects, directly related to the ancient Yellow River delta in agriculture and industry and commerce as the study does, yet there are moderately less comprehensive researches on the Yellow River Delta in the perspective of agriculture, handicraft industry and commerce economy. The author's study can enrich the cultural industry's research content of the Yellow River Delta conducted in agricultural, industrial and commercial aspects, consequently filling that gap. Therefore, this study could provide the research materials for the modern Yellow River Delta's development of agriculture, industry, commerce and industry. Practically it could promote the cultural industry of the Yellow River Delta to take a road with a virtuous cycle where the academic research drives the industry and the industry promotes the academic research, which will better explore the Yellow River delta's potential commerce value, make full use of its predominant natural geography and advantageous natural conditions to serve the development of the local economy and society. Making a further study analysis of the ancient Yellow River delta's agricultural, industrial and commercial development on the basis of the other scholars' researches, the paper offers some constructive ideas and suggestions on its development, which lays a solid theoretical foundation for the Yellow River Delta's development and its economic prosperity.
本文由五部分组成。第一部分绪论,主要阐述研究范围和一些术语概念的界定、国内外研究现状综述、研究的主要思路和内容。
第二部分阐述黄河三角洲源远流长的古代农业经济,主要体现在生产工具的相对先进,注重兴修水利,农作物产量高并且作物种类繁多。春秋战国时期,黄河三角洲土地的垦辟与农作物种植面积不断扩大,农业经济已相当发达,足以供应庞大的都市人群的生活消费需求。魏晋南北朝时期,黄河三角洲农业更加发展,出现了以抗旱保墒为中心的一系列栽培技术等。隋唐五代时期,黄河三角洲农业在兴修水利的基础上蓬勃发展,为农业生产的发展创造了条件。北宋前期,由于农业发达,黄河三角洲还出现了一些仓储丰实的富民大户。明清时期,黄河三角洲农业呈现出新的特点,除种植满足人们日常生活需要的粮食作物外,还大面积种植经济作物——棉花等,成为黄河三角洲地区主要的经济支柱。
第三部分阐述黄河三角洲地区发达的手工业经济,重点是对国计民生有重大影响的制盐业、纺织业和草缏业。黄河三角洲成为中国古代重要的海盐与棉纺织品产地。制盐业是黄河三角洲最灿烂的手工业。黄河三角洲濒海临水的区位优势,为古代先民从事制盐业提供了得天独厚的自然条件。早在姜太公封齐时,就因地制宜,“通商工之业,便渔盐之利”,使渔盐业成为齐国称绝于列国的优势产业与立国之本。汉魏时期,黄河三角洲为东汉主要的渔盐产地。隋唐五代时期,黄河三角洲盐业进一步发展,已有多处较大的食盐产地。宋元明清时期,食盐远销全国各地。纺织业主要有丝织业与棉织业两种。史前时期,黄河三角洲先民就为遮体御寒而纺线织布。春秋战国时期,植桑养蚕,纺织刺绣成为最盛行的手工技艺。唐宋明清时期,黄河三角洲纺织业门类齐全,种类繁多。随着棉花的广泛种植,棉织业迅速发展超过丝织业。草缏业是鸦片战争以后黄河三角洲新兴的手工业。由于草帽为“西国人人必用之物”,草缏属西方国家大量进口的产品,因此,草缏业主要应国外市场的需求而产生。晚清时期,在黄河三角洲地区,不论从业人数、产值,还是对农村的意义,草缏业均超过了传统的金、木、土、石四业,成为农村手工业中的支柱行业,并对黄河三角洲社会构成重大影响。由于草缏业自身有极强的附庸性,铸就了其宿命式的勃兴与速衰的命运。
第四部分阐述商贸经济的发展。随着农业和手工业经济的发展推动了商贸经济的兴盛,商贸活动比较频繁,市场较为繁荣。黄河三角洲商业发展的历史最早可追溯于西周时期。秦汉以后,黄河三角洲商业活动在战乱中缓慢发展。曹魏时,乐安的鱼盐是山东出口商品的大宗。隋唐时期,黄河三角洲商业经济进一步发展。到明清时期,随着商品经济的发展与资本主义萌芽的产生,黄河三角洲商贸活动更加繁荣。纵观黄河三角洲这一时期商贸活动的历史概貌,表现出三个特点,发展速度缓慢,发展程度偏低,发展区域不均衡。黄河三角洲古代比较发达的工商业经济,促进了商业贸易活动的兴盛和市场的繁荣。
第五部分结语,分析黄河三角洲古代经济的发展特点,为现代黄河三角洲经济开发提供依据。据现有文献检索,虽有与本研究直接有关的涉及黄河三角洲古代农业和工商业研究项日,但从农业、手工业和商业经济全面论述黄河三角洲经济发展的研究较少。可在一定程度上丰富黄河三角洲文化产业研究在农、工商业方面的内容并填补这方面的空白。故本研究可以为现代黄河三角洲农业、工商业的产业研究提供素材,在实践层面为黄河三角洲文化产业逐步走上以学术带产业,以产业促学术的良性循环轨道,更好地开发黄河三角洲文化产业潜在的商业价值,充分利用其优越的自然地理条件和得天独厚的自然条件为当地经济社会发展做出贡献。本文针对黄河三角洲古代农工商经济发展以学者们的研究为基础,进行整理和研究,提出思路和建议,为现代黄河三角洲的开发和经济的繁荣提供理论依据。
The dynamic Yellow River Delta covers several different concepts in terms of the covering regions: the Ancient Yellow River Delta, the Modern Yellow River delta and the Contemporary Yellow River Delta, as well as the Economic and Geographical Yellow River Delta. The Economic and Geographical Yellow River Delta mainly refers to the whole areas of Binzhou and Dongying cities in Shandong Province and that of the whole Gaoqing County in Zibo City. The Yellow River Delta has a long history of the ancient agricultural economy, handicraft economy and prosperous commercial trade economy. On the basis of the development of trading, the capitalism which embodied the employed labor relationship emerged.
The Yellow River Delta, with a long history of ancient agricultural economy, has relatively advanced production tools, focusing on building water conservancy projects. Tang and Song Dynasties relied heavily on its agriculture due to its high production and varieties of crops. In Spring and Autumn Dynasties period, the Yellow River Delta started to open up more wasteland to grow crops and the agricultural economy was so developed that it could meet a large urban residents' lives of consumer demand. In Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties period, the Yellow River Delta witnessed a faster agricultural development, and a series of techniques of fighting against drought and keeping the soil moisture appeared. In Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties period, on the basis of building water conservancy projects in the Yellow River Delta, the agriculture made rapid development, which created a good condition for the development of agricultural production. In the early period of Northern Song Dynasty, owing to the development of agriculture, there existed some rich families who occupied adequate storage of foods. In Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Yellow River Delta showed its own new features in agriculture. Farmers at that time did not only cultivate food crops to meet the people's daily needs but also plant cash crops in a large scale—cotton, which became the main source of income for the people on the Yellow River Delta.
The Yellow River Delta, where's advanced handicraft economy, the salt industry which had a significant impact on the national economy, textiles and grass braid industry particularly flourished, became an important home place of sea salt and cotton textiles. Salt industry became the most brilliant handicrafts in the Yellow River Delta. The Yellow River Delta is located on the coast of waterfront, which provides the ancient ancestors the unique natural conditions for engagement in making salt. Early when Jiang Tai-gong nominated Qi State, he advised to adjust measures to local conditions to "develop industry and commerce and especially strengthen the fishery and salt part", and " to take best advantage of fishery and salt industry", which made the fishery and salt industry become Qi's advantageous industry and the foundation on which Qi State was founded. In Han and Wei period, the Yellow River Delta was regarded as the major place of fishery and salt production for Donghan Dynasty. In Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties period, the Yellow River Delta's salt industry got further development, and formed several larger-scaled salt places of salt production. In Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, salt was sold throughout the whole country. The textile industry mainly included silk industry and cotton industry. In Prehistoric times, our ancestors in the Yellow River Delta started to spin and weave to cover their bodies from being cold. In Spring and Autumn period, people planted mulberry trees and raised silkworms. Textile and embroidery became the most prevalent manual techniques. In Tang, Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Yellow River Delta's textile industry became a wide-ranged industry. With the extensive planting of cotton, the rapid development of cotton textile industry surpassed that of silk industry. Grass braiding was a newly emerging industry after the Opium War in the Yellow River Delta. A grass hat was "something that every Western person wears", and the hats braided with grass were imported to the Western countries in great numbers. Therefore the grass braiding industry comes into appearance because of the foreign markets' demand. In the late Qing period, in the Yellow River Delta region, the grass braiding industry's development in terms of the number of practitioners, the output value and the significance for the rural areas, exceeded the traditional four industries of gold, wood, earth and stone, becoming the mainstay of rural handicraft industries, which showed a significant impact on the Yellow River Delta community. Because the grass braiding industry itself was strongly dependent, it was doomed to a destiny of disappearance quickly after its booming prosperity
The developments of agriculture and handicrafts promoted the prosperity of the commercial economy. Commerce and trade activities were conducted relatively frequently and markets were made more prosperous. The commercial development of the Yellow River Delta can be traced back to the Western Zhou Dynasty. After Qin and Han dynasties, the Yellow River Delta's commercial activities were in the slow development due to the war. In Cao Wei period, the fish and salt in Le'an accounts for the bulk of exports of Shandong. In Sui and Tang dynasties, the Yellow River Delta's business got further development. To the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the development of commodity economy and the burgeoning of capitalism, the Yellow River Delta's commercial and trading activities became more prosperous. Throughout the history of the Yellow River Delta's development, three features ran: the slow-speed development, the small-scaled development, the regional imbalance development. The advanced industrial and commercial economy in the ancient Yellow River Delta promoted the commercial booming and market prosperity.
According to the existing literature review, although there are some research projects, directly related to the ancient Yellow River delta in agriculture and industry and commerce as the study does, yet there are moderately less comprehensive researches on the Yellow River Delta in the perspective of agriculture, handicraft industry and commerce economy. The author's study can enrich the cultural industry's research content of the Yellow River Delta conducted in agricultural, industrial and commercial aspects, consequently filling that gap. Therefore, this study could provide the research materials for the modern Yellow River Delta's development of agriculture, industry, commerce and industry. Practically it could promote the cultural industry of the Yellow River Delta to take a road with a virtuous cycle where the academic research drives the industry and the industry promotes the academic research, which will better explore the Yellow River delta's potential commerce value, make full use of its predominant natural geography and advantageous natural conditions to serve the development of the local economy and society. Making a further study analysis of the ancient Yellow River delta's agricultural, industrial and commercial development on the basis of the other scholars' researches, the paper offers some constructive ideas and suggestions on its development, which lays a solid theoretical foundation for the Yellow River Delta's development and its economic prosperity.
引文
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