混凝—动态膜组合工艺在污水处理中的应用研究
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摘要
我国现阶段水环境污染问题突出,严重影响了水体功能的发挥,同时导致水资源短缺的问题更加突出,制约了国民经济的发展。目前现有污水处理能力无法适应城市数量与规模的迅速扩张,污水处理新增加的能力远远赶不上污水排放的增长速度,污水处理能力的缺口不断扩大,严重影响水环境质量。针对目前我国乃至济南市及广大城镇、乡村废水排放量逐步增加而没有足够污水处理能力的现实,开发高效、低能耗废水处理新工艺具有重要的意义。
本论文将混凝技术与动态膜技术结合用于污水处理领域,提出了一种基于廉价微网基材的混凝-动态膜反应器污水处理新工艺,工艺采用微网材料代替传统的微滤或超滤膜,利用混凝在微网基材表面形成的动态膜进行固液分离。本课题主要就微网基材的筛选、动态膜生物反应器在处理受污染河水和生活污水的运行特性、混凝动态膜的堵塞机理以及运行稳定性影响因素等问题开展研究。
筛选获得了价格便宜、性质稳定、附着性能良好的涤纶筛网和单滑面无纺布微网膜基材。以单滑面无纺布构建的混凝-动态膜反应器处理受污染河水,在聚合氯化铝PAC投加量80 mg/L,膜通量为100 L/m~2·h的条件下,在进水SS、浊度、COD和总磷平均浓度分别为324mg/L、149mg/L、245mg/L和2.7mg/L时,混凝动态膜能在1小时左右内形成。动态膜形成后出水水质良好,出水SS均未检出,浊度小于5NTU,COD值小于100 mg/L,出水总磷含量小于0.5 mg/L。反应器连续运20d,COD去除率的平均值为71.14%,总磷去除率的平均值为81.64%,总氮去除率的平均值为5.24%。混凝动态膜对SS、有机物和磷的去除效果较好,对氮则去除效果不佳。采用单滑面无纺布构建混凝-动态膜反应器处理受污染河水时,动态膜过滤遵循中间堵塞过滤模型。
混凝动态膜处理生活污水的实验,通过烧杯混凝试验选择PAC为处理生活污水的混凝剂,最佳投药量为100 mg/L。出水水质不如处理受污染河水时好,在进水浊度为268NTU时,动态膜形成后浊度稳定在10 NTU左右;动混凝动态膜对生活污水的COD和总磷均有较高且稳定的去除率,COD的去除率在70%～80%之间,TP的去除率在50%～60%之间;总氮基本没有去除。处理生活污水时,动态膜过滤遵循滤饼过滤模型。
通过扫描电镜可知混凝动态膜的形成没有微生物的作用,主要是由絮凝剂与废水反应生成的絮体在一定的错流滤速下附着在膜基材表面而形成。粒度分析表明,动态膜形成后的截留能力与微滤膜相近,能有效截留废水中的大颗粒。膜基材表面动态膜的厚度不均匀。
以140目涤纶筛网为基材研究动态膜运行稳定性的主要影响因素,发现混凝-动态膜反应器的运行周期可分为四个阶段:形成期、发展期、稳定期和衰减期。在适当范围内,增大错流流速和减小膜通量可使动态膜稳定运行期时间延长。
Water pollution is becoming highlighted at this stage in China,which seriously affects the function of water body,aggravates the water shortage problem and hampers the development of the national economy.National power for treating wastewater now can not adapt the rapid dilatation of cities,the gap between treated wastewater and discharged wastewater is becoming big,which seriously affects the water quality.Because of fact that now the increasing discharged wastewater in Jinan city and other cities、towns and villages in China can't be treated completely,the invention of efficient and energy-saved sewage treatment technology is important.
This study combined the coagulation with dynamic membrane technology for wastewater treatment and invented a new sewage treatment reactor called dynamic coagulation membrane reactor.The reactor adopted coarse pore filter material instead of micro filtration material and ulrtafiltration material and separated the solid and liquid using the dynamic membrane formed on the coarse pore filter material because of the function of coagulation.The study focused on the coarse pore filter material selection,treatment of polluted fiver and domestic sewage,mechanism of dynamic membrane block and influence factors of reactor stability.
The results of coarse pore filter material selection showed that dacron and single slip surface non-woven fabric were cheap,stable,and easy to be adhered.When treating polluted fiver,dynamic coagulation membrane can formed in about 1 hour, and the quality of effluent was fine.When SS was 324 mg/L,turbidity 149 NTU. COD was 245 mg/L and TP was 2.7 mg/L in the infall,SS concentrations were zero in most circumstances,turbidity＜5NTU,COD＜100mg/L,TP＜0.5mg/L in the effluent. When flux=100L/(me~2·h),the reactor continue running for 20 days.The dynamic membrane averagely removed 71.14%of COD and 81.64%of TP.But the DMCR couldn't remove TN very well,it could only remove 5.24%of TN.A primary research was done to the mechanism of the blocking of dynamic coagulation membrane,educed that the dynamic coagulation membrane filtration followed the intermediate blocking law.
The quality of treated domestic sewage was not as good as the quality of treated polluted river.Effluent turbidity was 10 NTU when dynamic membrane formed and infall turbidity was 268 NTU.The dynamic coagulation membrane filtration followed the cake filtration model.There was not any microorganism on the surface of dynamic coagulation membrane.
When treating polluted river using dacron,four phases in a cycle was found. Accretion of crossflow velocity and reduction of membrane flux can extend the steady running time.
本论文将混凝技术与动态膜技术结合用于污水处理领域,提出了一种基于廉价微网基材的混凝-动态膜反应器污水处理新工艺,工艺采用微网材料代替传统的微滤或超滤膜,利用混凝在微网基材表面形成的动态膜进行固液分离。本课题主要就微网基材的筛选、动态膜生物反应器在处理受污染河水和生活污水的运行特性、混凝动态膜的堵塞机理以及运行稳定性影响因素等问题开展研究。
筛选获得了价格便宜、性质稳定、附着性能良好的涤纶筛网和单滑面无纺布微网膜基材。以单滑面无纺布构建的混凝-动态膜反应器处理受污染河水,在聚合氯化铝PAC投加量80 mg/L,膜通量为100 L/m~2·h的条件下,在进水SS、浊度、COD和总磷平均浓度分别为324mg/L、149mg/L、245mg/L和2.7mg/L时,混凝动态膜能在1小时左右内形成。动态膜形成后出水水质良好,出水SS均未检出,浊度小于5NTU,COD值小于100 mg/L,出水总磷含量小于0.5 mg/L。反应器连续运20d,COD去除率的平均值为71.14%,总磷去除率的平均值为81.64%,总氮去除率的平均值为5.24%。混凝动态膜对SS、有机物和磷的去除效果较好,对氮则去除效果不佳。采用单滑面无纺布构建混凝-动态膜反应器处理受污染河水时,动态膜过滤遵循中间堵塞过滤模型。
混凝动态膜处理生活污水的实验,通过烧杯混凝试验选择PAC为处理生活污水的混凝剂,最佳投药量为100 mg/L。出水水质不如处理受污染河水时好,在进水浊度为268NTU时,动态膜形成后浊度稳定在10 NTU左右;动混凝动态膜对生活污水的COD和总磷均有较高且稳定的去除率,COD的去除率在70%～80%之间,TP的去除率在50%～60%之间;总氮基本没有去除。处理生活污水时,动态膜过滤遵循滤饼过滤模型。
通过扫描电镜可知混凝动态膜的形成没有微生物的作用,主要是由絮凝剂与废水反应生成的絮体在一定的错流滤速下附着在膜基材表面而形成。粒度分析表明,动态膜形成后的截留能力与微滤膜相近,能有效截留废水中的大颗粒。膜基材表面动态膜的厚度不均匀。
以140目涤纶筛网为基材研究动态膜运行稳定性的主要影响因素,发现混凝-动态膜反应器的运行周期可分为四个阶段:形成期、发展期、稳定期和衰减期。在适当范围内,增大错流流速和减小膜通量可使动态膜稳定运行期时间延长。
Water pollution is becoming highlighted at this stage in China,which seriously affects the function of water body,aggravates the water shortage problem and hampers the development of the national economy.National power for treating wastewater now can not adapt the rapid dilatation of cities,the gap between treated wastewater and discharged wastewater is becoming big,which seriously affects the water quality.Because of fact that now the increasing discharged wastewater in Jinan city and other cities、towns and villages in China can't be treated completely,the invention of efficient and energy-saved sewage treatment technology is important.
This study combined the coagulation with dynamic membrane technology for wastewater treatment and invented a new sewage treatment reactor called dynamic coagulation membrane reactor.The reactor adopted coarse pore filter material instead of micro filtration material and ulrtafiltration material and separated the solid and liquid using the dynamic membrane formed on the coarse pore filter material because of the function of coagulation.The study focused on the coarse pore filter material selection,treatment of polluted fiver and domestic sewage,mechanism of dynamic membrane block and influence factors of reactor stability.
The results of coarse pore filter material selection showed that dacron and single slip surface non-woven fabric were cheap,stable,and easy to be adhered.When treating polluted fiver,dynamic coagulation membrane can formed in about 1 hour, and the quality of effluent was fine.When SS was 324 mg/L,turbidity 149 NTU. COD was 245 mg/L and TP was 2.7 mg/L in the infall,SS concentrations were zero in most circumstances,turbidity＜5NTU,COD＜100mg/L,TP＜0.5mg/L in the effluent. When flux=100L/(me~2·h),the reactor continue running for 20 days.The dynamic membrane averagely removed 71.14%of COD and 81.64%of TP.But the DMCR couldn't remove TN very well,it could only remove 5.24%of TN.A primary research was done to the mechanism of the blocking of dynamic coagulation membrane,educed that the dynamic coagulation membrane filtration followed the intermediate blocking law.
The quality of treated domestic sewage was not as good as the quality of treated polluted river.Effluent turbidity was 10 NTU when dynamic membrane formed and infall turbidity was 268 NTU.The dynamic coagulation membrane filtration followed the cake filtration model.There was not any microorganism on the surface of dynamic coagulation membrane.
When treating polluted river using dacron,four phases in a cycle was found. Accretion of crossflow velocity and reduction of membrane flux can extend the steady running time.
引文
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2.林洪孝.水资源管理理论与实践.北京:中国水利水电出版社,2003.17-19.
3.邱宪峰.新型动态膜生物反应器的研究与应用:[硕士学位论文].济南:山东大学,2007.
4.张希衡.水污染控制工程,第二版.北京,冶金工业出版社,2004,44-47.
5.(美)克莱德·奥尔编,邵启祥译.过滤理论与实践.北京,国防工业出版社,1982,168-199.
6.高廷耀,顾国维.水污染控制工程(下册),第二版.北京,高等教育出版社,1999,206-215.
7.汪大晕,雷乐成.水处理新技术及工程设计.北京,化学工业出版社,2001,323-334.
8.乔森,张捍民等.动态膜技术的研究进展.中国给水排水,2003.19(12):29-31.
9.Marcinkowsky A E,Kraus K A,Philips H O,Johnson Jr J S and Shor A J.Hyperfiltration studies.Ⅳ.Salt rejection by dynamically formed hydrous oxide membranes.J.Am.Chem.Soc.,1966,88:5744.
10.Altman M,Hasson D and Semiat R.Review of dynamic membranes.Reviews in Chemical Engineering,1999,15(1):1-40.
11.Tanny G B.Dynamic membranes in ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis.Sep.Purif.Methods,1978,7(2):183-220.
12 Kuberkar V T,Davis R H.Modeling of fouling reduction by secondary membranes.J.Mem.Sci.,2000,168(1-2):243-258
13.Al-Malack M H and Anderson G K.Formation of dynamic membrane with crossflow microfiltration.J.Mem.Sci.,1996,112:287-296.
14.Sakaji R.California surface water treatment alternative filtration technology demonstration Report,2001.p2
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