五强溪库岸滑坡稳定性特征与信息系统研究
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摘要
高速公路面临的主要是安全问题,目前研究较多的是公路上的滑坡安全,而研究库岸公路滑坡安全问题的几乎没有。在课题“极端雨水条件下软岩边坡稳定性研究”资助下,本文以库区滑坡群稳定性特征与监测信息系统为研究内容,从现场调查、室内试验、理论分析和数值模拟四个方面展开研究工作,主要取得了如下研究成果。
(1)在通过现场调查的基础上,分析库区滑坡群、崩塌堆积体、变形体的分布规律和形成机制,研究滑坡的发生规律,将库区滑坡分为不同类型。研究了岸坡变形活动类型与特点及现今变形活动的诱发因素,分析了该库区崩滑堆积体现今活动特点。对崩塌滑坡体、基岩变形体进行了稳定性评价,并预测了库岸失稳造成的危害。
(2)对滑带土的剪切特性及软弱夹层的强度参数进行评价,表明：随着剪切速率的增加,残余摩擦角逐渐增大,滑带土的残余强度具有剪切速率正效应特征。随着含水量的变化夹泥的强度也随之变化,含水量的减小将导致粘结力和内摩擦角上升。随着干密度的增高,夹泥的摩擦系数、内聚力均呈现对应的增大,当粘粒含量一定时,夹泥的强度受自身的密度的影响。
(3)以库岸边坡为工程背景,针对不同滑坡体内渗透性和水位升降速率,研究水位变化条件下边坡体内孔隙水压力的动态响应,表明：a)水位升降时,在相同的入渗条件下,饱和渗透系数越大,地下水位越低,地下水位线越平缓,对边坡体的动、静水压力作用越小；b)水位上升速率越大,地下水位变化越具有明显的滞后特点,水位下降速率越大,地下水响应滞后越显著,地下水位线形态整体越陡,对边坡体作用的动水压力越大。
(4)选取典型库岸边坡作为研究对象,分析了边坡整体的主要工况与荷载条件及影响边坡整体稳定性的因素敏感性,探讨了库水位变化情况下,库岸边坡整体稳定性和局部稳定性的变化特征,建立了边坡稳定安全系数(k)与各影响因素：水平地震力系数(q)、后缘裂隙充水深度(H1)、地下水浸泡深度(H2)、底滑面的综合抗剪强度(f和c)之间的关系模型。表明：水库未蓄水时,a)高边坡的整体稳定性对水平地震力系数(q)很敏感,尤其当q<0.3时,二者的相关性更为显著；b)暴雨条件下坡顶后缘裂缝的充水深度(H1)对高边坡整体稳定性影响相对较弱；c)整体稳定性对泥化夹层的内摩擦系数f很敏感,但内聚力c的影响则较弱。水库蓄水时,蓄水条件下的k值明显低于未蓄水条件下的k值,是否蓄水是影响边坡整体稳定的较敏感因素。
(5)研究了上部边坡稳定性安全系数与响应因素之间的关系,表明：影响上部边坡稳定的最敏感因素应是后缘裂缝充水深度(H),敏感因素有水平地震力系数q和底滑面的摩擦系数f,较不敏感因素是底滑面的内聚力c。探讨了边坡浅表层岩体的变形破坏型式及其稳定状况,将浅表层危岩体的主要变形破坏型式分为4种：座滑变形、倾倒变形、崩塌、崩滑。边坡浅表层的变形破坏型式是分级式的由表及里、逐层失稳破坏的后退型式。
(6)以该库区滑坡、崩坡堆积体、变形体为研究对象,在信息系统理论和计算机技术支持下,结合库区的实际情况,建立库区滑坡灾害信息管理系统,包括：a)构建了基于GIS的库岸滑坡信息系统,完成该平台的总体设计,包括硬件、软件平台建设和系统结构功能设计；b)针对地质灾害数据量大、来源多的特点,提出了库岸滑坡地质灾害数据标准,保证数据的规范性；c)在地质灾害数据标准的基础上开发了工程项目数据库管理系统；d)开发了灾害数据输入、存储和查询修改子系统。
The safety problem is the most important thing in highway construction. The slipping safety problem is the main subject for study, but seldom studies have been done on the landslide in reservoir area. In the present paper, the stabilty characteristic of slope group in reservoir area and its monitoring information system are taken as the study subject, with the funding of the project "Study on the soft rock slope stability with serious heavy rainfall". The studies are done by four methods: insitu-investigation, laboratory test, analytical analysis, and numerical simulation. The main contents and result are as following,
(1) The insitu-investigation is taken to analyze the distribution and mechanism of reservoir slope groups, falling accumulation, and deformation body. The discipline for these slope occurring is studied, the slides at the reservoir areas are divided into different types. Type and characteristic of the reservoir slides deformation are studied as well as the induced factors, the falling accumulation active characteristic is analyzed. The stability evaluation is done to the falling slope and foundation deformation to predict the reservoir slides.
(2) The strength parameters are estimated to the shear characteristic and weak interlayer of the slide soil, showing that, with increase of the shear velocity, the residual friction angle increase gradually, the residual shear strength of the slide soil has the positive effect. With increase of the water content, the strength of the interlayer increases as well, the decrease of the water content will lead to the increase of the friction angle and cohesion. With increase of the dry density, the friction coefficient, cohesion of the interlayer will increase correspondingly. If the grain of the soil remains the same value, the strength of the interlayer will influenced by its own density.
(3) One landslide in reservoir area is chosen as the background engineering. According to the saturated-unsaturated seepage equation, the dynamic response of pore water pressure in the landslide by the fluctuation of water level is studied when considering the infiltration characteristic and fluctuation velocity of water level, the analysis results show that,(1) when the water level fluctuates, the saturated permeability coefficient has great impact on the initial water level under the same infiltration condition; with the increasing of the saturated permeability coefficient, the water level becomes lower with more smooth shape, which has smaller impact on the dynamic and static pore water pressure, and good to the stability of slope;(2) with the increasing of fluctuation velocity of water level, the response of water level lag behind, while the shape of water level becomes steeper, which cause greater dynamic pore water pressure to the slope, and worse to the stability of slope.
(4) One reservoir slope is taken as the study background, the slope stability with different engineering condition and loading conditions is studied as well as the influential factor, the whole stability and local stability of the reservoir slope are analyzed to build the relationship among factor of safety of slope with the influential factors like, horizontal seismic force(q), water height at the behind joint(Hi), the height of the underground(H2), and the shear strength parameters (f and c). The results show that, if the water is not storage in the reservoir, a) the whole stability of the high slope is great influence by the horizontal seismic force(q), especially if q<0.3, whole has close relationship; b) under the condition of heavy raining, the water height at the behind joint(H1) has smaller impact on the stability of the high slope; c) the whole stability is great influenced by the internal friction coefficient f, while cohesion c has little impact. If the water is storage, the k value is obvious lower than the condition with storage of water in reservoir, so the storage of water has great impact on the stability of slope.
(5) The relationship of the factor of safety of upper slope and the corresponding influential factors shows that, the most influential factor to the stability of upper slope is the water height at the behind joint(H1), while the other influential factors contains the horizontal seismic force(q), and friction coefficient f, while the factors has little impact is cohesion c of the slide plane. The deformation failure and stability of the rock mass at shallow place of slope are analyzed, to divide the deformation failure into4types, including, slip deformation, trip deformation, and falling deformation. The deformation failure of the rock mass at shallow place of slope is formed from the surface of slope to the internal, then lead to the failure mode of each layer.
(6) Slides and falling accumulation and deformation body are taken as the study background, the disaster information management system at the reservoir slides is founded under the support of the information system theory and computer techniques according to the real situation of the reservoir areas. a) the slide information system is founded based on the GIS, the whole design to the platform is finished, including structure design to the hardware and software platform; b) the criterion of the geological disaster of the reservoir slides are proposed to make sure the standardization of operation; c)the database management is developed based on the criterion of the geological disaster; d) the subsystem is developed for the disaster data.
(1)在通过现场调查的基础上,分析库区滑坡群、崩塌堆积体、变形体的分布规律和形成机制,研究滑坡的发生规律,将库区滑坡分为不同类型。研究了岸坡变形活动类型与特点及现今变形活动的诱发因素,分析了该库区崩滑堆积体现今活动特点。对崩塌滑坡体、基岩变形体进行了稳定性评价,并预测了库岸失稳造成的危害。
(2)对滑带土的剪切特性及软弱夹层的强度参数进行评价,表明：随着剪切速率的增加,残余摩擦角逐渐增大,滑带土的残余强度具有剪切速率正效应特征。随着含水量的变化夹泥的强度也随之变化,含水量的减小将导致粘结力和内摩擦角上升。随着干密度的增高,夹泥的摩擦系数、内聚力均呈现对应的增大,当粘粒含量一定时,夹泥的强度受自身的密度的影响。
(3)以库岸边坡为工程背景,针对不同滑坡体内渗透性和水位升降速率,研究水位变化条件下边坡体内孔隙水压力的动态响应,表明：a)水位升降时,在相同的入渗条件下,饱和渗透系数越大,地下水位越低,地下水位线越平缓,对边坡体的动、静水压力作用越小；b)水位上升速率越大,地下水位变化越具有明显的滞后特点,水位下降速率越大,地下水响应滞后越显著,地下水位线形态整体越陡,对边坡体作用的动水压力越大。
(4)选取典型库岸边坡作为研究对象,分析了边坡整体的主要工况与荷载条件及影响边坡整体稳定性的因素敏感性,探讨了库水位变化情况下,库岸边坡整体稳定性和局部稳定性的变化特征,建立了边坡稳定安全系数(k)与各影响因素：水平地震力系数(q)、后缘裂隙充水深度(H1)、地下水浸泡深度(H2)、底滑面的综合抗剪强度(f和c)之间的关系模型。表明：水库未蓄水时,a)高边坡的整体稳定性对水平地震力系数(q)很敏感,尤其当q<0.3时,二者的相关性更为显著；b)暴雨条件下坡顶后缘裂缝的充水深度(H1)对高边坡整体稳定性影响相对较弱；c)整体稳定性对泥化夹层的内摩擦系数f很敏感,但内聚力c的影响则较弱。水库蓄水时,蓄水条件下的k值明显低于未蓄水条件下的k值,是否蓄水是影响边坡整体稳定的较敏感因素。
(5)研究了上部边坡稳定性安全系数与响应因素之间的关系,表明：影响上部边坡稳定的最敏感因素应是后缘裂缝充水深度(H),敏感因素有水平地震力系数q和底滑面的摩擦系数f,较不敏感因素是底滑面的内聚力c。探讨了边坡浅表层岩体的变形破坏型式及其稳定状况,将浅表层危岩体的主要变形破坏型式分为4种：座滑变形、倾倒变形、崩塌、崩滑。边坡浅表层的变形破坏型式是分级式的由表及里、逐层失稳破坏的后退型式。
(6)以该库区滑坡、崩坡堆积体、变形体为研究对象,在信息系统理论和计算机技术支持下,结合库区的实际情况,建立库区滑坡灾害信息管理系统,包括：a)构建了基于GIS的库岸滑坡信息系统,完成该平台的总体设计,包括硬件、软件平台建设和系统结构功能设计；b)针对地质灾害数据量大、来源多的特点,提出了库岸滑坡地质灾害数据标准,保证数据的规范性；c)在地质灾害数据标准的基础上开发了工程项目数据库管理系统；d)开发了灾害数据输入、存储和查询修改子系统。
The safety problem is the most important thing in highway construction. The slipping safety problem is the main subject for study, but seldom studies have been done on the landslide in reservoir area. In the present paper, the stabilty characteristic of slope group in reservoir area and its monitoring information system are taken as the study subject, with the funding of the project "Study on the soft rock slope stability with serious heavy rainfall". The studies are done by four methods: insitu-investigation, laboratory test, analytical analysis, and numerical simulation. The main contents and result are as following,
(1) The insitu-investigation is taken to analyze the distribution and mechanism of reservoir slope groups, falling accumulation, and deformation body. The discipline for these slope occurring is studied, the slides at the reservoir areas are divided into different types. Type and characteristic of the reservoir slides deformation are studied as well as the induced factors, the falling accumulation active characteristic is analyzed. The stability evaluation is done to the falling slope and foundation deformation to predict the reservoir slides.
(2) The strength parameters are estimated to the shear characteristic and weak interlayer of the slide soil, showing that, with increase of the shear velocity, the residual friction angle increase gradually, the residual shear strength of the slide soil has the positive effect. With increase of the water content, the strength of the interlayer increases as well, the decrease of the water content will lead to the increase of the friction angle and cohesion. With increase of the dry density, the friction coefficient, cohesion of the interlayer will increase correspondingly. If the grain of the soil remains the same value, the strength of the interlayer will influenced by its own density.
(3) One landslide in reservoir area is chosen as the background engineering. According to the saturated-unsaturated seepage equation, the dynamic response of pore water pressure in the landslide by the fluctuation of water level is studied when considering the infiltration characteristic and fluctuation velocity of water level, the analysis results show that,(1) when the water level fluctuates, the saturated permeability coefficient has great impact on the initial water level under the same infiltration condition; with the increasing of the saturated permeability coefficient, the water level becomes lower with more smooth shape, which has smaller impact on the dynamic and static pore water pressure, and good to the stability of slope;(2) with the increasing of fluctuation velocity of water level, the response of water level lag behind, while the shape of water level becomes steeper, which cause greater dynamic pore water pressure to the slope, and worse to the stability of slope.
(4) One reservoir slope is taken as the study background, the slope stability with different engineering condition and loading conditions is studied as well as the influential factor, the whole stability and local stability of the reservoir slope are analyzed to build the relationship among factor of safety of slope with the influential factors like, horizontal seismic force(q), water height at the behind joint(Hi), the height of the underground(H2), and the shear strength parameters (f and c). The results show that, if the water is not storage in the reservoir, a) the whole stability of the high slope is great influence by the horizontal seismic force(q), especially if q<0.3, whole has close relationship; b) under the condition of heavy raining, the water height at the behind joint(H1) has smaller impact on the stability of the high slope; c) the whole stability is great influenced by the internal friction coefficient f, while cohesion c has little impact. If the water is storage, the k value is obvious lower than the condition with storage of water in reservoir, so the storage of water has great impact on the stability of slope.
(5) The relationship of the factor of safety of upper slope and the corresponding influential factors shows that, the most influential factor to the stability of upper slope is the water height at the behind joint(H1), while the other influential factors contains the horizontal seismic force(q), and friction coefficient f, while the factors has little impact is cohesion c of the slide plane. The deformation failure and stability of the rock mass at shallow place of slope are analyzed, to divide the deformation failure into4types, including, slip deformation, trip deformation, and falling deformation. The deformation failure of the rock mass at shallow place of slope is formed from the surface of slope to the internal, then lead to the failure mode of each layer.
(6) Slides and falling accumulation and deformation body are taken as the study background, the disaster information management system at the reservoir slides is founded under the support of the information system theory and computer techniques according to the real situation of the reservoir areas. a) the slide information system is founded based on the GIS, the whole design to the platform is finished, including structure design to the hardware and software platform; b) the criterion of the geological disaster of the reservoir slides are proposed to make sure the standardization of operation; c)the database management is developed based on the criterion of the geological disaster; d) the subsystem is developed for the disaster data.
引文
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