地球大气背景光谱辐射特性的理论建模
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摘要
本文主要研究地球大气背景的光谱辐射特性,首先从理论上研究了辐射在大气中传输的基本过程;其次根据地球大气背景的辐射特性建立了一种遥感地球大气背景辐射亮度的计算模型,为遥感反演地球资源和仿真地球大气背景场景提供了一种算法。本文主要内容及结果大致分为以下几部分:
(1)简要叙述了基于输运理论建立辐射传输方程的过程以及求解辐射传输方程的基本方法,并对这些方法做了简单的分析。在对地遥感时,卫星接收的是粒子大散射角方向的辐射,在课题要求的精度范围内,本文利用单次散射订正和δ-fit相函数处理方法求解辐射传输方程。
(2)分析了求解辐射传输方程所用到的光学厚度、相函数和单次散射反照率等参数的计算方法。由于大气参数随高度成非均匀变化,本文将大气分为32层,并利用MODTRAN(Moderate Spectral Resolution Atmospheric Transmittance Algorithm And Computer Model)软件计算了大气分子透过率,建立了分辨率为一个纳米的大气分子层透过率数据库。气溶胶也采用类似的分层处理方法并根据米耶理论计算了每层气溶胶的散射光学厚度、总光学厚度和非对称因子。
(3)建立了一种遥感地球大气背景光谱辐射亮度的近似计算模型。并计算了在一定的天气状况、地表情况、太阳位置和观察方向等情形下的地球大气背景光谱辐射亮度。以VC++为平台,开发了地球大气背景光谱辐射亮度的计算软件。
In the dissertation, the radiation characteristics of the earth-atmosphere background have been studied. First of all, the process of radiative transfer in the atmosphere has been theoretically reviewed. Secondly, according to the radiation characteristics of the earth-atmosphere background, an approximate algorithm has been established, which is of significance in remote sensing. The main research work and results included in this dissertation were listed as follows.
1、The process of deducing the RTE(Radiative Transfer Equation) from theory of particles transport and the approximation methods be used to solve the RTE have been discussed. The RTE have been solved by single scattering revised andδ-fit, which is a fast algorithm in remote sensing.
2、The databases and the methods for calculating important parameters in RTE, including optical thickness, phase function and single-scattering albedo, have been completely analyzed. Because the atmosphere parameters from the surface of earth to the top of atmosphere vary nonlinearly with height, the atmosphere have been divided into 32 layers. The transmittance of molecular in atmosphere has been calculated by MODTRAN software, and a transmittance database with the spectral resolution of 1nm has been established. The optical parameters of aerosol including optical thickness, phase function and single-scattering albedo, have been calculated with the Mie theory.
3、A model for calculate the radiative intensity has been established according to the radiation characteristics of the earth-atmosphere background. Based on VC++, a software for analyzing the radiative intensity of earth-atmosphere background has been developed. The software can be used to calculate radiative intensity at given climate condition, including the visible distance, relative humidity, wind speed and different surface albedo, and different geometric condition including the solar direction(zenith and azimuth) and observed direction(zenith and azimuth).
(1)简要叙述了基于输运理论建立辐射传输方程的过程以及求解辐射传输方程的基本方法,并对这些方法做了简单的分析。在对地遥感时,卫星接收的是粒子大散射角方向的辐射,在课题要求的精度范围内,本文利用单次散射订正和δ-fit相函数处理方法求解辐射传输方程。
(2)分析了求解辐射传输方程所用到的光学厚度、相函数和单次散射反照率等参数的计算方法。由于大气参数随高度成非均匀变化,本文将大气分为32层,并利用MODTRAN(Moderate Spectral Resolution Atmospheric Transmittance Algorithm And Computer Model)软件计算了大气分子透过率,建立了分辨率为一个纳米的大气分子层透过率数据库。气溶胶也采用类似的分层处理方法并根据米耶理论计算了每层气溶胶的散射光学厚度、总光学厚度和非对称因子。
(3)建立了一种遥感地球大气背景光谱辐射亮度的近似计算模型。并计算了在一定的天气状况、地表情况、太阳位置和观察方向等情形下的地球大气背景光谱辐射亮度。以VC++为平台,开发了地球大气背景光谱辐射亮度的计算软件。
In the dissertation, the radiation characteristics of the earth-atmosphere background have been studied. First of all, the process of radiative transfer in the atmosphere has been theoretically reviewed. Secondly, according to the radiation characteristics of the earth-atmosphere background, an approximate algorithm has been established, which is of significance in remote sensing. The main research work and results included in this dissertation were listed as follows.
1、The process of deducing the RTE(Radiative Transfer Equation) from theory of particles transport and the approximation methods be used to solve the RTE have been discussed. The RTE have been solved by single scattering revised andδ-fit, which is a fast algorithm in remote sensing.
2、The databases and the methods for calculating important parameters in RTE, including optical thickness, phase function and single-scattering albedo, have been completely analyzed. Because the atmosphere parameters from the surface of earth to the top of atmosphere vary nonlinearly with height, the atmosphere have been divided into 32 layers. The transmittance of molecular in atmosphere has been calculated by MODTRAN software, and a transmittance database with the spectral resolution of 1nm has been established. The optical parameters of aerosol including optical thickness, phase function and single-scattering albedo, have been calculated with the Mie theory.
3、A model for calculate the radiative intensity has been established according to the radiation characteristics of the earth-atmosphere background. Based on VC++, a software for analyzing the radiative intensity of earth-atmosphere background has been developed. The software can be used to calculate radiative intensity at given climate condition, including the visible distance, relative humidity, wind speed and different surface albedo, and different geometric condition including the solar direction(zenith and azimuth) and observed direction(zenith and azimuth).
引文
[1]祖耶夫.光信号在地球大气中的传输.北京科学出版社,1987,5-7
[2] Ricchiazzi P, Yang S, Gatherne C, et al. SBDART:A Research and Teaching Software Tool for Plane-Parallel Radiative Transfer in the Earth’s Atmosphere. J. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society.1998, 79(10):2101-2114
[3] Kneizys F. X, Shettle E P, Abreu L W, et al. User guide to LOWTRAN 7.AFGL-TR- 88-0177.Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, Hanscom AFB,MA 01731,1988
[4] Berk A, Bernstein L S, Robertson D C.MOD TRAN: a moderate resolution model for LOWTRAN 7.GL2TR28920122,Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, Hanscom AFB,MA 01731-25000,1989
[5]徐南荣,卞南华.红外辐射与制导.北京:国防工业出版社,1997,11-25
[6] Clough S. A,Kneizys F X,Shettle E P,et al. Atmospheric radiance and transmittance: FASCOD2. Sixth Conference on Atmospheric Radiation.Williamsburg, VA,1986
[7] Joseph J. H, Wiscombe W J. The Delta-Eddington Approxation for Radiative Flux Transfer. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 1976, 33:2452-2459
[8]吴北婴.大气辐射传输实用算法.气象出版社,1998,17-20
[9] NASA NOAA and USAF.U.S. Standard Atmosphere 1976.Washington, D C,1976
[10] Rothman L. S, Barbe A, Benner D C, et al. The HITRAN Molecular Spectroscopic Database: Edition of 2000 including Updates through 2001. J. Quant Spectroscopic Radiative Transfer, 2003, 82(1):5-44
[11] Rothman L. S, Rinsland C P, Goldman A, et al. The HITRAN Molecular Spectroscopic Database and HAKS (HITRAN Atmosphere Workstation) 1996 Edition. J. Quant Spectrosc -opic Radiative Transfer, 1998, 60(5): 665-710
[12]孙毅义,董浩.大气辐射传输模型的比较研究.强激光与离子束,2004,2(16):149-153
[13] Hapke B. Bidirectional reflectance spectroscopy. Journal of Geophysical Research.1981,86(B4):3093-3054
[14]李小文,王锦地等.不连续植被及其下地表面对光辐射的吸收与反照率模型.中国科学(B辑),1994, 24(8):828-836
[15]毛克彪,覃志豪.大气辐射传输模型及modtran中透过率计算.测绘与空间地理信息,2004,27(4):1-3
[16]廖国男.大气辐射导论.气象出版社,1985,112-140
[17]宋正方.应用大气光学基础.气象出版社,1990,73-94
[18] Ambitajan A, Look D C. a Backword Monte Carlo Study of the Multiple Scattering of a Polarized Laser Beam. J. Quant Spectroscopic Radiative Transfer, 1997, 58(2): 171-192
[19] Liang S. L, Philip L. a Parametric Radiative Transfer Model for Sky Radiance Distribution. J. Quant Spectroscopic RadiativeTransfer, 1996, 55(2):181-189
[20] Penndorf R. Tables of the Refractive Index for Standard Air and the Rayleigh Scattering coefficient for the Spectral Region between 0.2 and 20.0 v and Their Application to Atmospheric Optics. J. Opt. Soc. Am, 1957,47(2):176-182
[21] Van de hulst H. C. Light Scattering by Particles. Wiley. New York, 1957,11-19
[22] Wiscombe W. J. Mie Scattering Calculations, Advance in Technique Fast, Vector-Speed Computer Codes. NCAR Mie report. 1996
[23] Wiscombe W. Improved Mie Scattering Algorithms. Apple.Opt.1980,19: 1505-1509
[24] Kisselev V. B, Roberti L, Perona, et al. Finite-element Algorithm for Radiative Transfer in Vertically Inhomogeneous Media: Numerical Scheme and Applications. Appl Opt, 1995,34(36):8460—8470
[25] Li J, Ramaswamy V. Four-stream Spherical Harmonic Expansion Approximation for Solar Radiative Transfer. J. Atmos Sci,1996,53(8):1174—1186
[26] Evans K. F, Stephens G L. A New Polarized Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Model. J.Q.S.R.T.,1991, 46(5):413—423
[27]吴北婴,吕达仁.用Monte-Carlo方法模拟火山爆发后的曙暮光特征.大气科学,1989, 13(2):204—213
[28] Min Q. L, Duan M Z.A Successive Order of Scattering Model for Solving Vector Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere. J.Q.S.R.T.,2004, 87:243—259
[29] Vermote E. F, Tanre D, Deuze J L, et al. Second Simulation of the Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum, 6S: an Overview.IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens,1997, 35(3):675—686
[30] Schaler E. A Delta two stream approximation in radiative flux calculations. Contrib Atmos Phys,1979,52:17-26
[31] Shetter E. P , Weinman J A. The transfer of solar irradiance through inhomogeneous turbid atmospheres evaluated by Eddington’s approximation. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 1970,27:1048-1055
[32] Joseph J. H, Wiscombe W . The Delta- Eddington approximation for radiative flux transfer. J Atmos Sci, 1976 ,33:2452-2459
[33] Chalhoub E. S, Garcia R D M. The equivalence between two technique of angular interpolation for the discrete-ordinates method. J. Quant Spectroscopic Radiative Transfer, 2000, 64:517-535
[34] Chalhoub E. S. Discrete-ordinates solution for radiative-transfer problems. J. Quant Spectroscopic Radiative Transfer, 2003, 76: 193-206
[35] Stamnes K, Dale H. A new look at the discrete ordinate method for radiative transfer calculations in anisotropically scattering atmospheresⅡ:intensity computions. J Atmos Sci,1981,38:2696-2706
[36] Chandrasekhar S. Radiative transfer. London: Oxford University Press,1950
[37] Stamnes K, Tsay S. C, Wiscombe W, et al. Numerically stable algorithm for discrete- ordinate-method radiative transfer in multiple scattering and emitting layered media. J. Apple. Opt, 1988, 27(12): 2502-2509
[38] Akira Ishimaru. Wave propagation and scattering in random media. Academic press,1978
[39] Sykes J. Approximate integration of the equation of transfer. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 1951, 11:377-386
[40]王小东.水云及卷云特性参数化.电子科技大学.2006,58-59
[41]陈秀红,刘强等.多次散射辐射传输计算中的相函数的处理.光散射学报,2007,19(3):283-289
[42] Hu X.Y, Wielicki B, Lin B, etc.δ-Fit: A fast and accurate treatment of particle scattering phase function with weighted singular-value decomposition least-squares fitting. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer., 2000, 65: 681-690
[43]邱金桓.辐射传输方程的一个改进算法。大气科学,1986,10(3):250-257
[44] Nakajima T, Tanaka M. A lgorithms for Radiative Intensity Calculations in Moderately Thick Atmospheres Using a Truncation Approximation.J.Q.S.R.T.,1988,40(1):51-69
[45] Ramankutty M. A, Crosbie A L. Modified discrete ordinates solution of radiative transfer in two-dimensional retangular enclosures. J Quanti spectro & Radiative Transfer, 1997,57(1): 107-140
[46]盛裴轩,毛节泰等.大气物理学.北京大学出版社.2006,102-103
[47]张天舒,刘文清等.机载FTIR地球大气红外背景辐射光谱特征研究.光谱学与光谱分析,2006,26(6):1018-1021
[48]刘广达,江月松等.MODTRAN软件集成环境开发.应用光学,2007,28(3):317-320
[49]中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心.宇航空间环境手册.北京:中共科学技术出版社.2000,406-453
[50] Shettle, Eric P, Fenn R W. Models for the Aerosols of the Lower Atmosphere and the Effects of Humidity Variations on Their Optical Properties. AFGL-TR-79-0214, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, Hanscom Air Force Base. 1979, MA 01731
[51] Liang S. L,Philip L. A parametric radiative transfer model for sky radiance distribution. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transfer, 1996, 55(2):181-189
[2] Ricchiazzi P, Yang S, Gatherne C, et al. SBDART:A Research and Teaching Software Tool for Plane-Parallel Radiative Transfer in the Earth’s Atmosphere. J. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society.1998, 79(10):2101-2114
[3] Kneizys F. X, Shettle E P, Abreu L W, et al. User guide to LOWTRAN 7.AFGL-TR- 88-0177.Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, Hanscom AFB,MA 01731,1988
[4] Berk A, Bernstein L S, Robertson D C.MOD TRAN: a moderate resolution model for LOWTRAN 7.GL2TR28920122,Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, Hanscom AFB,MA 01731-25000,1989
[5]徐南荣,卞南华.红外辐射与制导.北京:国防工业出版社,1997,11-25
[6] Clough S. A,Kneizys F X,Shettle E P,et al. Atmospheric radiance and transmittance: FASCOD2. Sixth Conference on Atmospheric Radiation.Williamsburg, VA,1986
[7] Joseph J. H, Wiscombe W J. The Delta-Eddington Approxation for Radiative Flux Transfer. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 1976, 33:2452-2459
[8]吴北婴.大气辐射传输实用算法.气象出版社,1998,17-20
[9] NASA NOAA and USAF.U.S. Standard Atmosphere 1976.Washington, D C,1976
[10] Rothman L. S, Barbe A, Benner D C, et al. The HITRAN Molecular Spectroscopic Database: Edition of 2000 including Updates through 2001. J. Quant Spectroscopic Radiative Transfer, 2003, 82(1):5-44
[11] Rothman L. S, Rinsland C P, Goldman A, et al. The HITRAN Molecular Spectroscopic Database and HAKS (HITRAN Atmosphere Workstation) 1996 Edition. J. Quant Spectrosc -opic Radiative Transfer, 1998, 60(5): 665-710
[12]孙毅义,董浩.大气辐射传输模型的比较研究.强激光与离子束,2004,2(16):149-153
[13] Hapke B. Bidirectional reflectance spectroscopy. Journal of Geophysical Research.1981,86(B4):3093-3054
[14]李小文,王锦地等.不连续植被及其下地表面对光辐射的吸收与反照率模型.中国科学(B辑),1994, 24(8):828-836
[15]毛克彪,覃志豪.大气辐射传输模型及modtran中透过率计算.测绘与空间地理信息,2004,27(4):1-3
[16]廖国男.大气辐射导论.气象出版社,1985,112-140
[17]宋正方.应用大气光学基础.气象出版社,1990,73-94
[18] Ambitajan A, Look D C. a Backword Monte Carlo Study of the Multiple Scattering of a Polarized Laser Beam. J. Quant Spectroscopic Radiative Transfer, 1997, 58(2): 171-192
[19] Liang S. L, Philip L. a Parametric Radiative Transfer Model for Sky Radiance Distribution. J. Quant Spectroscopic RadiativeTransfer, 1996, 55(2):181-189
[20] Penndorf R. Tables of the Refractive Index for Standard Air and the Rayleigh Scattering coefficient for the Spectral Region between 0.2 and 20.0 v and Their Application to Atmospheric Optics. J. Opt. Soc. Am, 1957,47(2):176-182
[21] Van de hulst H. C. Light Scattering by Particles. Wiley. New York, 1957,11-19
[22] Wiscombe W. J. Mie Scattering Calculations, Advance in Technique Fast, Vector-Speed Computer Codes. NCAR Mie report. 1996
[23] Wiscombe W. Improved Mie Scattering Algorithms. Apple.Opt.1980,19: 1505-1509
[24] Kisselev V. B, Roberti L, Perona, et al. Finite-element Algorithm for Radiative Transfer in Vertically Inhomogeneous Media: Numerical Scheme and Applications. Appl Opt, 1995,34(36):8460—8470
[25] Li J, Ramaswamy V. Four-stream Spherical Harmonic Expansion Approximation for Solar Radiative Transfer. J. Atmos Sci,1996,53(8):1174—1186
[26] Evans K. F, Stephens G L. A New Polarized Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Model. J.Q.S.R.T.,1991, 46(5):413—423
[27]吴北婴,吕达仁.用Monte-Carlo方法模拟火山爆发后的曙暮光特征.大气科学,1989, 13(2):204—213
[28] Min Q. L, Duan M Z.A Successive Order of Scattering Model for Solving Vector Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere. J.Q.S.R.T.,2004, 87:243—259
[29] Vermote E. F, Tanre D, Deuze J L, et al. Second Simulation of the Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum, 6S: an Overview.IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens,1997, 35(3):675—686
[30] Schaler E. A Delta two stream approximation in radiative flux calculations. Contrib Atmos Phys,1979,52:17-26
[31] Shetter E. P , Weinman J A. The transfer of solar irradiance through inhomogeneous turbid atmospheres evaluated by Eddington’s approximation. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 1970,27:1048-1055
[32] Joseph J. H, Wiscombe W . The Delta- Eddington approximation for radiative flux transfer. J Atmos Sci, 1976 ,33:2452-2459
[33] Chalhoub E. S, Garcia R D M. The equivalence between two technique of angular interpolation for the discrete-ordinates method. J. Quant Spectroscopic Radiative Transfer, 2000, 64:517-535
[34] Chalhoub E. S. Discrete-ordinates solution for radiative-transfer problems. J. Quant Spectroscopic Radiative Transfer, 2003, 76: 193-206
[35] Stamnes K, Dale H. A new look at the discrete ordinate method for radiative transfer calculations in anisotropically scattering atmospheresⅡ:intensity computions. J Atmos Sci,1981,38:2696-2706
[36] Chandrasekhar S. Radiative transfer. London: Oxford University Press,1950
[37] Stamnes K, Tsay S. C, Wiscombe W, et al. Numerically stable algorithm for discrete- ordinate-method radiative transfer in multiple scattering and emitting layered media. J. Apple. Opt, 1988, 27(12): 2502-2509
[38] Akira Ishimaru. Wave propagation and scattering in random media. Academic press,1978
[39] Sykes J. Approximate integration of the equation of transfer. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 1951, 11:377-386
[40]王小东.水云及卷云特性参数化.电子科技大学.2006,58-59
[41]陈秀红,刘强等.多次散射辐射传输计算中的相函数的处理.光散射学报,2007,19(3):283-289
[42] Hu X.Y, Wielicki B, Lin B, etc.δ-Fit: A fast and accurate treatment of particle scattering phase function with weighted singular-value decomposition least-squares fitting. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer., 2000, 65: 681-690
[43]邱金桓.辐射传输方程的一个改进算法。大气科学,1986,10(3):250-257
[44] Nakajima T, Tanaka M. A lgorithms for Radiative Intensity Calculations in Moderately Thick Atmospheres Using a Truncation Approximation.J.Q.S.R.T.,1988,40(1):51-69
[45] Ramankutty M. A, Crosbie A L. Modified discrete ordinates solution of radiative transfer in two-dimensional retangular enclosures. J Quanti spectro & Radiative Transfer, 1997,57(1): 107-140
[46]盛裴轩,毛节泰等.大气物理学.北京大学出版社.2006,102-103
[47]张天舒,刘文清等.机载FTIR地球大气红外背景辐射光谱特征研究.光谱学与光谱分析,2006,26(6):1018-1021
[48]刘广达,江月松等.MODTRAN软件集成环境开发.应用光学,2007,28(3):317-320
[49]中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心.宇航空间环境手册.北京:中共科学技术出版社.2000,406-453
[50] Shettle, Eric P, Fenn R W. Models for the Aerosols of the Lower Atmosphere and the Effects of Humidity Variations on Their Optical Properties. AFGL-TR-79-0214, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, Hanscom Air Force Base. 1979, MA 01731
[51] Liang S. L,Philip L. A parametric radiative transfer model for sky radiance distribution. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transfer, 1996, 55(2):181-189