海湾沙滩修复研究
|
摘要
本文根据海岸工程理论,结合水动力学和动力地貌学的方法,讨论国内外造滩技术,并结合香山-长尾礁岸段沙滩修复实践工程经验总结人造沙滩工艺。其内容包括沙滩选址、沙滩设计及沙滩后期监测。
通过沙滩选址确立具有修复潜质的砂质海岸,在香山-长尾礁工程实践采用了四个选址原则:海岸规划、适宜的水动力条件、沙滩演变历史与水质环境条件。在沙滩设计方面以遵循沙滩动态平衡为依据,其设计参数包括滩面坡度、填沙粒径、滩肩高程以及波浪要素等参数。根据海岸工程的沙滩公式可以模拟计算出与海湾环境相适应的滩面坡度,并根据参数结合超填率计算可以设计补沙粒径和估算填沙量,补沙方案兼顾造滩的自然属性和投资效果采用干滩补沙。
岬控砂质海岸其岸线稳定形态通常是具有一定弧度的,其弧形在实际工程中被认为最接近双曲螺线形。鉴于香山-长尾礁人造沙滩工程所处的特殊环境,岸线稳定形态借助数学手段来模拟附近既有沙滩稳定形态特征来设计其岸形;对于开阔平直砂质海岸保持稳定则需要有充足沙源以补充沿岸输沙的流失。此外,通过修建一些必要的人工建筑物,可以起到固沙并辅助沙滩形成稳定的岸线形态的作用。
沙滩后期监测是沙滩养护的重要工作,为沙滩的成长过程提供可靠依据。笔者试将沙滩成长划分为初形期、塑造期、成熟期及衰退期四个阶段以方便对沙滩的监测成果进行定位。并预估人造沙滩对两种极端条件的响应,其一,海湾水动力环境普遍较弱,造成沙滩前滨“泥化”;其二,对台风暴的响应,认为在人造沙滩进入成熟期前风暴对滩面成熟塑造虽有一定的促进作用,仍以破坏为主。
According to coast engineering theory, hydrodynamics and morphdynamics, we discuss the technology of artificial beach. Choose Xiangshan-Changweijiao beach restoration project as a case and Summarize Experience of beach restoration. The contents include location selection, beach design and beach monitoring.
Through the location selection, establish a suitable sandy coast for beach restoration. In Xiangshan-Changweijiao beach restoration project adopting four factors: coastal planning, appropriate hydrodynamic conditions, history of beach evolution and water quality. The beach design should obey the dynamic equilibrium of the beach, including the slope of beach face, filled grain, the berm height and wave elements parameters. All parameters could be calculated, according to the beach formula, made the beach slope and filled grain fit littoral system environment, take into account the natural attributes and Investment, the sand placement adopt dry beach nourishment
The stable planform of Cape-bay coast is usually a certain form of the arc, the arc in the actual project was considered closest to hyperbolical spiral. In view of the Xiangshan-Changweijiao beach restoration project is in a special environment, the planform design simulates the existing stable beach features; For long-straight beach, need adequate sand to complement the loss of sediment transport along the coast and keep stable. In addition, some of the necessary buildings, can play the role of supplementary of beach stable planform.
The beach monitoring is the important work for the beach growth, and provide a reliable basis. I will try to divide beach growth into the initialize period, shaping period, maturity and decline four phases. And estimate the artificial beach in response to the two extreme conditions. Firstly, the weak hydrodynamic environment bay beach, cause beach foreshore "mud"; Second, the response to storm,before the maturity of artificial beach storm play an active role for beach growth, but damage is still the main effect.
通过沙滩选址确立具有修复潜质的砂质海岸,在香山-长尾礁工程实践采用了四个选址原则:海岸规划、适宜的水动力条件、沙滩演变历史与水质环境条件。在沙滩设计方面以遵循沙滩动态平衡为依据,其设计参数包括滩面坡度、填沙粒径、滩肩高程以及波浪要素等参数。根据海岸工程的沙滩公式可以模拟计算出与海湾环境相适应的滩面坡度,并根据参数结合超填率计算可以设计补沙粒径和估算填沙量,补沙方案兼顾造滩的自然属性和投资效果采用干滩补沙。
岬控砂质海岸其岸线稳定形态通常是具有一定弧度的,其弧形在实际工程中被认为最接近双曲螺线形。鉴于香山-长尾礁人造沙滩工程所处的特殊环境,岸线稳定形态借助数学手段来模拟附近既有沙滩稳定形态特征来设计其岸形;对于开阔平直砂质海岸保持稳定则需要有充足沙源以补充沿岸输沙的流失。此外,通过修建一些必要的人工建筑物,可以起到固沙并辅助沙滩形成稳定的岸线形态的作用。
沙滩后期监测是沙滩养护的重要工作,为沙滩的成长过程提供可靠依据。笔者试将沙滩成长划分为初形期、塑造期、成熟期及衰退期四个阶段以方便对沙滩的监测成果进行定位。并预估人造沙滩对两种极端条件的响应,其一,海湾水动力环境普遍较弱,造成沙滩前滨“泥化”;其二,对台风暴的响应,认为在人造沙滩进入成熟期前风暴对滩面成熟塑造虽有一定的促进作用,仍以破坏为主。
According to coast engineering theory, hydrodynamics and morphdynamics, we discuss the technology of artificial beach. Choose Xiangshan-Changweijiao beach restoration project as a case and Summarize Experience of beach restoration. The contents include location selection, beach design and beach monitoring.
Through the location selection, establish a suitable sandy coast for beach restoration. In Xiangshan-Changweijiao beach restoration project adopting four factors: coastal planning, appropriate hydrodynamic conditions, history of beach evolution and water quality. The beach design should obey the dynamic equilibrium of the beach, including the slope of beach face, filled grain, the berm height and wave elements parameters. All parameters could be calculated, according to the beach formula, made the beach slope and filled grain fit littoral system environment, take into account the natural attributes and Investment, the sand placement adopt dry beach nourishment
The stable planform of Cape-bay coast is usually a certain form of the arc, the arc in the actual project was considered closest to hyperbolical spiral. In view of the Xiangshan-Changweijiao beach restoration project is in a special environment, the planform design simulates the existing stable beach features; For long-straight beach, need adequate sand to complement the loss of sediment transport along the coast and keep stable. In addition, some of the necessary buildings, can play the role of supplementary of beach stable planform.
The beach monitoring is the important work for the beach growth, and provide a reliable basis. I will try to divide beach growth into the initialize period, shaping period, maturity and decline four phases. And estimate the artificial beach in response to the two extreme conditions. Firstly, the weak hydrodynamic environment bay beach, cause beach foreshore "mud"; Second, the response to storm,before the maturity of artificial beach storm play an active role for beach growth, but damage is still the main effect.
引文
[1] 季小梅,张永战,朱大奎. 人工海滩研究进展[J].海洋地质动态,2006,(07):21-25.
[2] 季小梅,张永战,朱大奎.三亚海岸演变与人工海滩设计研究[J].第四纪研究,2007,9: 853-860.
[3] 姚国权. 欧、美、日的人造海滩[J]海洋信息,1999,(04):27-28.
[4] Finkle C W. Beach nourishment, a practical method of erosion control [M]. Geo. Marine Lett. 1981 :155.
[5] 任美锷. 海平面研究的最近进展[J].南京大学学报(自然科学版)2000,(03):269-279.
[6] 李震、雷怀彦.中国砂质海岸分布特征与存在问题[J].海洋地质动态.2006,22(6):1-4.
[7] 李凤林.渤海沿岸现代海蚀研究-环渤海地区现代海蚀机制、危害与对策[M ].天津:天津科学技术出版社,1998.
[8] 李元芳. 近代黄河三角洲海岸的演变[A]. 海平面变化与海岸侵蚀专辑[C].南京: 南京大学出版社,1995.213-220.
[9] 苗丰民,李淑媛,符文侠等.辽东湾东部砂岸的近期变化及演变趋势[J].海洋学报, 1996,3:74-84.
[10] 王颖, 吴小根. 海平面上升与海滩响应[A]. 海平面变化与海岸侵蚀专辑[C].南京: 南京大学出版社,1995,119-128.
[11] 夏东兴. 山东省海洋灾害研究[M]. 北京: 海洋出版社,1999.33-40.
[12] 夏东兴. 中国海岸侵蚀述要[J]. 地理学报, 1993,48 (5):468-476.
[13] 庄振业,印萍, 吴建政等.鲁南沙质海岸的侵蚀量及其影响因素[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质,2000,20 (3):15-21.
[14] 罗章仁,罗宪林.海南岛人类活动与沙质海岸侵蚀[A]. 海平面变化与海岸侵蚀专辑[C]. 南京:南京大学出版社,1995. 205-212.
[15] 蔡锋,苏贤泽,曹惠美等. 华南沙质海滩的动力地貌分析[J].海洋学报,2005 年 3月,27(2):106-114.
[16] P.D.柯马尔著.海滩过程与沉积作用[M]. 北京: 海洋出版社,1985.
[17] 蔡锋,苏贤泽.利用风要素计算港湾沿岸输沙率的一个数学模式[J]. 台湾海峡,2001,3(20) :301-307.
[18] 孙涛,陶建华. 波浪作用下缓坡近岸海域沿岸流分布影响因素分析[J]. 水动力学研究与进展,2004,19(4):558-564.
[19] Bruun P. Sea-level rise as a cause of shore erosion[J]. Journal of Waterways and Harbor Division , American Society of Civil Engineers,1962,62:117-130.
[20] 严恺.《海岸工程》[M].海洋出版社,2002 年 2 月,第一版.
[21] 全国海岸带和海涂资源综合调查简明规程编写组. 全国海岸带和海涂资源综合调查简明规程[M].北京:海洋出版社,1986.3.
[22] 《海水水质标准》(GB 3097-1997 ),1998-07-01.
[23] 王宝灿.海岸动力地貌[M]华东师范大学出版社.1989 年 10 月第 1 版.
[24] 土屋义人, R·Silverster ,芝野照夫,陈红英.建立稳定海岸系统控制海岸冲刷上海水务,1986 年 01 期.
[25] Halligan G H.Sand movement on the New South Wales coast[J].Proc.Limnology Soc.New South Wales,1906,619-64.
[26] Silvester R.Stabilization of sedimentary coastlines[J].Nature,1960,467-469.
[27] Yasso W E.Plan geometry of headland bay beaches[J].Geology, 1965:702-714.
[28] Silvester R.Ho S K.Use of crenulate shaped bays to stabilize coasts[A].Proc,13th inter,Conf.Coastal Eng.ASCE[C],1972,l394-1406.
[29] Rea C C,Komar P D.Computer simulation models of booked beach shoreline configuration[J].Sedimentary Petrology,1975,866-872.
[30] Silverster R.Tsuchiya Y,Shibano T,Zeta bays,pocket beaches and headland control[A].Proc,17th Inter.Conf.Coastal Eng.ASCE[C].1980,1306-1319.
[31] 夏益民.海岸稳定工程措施研究[J].海岸工程,1991,9(4):45-58.
[32] 戴仕宝,杨世伦,郜 昂,刘哲,李鹏,李明.50 年来中国主要河流入海泥沙变化[J].泥沙研究 , 2007,(02):49-58.
[33] 李志龙,陈子燊.岬间海湾平面平衡形态研究进展[J].海洋工程,2006.24(1):155-160.
[34] Department of Boating and Waterways and State Coastal Conservancy. California Beach Restoration Study[R]. California,2002.1.
[35] U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Shore Protection Manual[M].Washington: Washington. D C ,1984. 5-6 ,6-25.
[36] P.布鲁恩著.《港口工程学》[M]. 北京:人民交通出版社,1981.
[37] 李志龙,陈子燊.岬间海湾平面平衡形态研究进展[J].海洋工程,2006.24(1):155-160.
[38] Robert G.Dean. Beach Nourishment: Theory and Practice[M]. World Scientific Publishing.
[39] Beachler, K.E. (1993): "The Positive Impacts to Neighboring Beaches from the Delray Beach Nourishment Program," Proceedings, Sixth National Conference on Beach Preservation Technology: The State of the Art of Beach Nourishment, Vol. 6, 223-238.
[40] Bodge, K. R. and E. J. Olsen (1992) "Aragonite Beach Fill at Fisher Island, FL," Shore and Beach, Vol. 60, No.1, pp. 3 - 8.
[41] Combe, A.J. and C.W. Soileau (1987): "Behavior of Man-Made Beach and Dune," Grand Isle, Louisiana, Proceedings, Coastal Sediments ‘87, ASCE, New Orleans, LA, pp. 1232-1242.
[42] Davis, R. A., Wang, P. and Silverman, B., 2000, "Comparison of the Performance of Three Adjacent and Differently Nourished Beaches on the Gulf Peninsula of Florida." Journal of Coastal Research, 16:396-407.
[43] Dean, R. G. (1988) "Realistic Economic Benefits from Beach Nourishment," Twenty-first International Conference on Coastal Engineering, ASCE, Chapter 116, Malaga, Spain, June, pp. 1558-1572.
[44] Dean, R. G. and C. H. Yoo (1994)"Beach Nourishment in the Presence of Seawall," Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, Vol. 120, No. 3, pp. 302-317.
[45] Dean, R. G. and R. A. Dalrymple (2002) "Coastal Processes with Engineering Applications," Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 475 Pages.
[46] Erickson, K.M. (1995) "Town of Palm Beach Project Design Memorandum," Report Submitted to the Town of Palm Beach, FL, Applied Technology and Management, Inc., Gainesville, FL.
[47] Ernest, R. G., E. Martin, B. Howard, and A. M. Black (1998) "The Effect of Beach Nourishment on Sea Turtle Nesting: A Case Study on Hutchinson Island, Florida," Proceedings, 11th Beach Preservation Technology Conference, Compiled by L. S. Tait, Florida Shore and Beach Preservation Association, Tallahassee, FL., pp. 93 - 108.
[48] Fletemeyer, J. R. (1999) "1999 Delray Beach Sea Turtle Monitoring Report," Report Submitted to Delray Beach, FL.
[49] Shows, E.W. (1978) "Florida’s Coastal Setback Line - An Effort to Regulate Beachfront Development," Coastal Management Journal, Vol. 4, Nos. 1-2, pp. 151-164.
[50] Trindell, R., D. Arnold, K. Moody, and B. Morford (1998) "Post-Construction Marine Turtle Nesting Monitoring on Nourished Beaches," Proceedings, 11th Beach Preservation Technology Conference, Compiled by L. S. Tait, Florida Shore and Beach Preservation Association, Tallahassee, FL. pp. 77 – 92.
[51] Dean, R. G, R. Liotta and G. Simon (1999) "Erosional Hot Spots," UFL/COEL-99/021, Coastal and Oceanographic Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
[52] Kraus, N. C. and F. A. Gagliano (2001) "Beach Erosional Hot Spots: Types, Causes and Solutions," Proceedings, 14th Beach Preservation Technology Conference, Compiled by Linda Tait, Florida Shore and Beach Preservation Association, Tallahassee, FL. pp. 64 - 80.
[53] Dean R. G. and J. Grant. 1989. “Development of Methodology for the Thirty-Year Shoreline Projections in the Vicinity of Beach Nourishment Projects”, UFL/COEL- 89/026 Coastal and Oceanographic Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
[54] Leadon, M. E. 2002. “ Development and Implementation of a Regional Coastal Monitoring Program for the State of Florida”, Proceedings of 15th Annual National Conference on Beach Preservation Technology, Florida Shore and Beach Preservation Association, Tallahassee, Florida.
[55] 常瑞芳.《海岸工程环境》[M].青岛:青岛海洋大学出版社.
[56] 蔡锋,雷刚,苏贤泽等.台风“艾利”对福建沙质海滩影响过程研究[J].海洋工程,2006,24(1):98-109.
[57] Nicole A. Elko, Ping Wang. Immediate profile and planform evolution of a beach nourishment project with hurricane influences[J]. Coastal Engineering 2007,54 :49–66.
[58] Rogers, S. M. (2001) "Beach Nourishment for Hurricane Protection: North Carolina Project in Hurricane Floyd , " Proceedings , 14th Beach Preservation Technology Conference, Compiled by Linda Tait, Florida Shore and Beach Preservation Association, Tallahassee, FL. pp. 44 - 55.
[59] Dean, R. G. (2000) "Storm Damage Reduction Potential via Beach Nourishment" Proceedings, 27th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, Sydney, Australia, Summer, 2000, pp. 3305-3318.
[2] 季小梅,张永战,朱大奎.三亚海岸演变与人工海滩设计研究[J].第四纪研究,2007,9: 853-860.
[3] 姚国权. 欧、美、日的人造海滩[J]海洋信息,1999,(04):27-28.
[4] Finkle C W. Beach nourishment, a practical method of erosion control [M]. Geo. Marine Lett. 1981 :155.
[5] 任美锷. 海平面研究的最近进展[J].南京大学学报(自然科学版)2000,(03):269-279.
[6] 李震、雷怀彦.中国砂质海岸分布特征与存在问题[J].海洋地质动态.2006,22(6):1-4.
[7] 李凤林.渤海沿岸现代海蚀研究-环渤海地区现代海蚀机制、危害与对策[M ].天津:天津科学技术出版社,1998.
[8] 李元芳. 近代黄河三角洲海岸的演变[A]. 海平面变化与海岸侵蚀专辑[C].南京: 南京大学出版社,1995.213-220.
[9] 苗丰民,李淑媛,符文侠等.辽东湾东部砂岸的近期变化及演变趋势[J].海洋学报, 1996,3:74-84.
[10] 王颖, 吴小根. 海平面上升与海滩响应[A]. 海平面变化与海岸侵蚀专辑[C].南京: 南京大学出版社,1995,119-128.
[11] 夏东兴. 山东省海洋灾害研究[M]. 北京: 海洋出版社,1999.33-40.
[12] 夏东兴. 中国海岸侵蚀述要[J]. 地理学报, 1993,48 (5):468-476.
[13] 庄振业,印萍, 吴建政等.鲁南沙质海岸的侵蚀量及其影响因素[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质,2000,20 (3):15-21.
[14] 罗章仁,罗宪林.海南岛人类活动与沙质海岸侵蚀[A]. 海平面变化与海岸侵蚀专辑[C]. 南京:南京大学出版社,1995. 205-212.
[15] 蔡锋,苏贤泽,曹惠美等. 华南沙质海滩的动力地貌分析[J].海洋学报,2005 年 3月,27(2):106-114.
[16] P.D.柯马尔著.海滩过程与沉积作用[M]. 北京: 海洋出版社,1985.
[17] 蔡锋,苏贤泽.利用风要素计算港湾沿岸输沙率的一个数学模式[J]. 台湾海峡,2001,3(20) :301-307.
[18] 孙涛,陶建华. 波浪作用下缓坡近岸海域沿岸流分布影响因素分析[J]. 水动力学研究与进展,2004,19(4):558-564.
[19] Bruun P. Sea-level rise as a cause of shore erosion[J]. Journal of Waterways and Harbor Division , American Society of Civil Engineers,1962,62:117-130.
[20] 严恺.《海岸工程》[M].海洋出版社,2002 年 2 月,第一版.
[21] 全国海岸带和海涂资源综合调查简明规程编写组. 全国海岸带和海涂资源综合调查简明规程[M].北京:海洋出版社,1986.3.
[22] 《海水水质标准》(GB 3097-1997 ),1998-07-01.
[23] 王宝灿.海岸动力地貌[M]华东师范大学出版社.1989 年 10 月第 1 版.
[24] 土屋义人, R·Silverster ,芝野照夫,陈红英.建立稳定海岸系统控制海岸冲刷上海水务,1986 年 01 期.
[25] Halligan G H.Sand movement on the New South Wales coast[J].Proc.Limnology Soc.New South Wales,1906,619-64.
[26] Silvester R.Stabilization of sedimentary coastlines[J].Nature,1960,467-469.
[27] Yasso W E.Plan geometry of headland bay beaches[J].Geology, 1965:702-714.
[28] Silvester R.Ho S K.Use of crenulate shaped bays to stabilize coasts[A].Proc,13th inter,Conf.Coastal Eng.ASCE[C],1972,l394-1406.
[29] Rea C C,Komar P D.Computer simulation models of booked beach shoreline configuration[J].Sedimentary Petrology,1975,866-872.
[30] Silverster R.Tsuchiya Y,Shibano T,Zeta bays,pocket beaches and headland control[A].Proc,17th Inter.Conf.Coastal Eng.ASCE[C].1980,1306-1319.
[31] 夏益民.海岸稳定工程措施研究[J].海岸工程,1991,9(4):45-58.
[32] 戴仕宝,杨世伦,郜 昂,刘哲,李鹏,李明.50 年来中国主要河流入海泥沙变化[J].泥沙研究 , 2007,(02):49-58.
[33] 李志龙,陈子燊.岬间海湾平面平衡形态研究进展[J].海洋工程,2006.24(1):155-160.
[34] Department of Boating and Waterways and State Coastal Conservancy. California Beach Restoration Study[R]. California,2002.1.
[35] U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Shore Protection Manual[M].Washington: Washington. D C ,1984. 5-6 ,6-25.
[36] P.布鲁恩著.《港口工程学》[M]. 北京:人民交通出版社,1981.
[37] 李志龙,陈子燊.岬间海湾平面平衡形态研究进展[J].海洋工程,2006.24(1):155-160.
[38] Robert G.Dean. Beach Nourishment: Theory and Practice[M]. World Scientific Publishing.
[39] Beachler, K.E. (1993): "The Positive Impacts to Neighboring Beaches from the Delray Beach Nourishment Program," Proceedings, Sixth National Conference on Beach Preservation Technology: The State of the Art of Beach Nourishment, Vol. 6, 223-238.
[40] Bodge, K. R. and E. J. Olsen (1992) "Aragonite Beach Fill at Fisher Island, FL," Shore and Beach, Vol. 60, No.1, pp. 3 - 8.
[41] Combe, A.J. and C.W. Soileau (1987): "Behavior of Man-Made Beach and Dune," Grand Isle, Louisiana, Proceedings, Coastal Sediments ‘87, ASCE, New Orleans, LA, pp. 1232-1242.
[42] Davis, R. A., Wang, P. and Silverman, B., 2000, "Comparison of the Performance of Three Adjacent and Differently Nourished Beaches on the Gulf Peninsula of Florida." Journal of Coastal Research, 16:396-407.
[43] Dean, R. G. (1988) "Realistic Economic Benefits from Beach Nourishment," Twenty-first International Conference on Coastal Engineering, ASCE, Chapter 116, Malaga, Spain, June, pp. 1558-1572.
[44] Dean, R. G. and C. H. Yoo (1994)"Beach Nourishment in the Presence of Seawall," Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, Vol. 120, No. 3, pp. 302-317.
[45] Dean, R. G. and R. A. Dalrymple (2002) "Coastal Processes with Engineering Applications," Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 475 Pages.
[46] Erickson, K.M. (1995) "Town of Palm Beach Project Design Memorandum," Report Submitted to the Town of Palm Beach, FL, Applied Technology and Management, Inc., Gainesville, FL.
[47] Ernest, R. G., E. Martin, B. Howard, and A. M. Black (1998) "The Effect of Beach Nourishment on Sea Turtle Nesting: A Case Study on Hutchinson Island, Florida," Proceedings, 11th Beach Preservation Technology Conference, Compiled by L. S. Tait, Florida Shore and Beach Preservation Association, Tallahassee, FL., pp. 93 - 108.
[48] Fletemeyer, J. R. (1999) "1999 Delray Beach Sea Turtle Monitoring Report," Report Submitted to Delray Beach, FL.
[49] Shows, E.W. (1978) "Florida’s Coastal Setback Line - An Effort to Regulate Beachfront Development," Coastal Management Journal, Vol. 4, Nos. 1-2, pp. 151-164.
[50] Trindell, R., D. Arnold, K. Moody, and B. Morford (1998) "Post-Construction Marine Turtle Nesting Monitoring on Nourished Beaches," Proceedings, 11th Beach Preservation Technology Conference, Compiled by L. S. Tait, Florida Shore and Beach Preservation Association, Tallahassee, FL. pp. 77 – 92.
[51] Dean, R. G, R. Liotta and G. Simon (1999) "Erosional Hot Spots," UFL/COEL-99/021, Coastal and Oceanographic Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
[52] Kraus, N. C. and F. A. Gagliano (2001) "Beach Erosional Hot Spots: Types, Causes and Solutions," Proceedings, 14th Beach Preservation Technology Conference, Compiled by Linda Tait, Florida Shore and Beach Preservation Association, Tallahassee, FL. pp. 64 - 80.
[53] Dean R. G. and J. Grant. 1989. “Development of Methodology for the Thirty-Year Shoreline Projections in the Vicinity of Beach Nourishment Projects”, UFL/COEL- 89/026 Coastal and Oceanographic Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
[54] Leadon, M. E. 2002. “ Development and Implementation of a Regional Coastal Monitoring Program for the State of Florida”, Proceedings of 15th Annual National Conference on Beach Preservation Technology, Florida Shore and Beach Preservation Association, Tallahassee, Florida.
[55] 常瑞芳.《海岸工程环境》[M].青岛:青岛海洋大学出版社.
[56] 蔡锋,雷刚,苏贤泽等.台风“艾利”对福建沙质海滩影响过程研究[J].海洋工程,2006,24(1):98-109.
[57] Nicole A. Elko, Ping Wang. Immediate profile and planform evolution of a beach nourishment project with hurricane influences[J]. Coastal Engineering 2007,54 :49–66.
[58] Rogers, S. M. (2001) "Beach Nourishment for Hurricane Protection: North Carolina Project in Hurricane Floyd , " Proceedings , 14th Beach Preservation Technology Conference, Compiled by Linda Tait, Florida Shore and Beach Preservation Association, Tallahassee, FL. pp. 44 - 55.
[59] Dean, R. G. (2000) "Storm Damage Reduction Potential via Beach Nourishment" Proceedings, 27th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, Sydney, Australia, Summer, 2000, pp. 3305-3318.